Planning Document: Revolutions in the Sky‐Early Flight

‐Theme Statement:

In one short decade the airplane grew from an ancient dream into the reality of a machine that would shape the future. Between the first flights at Kitty Hawk and the opening guns of WWI, the design and construction of aircraft and engines, once the work of a handful of individuals laboring in garages and home workshops, became a global industrial enterprise, supported by the world’s governments, which promised to exercise enormous impact on society, politics and culture in war and peace. Fueled by the excitement of the first air races, meets and exhibitions, a wave of public enthusiasm for aviation circled the globe. The men and women who flew ever higher, faster and farther emerged as the great heroes of the era. The stage was set for a new age shaped by the fact that human beings can fly

‐Big Ideas:

Innovation – How did we learn to fly? What people and ideas contributed to the invention of the airplane?

Industrialization: How did technical change and improvement occur, 1903‐1914? What factors led to technological advance? How did aviation grow to become an important industry?

Globalization: A technology without borders ‐‐ What role did government play in fostering aeronautical progress? What impact did varying levels of government support have on aeronautical progress in different nations? Was early aviation a global technology? What elements promoted technology transfer?

Flights of the Imagination: How did public perceptions of the potential of the airplane change attitudes toward science, technology and the future? What sort of individuals emerged as representatives of the new air age?

Consequences: What were the social, cultural and political impacts of flight?

‐‐Scope Unit Topics and discussion of major elements in each unit

Unit 1: The Dream – From Icarus and Daedalus to Leonardo

 Flight in mythology, religion and literature – small Greek sculpture, Saqqara bird, reproductions of ancient art

Unit 2: Navigating the Air: The Airship Comes of Age

 The airship from Santos‐Dumont to Zeppelin – Santos‐Dumont engine, airship models (Personal focus on Alberto Santos‐Dumont and Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin; will perhaps include Aida de Acosta and Clarkson Potter)

Unit 3: Learning to fly ‐‐ Sir George Cayley to the

 Cayley‐models, graphics  Penaud and other flying toys 3

NASM PPC Proposal Revised February 7, 2015  Lilienthal – Standard glider now on display in EF  Langley – Aerodrome No.5, 1903 engine – now on display  Chanute – model gliders in case, now on display  The Wright brothers, 1899‐1909, a quick survey to set the stage for the core unit

Unit 4: 1909: Dawn of the Air Age—The focus is on the birth and impact of a new industry as seen through the experience of the Wright, Curtiss and Blériot companies. Major artifacts: 1909 Wright Military Flyer, Curtiss Headless D, Blériot XI, and Ecker . In 1909 the Wrights sold the world’s first military airplane to the U.S. Army, Louis Bleriot flew the English Channel and Glenn Curtiss won the first Gordon Bennett speed classic at the great air meet at , France. This unit will suggest how the events of that year set the stage for industrial growth and forecast the extent to which the airplane would change the world.

Topics will include:

 Building airplanes – the birth of an industry  Great flights with international significance ‐‐ from Ft. Myer to the English channel  Government and industry  International rivalry and the factors supporting industrial growth  The role of competition on technological advance

Personal focus on the Katharine Wright, Benjamin Foulois, Glenn Curtiss and Louis Blériot

Unit 5: Power and Control: engines, propellers, flight control

 Some of the engines and propellers now on display—the operation and design of in ‐line and rotary engines  The propeller as sculpture – an assembly of variously shaped propellers  Aircraft control systems  What was it like to fly early aircraft

Unit 6: The Roar of the Crowd – competitions, air meets, clubs

 Art – Rudy Dirks, Fledglings; Dean Mosher, Lady Liberty; James Dietz, Breakthrough Over Kiev  Posters and programs  Trophies and awards  Personal focus on and Harriet Quimby – two exhibition pilots  Georgia “Tiny” Broadwick, parachuting pioneer

Unit 7: The World Takes Wing: American aviators, European aviators, women in flight

 An interactive unit invites visitors to see images and learn a bit about fliers from every part of the nation and around the world.  New types of aircraft—flying boats and multiengine machine

