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Of Candida Bombicola Aerodynamically, the bumble bee shouldn't be able to fly, but the bumble bee doesn't know it so it goes on flying anyway. Mary Kay Ash Jury: Prof. Dr. ir. Norbert DE KIMPE Prof. Dr. ir. Nico BOON Lic. Dirk DEVELTER Prof. Dr. ir. Monica HÖFTE Prof. Dr. Andreas SCHMID Prof. Dr. Els VAN DAMME Prof. Dr. ir. Wim SOETAERT Prof. Dr. ir. Erick VANDAMME Promotors: Prof . Dr. ir. Erick VANDAMME Prof. Dr. ir. Wim SOETAERT Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Biocatalysis Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology Ghent University Dean: Prof. Dr. ir. Herman VAN LANGENHOVE Rector: Prof. Dr. Paul VAN CAUWENBERGE Ir. Inge Van Bogaert was supported by Ecover Belgium NV (Malle, Belgium) and a fellowship of the Bijzonder Onderzoekfonds of Ghent University (BOF). The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University. ir. Inge Van Bogaert MICROBIAL SYNTHESIS OF SOPHOROLIPIDS BY THE YEAST CANDIDA BOMBICOLA Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences Titel van het doctoraatsproefschrift in het Nederlands: Microbiële synthese van sopohorolipiden door de gist Candida bombicola Cover illustration: Cadzand on a stormy day by Inge Van Bogaert Refer to this thesis: Van Bogaert INA (2008) Microbial synthesis of sophorolipids by the yeast Candida bombicola. PhD-thesis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 239 p. ISBN-number: ISBN 978-90-5989-243-9 The author and the promotor give the authorisation to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. Woord vooraf Woord vooraf Alhoewel het voorwoord meestal het laatste stukje is dat geschreven wordt, is het wel het eerste (en soms het enige) dat met volle aandacht gelezen wordt. En terecht trouwens, want hier worden even de mensen belicht die achter de wetenschappelijke tekst verscholen zitten en ze op eender welke manier hebben helpen vorm geven; een woordje van dank is hier dus wel op zijn plaats. Ik denk hierbij in eerste instantie aan mijn promotoren, Prof. dr. ir. Erick Vandamme en Prof. dr. ir. Wim Soetaert die me alle vrijheid en vertrouwen gaven om in hun labo mijn eigen weg te zoeken en te gaan. Professor, het was me een waar genoegen om als laatste onder uw promotorschap een doctoraatstitel te behalen. En Wim, ik hoop dat LIMAB met jou nog een mooie weg mag gaan. Uiteraard wil ik ook Prof. dr. ir. Nico Boon, Prof. dr. ir. Norbert De Kimpe, Lic. Dirk Develter, Prof. dr. ir. Monica Höfte, Prof. dr. Andreas Schmid en Prof. dr. Els Van Damme bedanken voor het kritisch beoordelen van dit proefschrift. Graag een extra woord van dank aan Dirk en Steve van Ecover Belgium NV voor de fijne samenwerking (en niet te vergeten de vele HPLC-analyses). Het voltooien van dit doctoraat zou lang niet zo aangenaam geweest zijn zonder de (ex)- collega’s. Bart liet me kennis maken met Candida bombicola: deze beestjes moest ik de komende jaren te vriend zien te houden en dat deed je volgens Katja het best door er af en toe eens een “klapke” tegen te doen wanneer ze aan het rondzwieren waren in een erlenmeyer of fermentor. Een half jaar later besloot ik mijn “wilde beestjes” te temmen met de moleculaire zweep; ik durf echt geen getal meer plakken op het aantal keren dat ik aan Sofies (en Marjans) bureautje gestaan heb. Gelukkig kreeg ik hulp van een aantal thesistudenten: bedankt Wouter, Marjolijn, Dries, Katrien, Ellen en Magda, zonder jullie zou dit doctoraat niet zijn wat het nu is. En ja, soms moest er worden overgeschakeld op een plan B of zelfs een plan C, en vooral in de laatste rechte lijn liepen de frustraties soms hoog op door elektriciteitspannes, Woord vooraf boterzuurgeuren en defecte toestelen, deze werden gelukkig verzacht door de koffiepauzes, traktaties, een luisterend oor of een helpende hand: bedankt lieve collegaatjes! Dank ook aan mijn “speed-leescomité” Julia, Lieve, Marjan en Sofie om met zoveel enthousiasme mijn schrijfsels te verbeteren. Uiteraard wil ik ook mijn ouders bedanken voor hun steun en geloof, en om er steeds te zijn voor mij. Onder het motto “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy”, ben ik ook een woordje van dank verschuldigd aan mijn zus Julie, Stefan en Marleen, Marc, Eefje en de “oud-studiegenoten”. Meer dan één woordje dank gaat uit naar Peter: dankjewel om me te blijven steunen en opkoteren, om te verdragen dat dit doctoraat soms heel wat aandacht kreeg en je hebt gelijk: “Dat doctoraat kreeg me soms kwaad”. Inge, Mei 2008 Table of contents Table of contents Abbreviations........................................................................................................................ i Introduction ........................................................................................................................ iii Chapter I: Literature Review on microbial production and application of the biosurfactant sophorolipids ..................................................................................................1 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................3 2 Surfactants ......................................................................................................................5 2.1 General use and applications ...................................................................................5 2.2 Characteristics related to surfactants ........................................................................6 3 Biosurfactants .................................................................................................................9 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................9 3.2 Screening for biosurfactants .................................................................................. 10 3.3 Glycolipids............................................................................................................ 11 3.3.1 Rhamnolipids ................................................................................................ 12 3.3.2 Mannosylerythritol lipids............................................................................... 14 3.3.3 Trehalose lipids ............................................................................................. 15 3.4 Oligopeptides and lipopeptides .............................................................................. 15 3.5 Phospholipids, fatty acids and neutral lipids .......................................................... 16 3.6 Polymeric biosurfactants ....................................................................................... 16 4 Sophorolipids................................................................................................................ 17 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 17 4.2 Producing microorganisms .................................................................................... 17 4.2.1 A short description of Candida bombicola ..................................................... 19 4.3 Structure and properties......................................................................................... 22 4.4 Biosynthesis .......................................................................................................... 24 4.5 The fermentation process ...................................................................................... 27 4.5.1 Culture conditions ......................................................................................... 27 4.5.2 Hydrophilic and lipophilic carbon sources and their influence on sophorolipid formation…… .............................................................................................................. 28 4.5.3 Effect of other medium components on sophorolipid production ................... 31 4.6 Factors influencing the sophorolipid composition .................................................. 32 4.7 Downstream processing ........................................................................................ 33 4.8 Physiological role of sophorolipids in C. bombicola ATCC 22214 ........................ 34 4.9 Applications of native sophorolipids ..................................................................... 34 4.10 Chemical or enzymatic modified sophorolipids and their applications ................... 37 5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 40 Chapter II: Synthesis of sophorolipids based on unconventional hydrophobic carbon sources. ................................................................................................................................ 41 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 43 2 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................. 45 2.1 Strains and culture conditions ................................................................................ 45 Table of contents 2.2 Sampling ..............................................................................................................
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