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NASM PPC Proposal Revised February 7, 2015  Visitors have an opportunity to “try on” early flight clothing

 Herman Ecker and the home‐building tradition

Unit 8: The Gathering Storm

 Lead in to WW I

‐Walkthrough‐The Visitor Experience

A Visit to the Early Flight Gallery:

Unit 1: The Dream

Visitors will enter the gallery through a unit on the pre‐history of flight, where they will be introduced to the people, ideas and machines that provided the foundation for the invention of the airplane. Through objects, images, labels and interactives they will be invited to consider some basic questions, such as: How did we learn to fly? What people and ideas contributed to the invention of the airplane? The only original Otto Lilienthal glider in the western hemisphere hangs overhead at the entrance. A relatively small opening section will introduce visitors to the ancient dream of flight. A case housing a large sculptural piece based on Etienne Robertson’s fanciful navigable balloon La Minerve will set the tone. A small statue of Mercury, the wing‐footed god, and representations of flight in myth, religion and literature will underscore the deep‐seated desire to take to the air. The unit will conclude with a large image of Darius Green, the comic hero of the J.T.T Trowbridge’s 1887 comic poem, sitting amid the ruins of the flying machine in which he has just leaped from the barn roof, the personification of centuries of disappointed would‐be aviators. A potential interactive will allow visitors to select illustrations and short texts describing myths of flight and flying from around the world via a touch screen.

Unit 2: Navigating the Air

A second relatively small unit tells the story of the early development of the airship, buoyant powered flight, with a focus on Alberto Santos‐Dumont and Count von Zeppelin. The display will include several airship models and a silent audio‐visual presentation showing early dirigibles in the air. In addition, visitors will have an opportunity to interact with a digital Santos‐Dumont in some fashion. Ideally, you will be invited to pose several suggested questions to this colorful and eccentric pioneer airman, presented as a full‐size digital image on a screen, or perhaps as a “ghost” image on scrim. The figure might initially appear to be a figure in a full size painting that comes to life when a visitor approaches. A sensor will “wake up” the image, which will then introduce himself and ask if the visitor has any questions for him. The “navigators” in Time and Navigation are our model for this and later figures.

Unit 3: Leaning to Fly

A final introductory unit will establish the foundation for the birth of powered flight. Major objects include the world’s first purpose‐built aeronautical power plant, a light‐weight steam engine that won first prize at the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain’s first exhibition at London’s Crystal Palace in 1868; Australian Lawrence Hargrave’s wing‐ flapping model aircraft; ’s Aerodrome No. 5; the engine of Langley’s Great Aerodrome; and a case filled with models of gliders designed by Octave Chanute. The story of German aeronautical pioneer Otto Lilienthal

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NASM PPC Proposal Revised February 7, 2015 will be linked to his glider, hanging at the entrance to the gallery. A short treatment carrying the story of the Wright brothers from 1899‐1908 will set the stage for entry into the core of the exhibition. It is possible that full scale digital images of the brothers, and/or their sister Katharine (as with Santos‐Dumont, above), will play a role in the transition. Visitors may overhear a conversation among them. Alternatively, Katharine may offer visitors an account of their time in Europe in 1908 and early 1909. As she speaks, a monitor will play still photos showing Katharine and her brothers in the air and meeting kings, queens and world leaders.

Unit 4: 1909 – Dawn of the Air Age

The core units of the Gallery will focus on the events of 1909 as the year in which the potential of the airplane to shape the future became fully apparent. A short film presented somewhere close to the entrance to this central portion of the gallery will provide a narrative frame helping visitors to understand why this year was so important and tying the individual sections together. Three major aircraft will serve as the focal points.

 The 1909 Wright Military Flyer, the world’s first military airplane, will describe the early recognition of the military potential of the airplane, the importance of an international market for military aircraft, and the rise of the aircraft and engine industry. A series of photos taken in the Wright factory give a sense of the process of building airplanes during this period between the craft era, and the dawn of industrial production. The display will include models of various Wright types, 1909‐1915. Images and labels will describe the activities of both the Wright exhibition team and the Wright flying school, both core operations of the Wright Company. Extended silent footage of the Wrights flying in Europe and America, 1908‐1909, will give visitors a notion of what it was like to the 1909 Military Flyer hanging overhead in flight.  Exhibits surrounding the Blèriot XI will invite visitors to explore the impact of the airplane on politics and international relations. Louis Bleriot’s flight across the English Channel in July 1909 demonstrated the potential of this new machine to overcome age‐old geographic barriers and redefine geopolitical relationships. We will emphasize the extent to which European nations were willing to invest in the new technology, and the impact of that investment on the pace of aeronautical development, and the level of industrial production. While Europeans flew higher, faster and farther, Americans fell behind the cutting edge of flight technology. The longevity of the Bleriot XI, its popularity in both Europe and America, and the specific history of our aircraft will round out the story.  The Curtiss D headless pusher will serve as the focal point of a unit introducing Glenn Hammond Curtiss and his role in establishing the early aircraft industry in the U.S. A case of trophies will illustrate both the importance of competition in early aviation and the extent to which Curtiss built his business and earned international fame for his speed and distance flights. Visitors will taste some of the excitement shared by those who attended the first great air meet at Reims, France, in the high summer of 1909, where Curtiss raced past all of his European rivals to capture the first James Gordon Bennett speed trophy. Additional topics will include: the patent battle with the Wrights, the activities of his exhibition flight team, the development of the flying boat, and the emergence of the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company as the leading American manufacturer of airplanes by 1917.

Interactives, described below, might include a game that would help visitors better understand the aeronautical rivalry between European nations in the years leading to the outbreak of WWI. In addition, or alternatively, visitors might be invited to participate in an air race or distance competition, selecting aircraft configuration, engine type and other elements that would represent competitive advantages.

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NASM PPC Proposal Revised February 7, 2015 Unit 5: Power and Control

Visitors will move from the core unit of the gallery to a space where they will learn something about aeronautical propulsion and control. A small number of historic power plants will be on display, including a Wright in‐line engine, a Curtiss V, and a Gnome rotary engine. A mechanical interactive will explain the operation of an in‐line engine, in which the pistons turn a crankshaft that spins the propeller, and a rotary engine, in which the engine and propeller are bolted together and spin around a fixed crankshaft. The advantages of the rotary design and its implications for the aviator, who must blip the engine on and off in order to land, and who is constantly sprayed with castor oil lubricant while flying the craft, will serve to humanize the technical details. A second interactive will allow visitors to operate three very different types of flight controls – the Wright three‐stick system, the Curtiss all‐moving control wheel, and the Blèriot stick‐and‐rudder system. Samples of different aircraft construction materials will be presented, along with a comparison of standard wood, wire and fabric construction with monocoque, or egg shell, construction used in racing aircraft.

Unit 6: The Roar of the Crowd

As assortment of colorful posters, programs, mementos, photos and models will communicate something of the excitement of the air meets, races, long distance and record setting flights and great indoor air shows of the period, 1908‐1914. Art, including Rudolph Dirks’ 1908 painting, Fledglings, Dean Mosher’s contemporary portrayal of Wilbur Wright circling the Statue of Liberty, and James Dietz’, Breakthrough Over Kiev, showing the multi‐engine Sikorsky aircraft over the Russian city, will help bring the area to life. As in the case of Alberto Santos‐Dumont and Katharine Wright, we hope to develop an interactive in which virtual “ghosts,” or full‐size digital images of Harriet Quimby and Lincoln Beachey, two colorful exhibition pilots of the era, are conversing.

Unit 7: The World Takes Wing

We will invite visitors to interact with a unit loaded with photos and short biographies of scores of men and women aviators of the period. The unit will prompt the user to select a nation, or an American state. The unit will then present a list of aviators from the area selected, from which the visitor can select the name of an individual of interest and see the photo and short biography. This unit will personalize the experience for the visitor and allow the exhibition planners to prepare a data base including pioneers from all geographic areas. It will satisfy visitors with an interest in a particular individual that their local hero is included, and connect other visitors to our story by enabling them to access information on historic figures and events that occurred near their homes. The unit will also include a variety of aircraft models, including types not otherwise discussed in the exhibition, as well as a section on flight clothing. See Interactive #10‐ We might allow visitors to image themselves and digitally “try‐on” various early helmets and items of flight clothing. They could print out the result as a souvenir of their visit to the Gallery. The Ecker flying boat will be a focal point in this unit. The discussion will include both the notion of Ecker as a “home‐builder” and the appearance of new types of aircraft, from flying boats to multiengine airplanes.

Unit 8: The Gathering Storm

A small closing unit including perhaps only a single evocative image and label, will indicate that the embryonic flying machine will pass through its adolescence in war.

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NASM PPC Proposal Revised February 7, 2015 ‐Audio‐Visual Elements

1. One silent film of airships in flight, focusing on original footage of Alberto Santos‐Dumont and Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin

2. One silent film showing Wright aircraft in the air in Europe and America

3. One 3‐4 minute sound film on the aeronautical events of the year 1909, focusing on the sale of the Wright Military Flyer, Louis Blèriot’s flight across the English Channel, and the great air meet at Reims, France, including Glenn Curtiss’ victory in the first James Gordon Bennett speed competition

‐Interactives

The Early Flight team has discussed a wide range of potential interactives. Some are described in the walkthrough section of this document. The list below includes those, and other ideas that have been presented and discussed. Final decisions will be based on discussions with professionals in the digital world, costs and the extent to which the group agrees that a particular interactive meets the needs of visitors most effectively.

1. Visitors will have access to a touch screen that will enable them to access examples of flight in myth, legend, religion and literature from around the world.

2. Visitors will be invited to select from a menu of questions to pose to a full‐size digital figure of Alberto Santos‐ Dumont. We will film an actor playing this colorful pioneer responding to a series of carefully prepared, cascading questions. This digital figure, and those to follow, might be presented in “picture frames,” as though they were full‐ size portraits that come to life. The “navigators” presented in the Time and Navigation gallery are examples of what we have in mind.

3. A full‐size digital figure of Katharine Wright will chat with visitors about her experiences with her brothers in Europe and America, 1908‐1909. She will share or somehow refer to moving images of those events playing on a monitor placed next to her. (See film #2, above)

4. Full‐size digital figures of two daring aviators, Lincoln Beachey and Harriet Quimby, share the experience flying in pioneer aircraft. Visitors simply overhear their conversation.

5. A mechanical interactive will demonstrate the operation of in‐line and rotary engines. Visitors will be able to start the in‐line power plant and watch the cylinders rise and fall, turning the crank shaft. When they activate the rotary engine, the entire motor and propeller spin around a fixed crankshaft.

6. A mechanical interactive enables visitors to operate three very different control systems – the Wright three‐stick approach; the Curtiss system utilizing a control wheel that can be moved fore and aft for pitch control and turned to operate the and rudder; and the Blèriot system, utilizing a stick and rudder bar.

7. An interactive touch‐screen unit invites visitors to access photos and information on a large number of aviators active in the period, 1906‐1914. Visitors can query the database by searching under a nation or a state, then selecting an individual aviator from a menu of names resulting from their geographic input.

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NASM PPC Proposal Revised February 7, 2015 8. Either as an interactive of some sort in Unit 3, or as a Discovery station item, we will provide several historic flying toys, including the Penaud helicopter that inspired the Wright brothers as boys. The notion is to underscore the importance role of play in technical innovation.

9. An interactive game might be developed to help visitors better understand the aeronautical rivalry between European nations in the years leading to the outbreak of WWI. . In addition, or alternatively, visitors might be invited to participate in an air race or distance competition, selecting aircraft configuration, engine type and other elements that would represent competitive choices

10. Visitors could take a digital image of themselves and digitally “try on” various early aviation helmets and clothing, printing out the result as a take‐away souvenir.

11. A mechanical interactive might provide a demonstration of the Wright wing warping system and the use of ailerons.

‐‐Visitor Experience and Goals, both quantitative and qualitative

Goal 1: To share the excitement of early flight with visitors.

Goal 2: To help visitors understand the birth of the relationship between government and the aeronautical industry.

Goal 3: Underscore the extent to which aviation was a global enterprise.

Goal 4: Point to the broad social, cultural, economic and political impact of flight on the world.

Goal: Explore factors supporting innovation and technological progress.

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NASM PPC Proposal Revised February 7, 2015 Object Number Object Name Location A18890001000 Stringfellow Steam Engine NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A18900001000 Pichancourt Ornithopter NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19050001000 Langley Aerodrome Number 5 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19060001000 Lilienthal Glider NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19060002000 Hargrave Ornithopter,1890 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19080001000 Clement V-2 Engine NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19080003000 Langley-Manly-Balzer Radial 5 Engine NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19090001000 Model, Chanute Biplane, 1896 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19090002000 Model, Chanute Multiplane, 1896 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19090003000 Model, Chanute Triplane Oscillating Wing Glider, 1901-'02 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight

A19120001000 1909 Wright Military Flyer NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19210008000 Model, Henson Steam Carriage NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19240002000 Hendee Indian Rotary 7 Engine NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19280009000 Curtiss D-III Headless Pusher NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19280019000 Sculpture, Hermes NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19300017000 Penaud Planophore, 1871 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19300037000 American Propeller and Mfg Co. Propeller, fixed-pitch, two- NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight blade, wood A19300047000 American Propeller and Mfg Co. Propeller, fixed-pitch, two- NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight blade, wood A19300067000 American Propeller and Mfg Co. Propeller, fixed-pitch, two- NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight blade, wood A19300069000 Requa Gibson Propeller, fixed-pitch, two-blade, wood NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19300071000 Requa Gibson Propeller, fixed-pitch, two-blade, wood NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19300074000 Requa Gibson Propeller, fixed-pitch, two-blade, wood NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19310062000 Curtiss E-4, In-Line 4 Engine NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19320020000 Langley Propeller, fixed-pitch, two-blade, wood and fabric NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight

A19340010000 Wright 6-60, In-line 6 Engine NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19340026000 Simmons Propeller, fixed-pitch, two-blade, wood and metal NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight

A19340055000 Model, Henri Farman, 1909 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19340060001 Wright Ex "Vin Fiz" Propeller, fixed-pitch, two-blade, wood NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight

A19390002000 Model, Curtiss Hydroaeroplane NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19390014000 Model, Curtiss 1914, Lincoln Beachey NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19410016000 Model, Columbia Monoplane NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19420042000 Bastow-Page Airship Propeller, fixed-pitch, two-blade, metal NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight

A19470014000 Model, Wright "R", 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19470015000 Model, Curtiss D, 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19490009000 Curtiss B-8, V-8 Engine NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19490047000 American Propeller and Mfg Co. Propeller, fixed-pitch, two- NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight blade, wood A19500095000 Blériot XI NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19520103000 Wright 6-70, In-line 6 Engine NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19540014000 Model, 1905 Flyer, Wright NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19540087000 Model, Wright Glider, 1911 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19540088000 Model, Wright C, 1912 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19570004000 Model, Boland Tailless NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19570996000 Model, Ellehammer II NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19580050000 Model, Walden III NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19580051000 Model, Walden IX, 1911 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19590028000 Model, Wright Model D NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19590124000 Model, Martin Bi-plane, 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19590208000 Model, Wright "Baby Grand" NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19600006000 Model, Johnson Monoplane, 1911 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19600023000 Model, Heinrich Monoplane NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19600030001 Glider, Cayley 1804 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight Object Number Object Name Location A19600149000 Model, Curtiss "June Bug" NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19600229000 Model, Heinrich, 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19620061000 Model, Curtiss Twin Tractor NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19620099000 Ecker Flying Boat NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19640634002 Propeller, Fixed Pitch, Two-Blade, Wood NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19640679000 Plaque, James Gordon Bennett, 1909, Glenn Curtiss NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19670153000 Gibson Propeller Co. Propeller, fixed-pitch, two-blade, wood NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight

A19680199000 Lithograph, Hand Colored NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19680201000 Engraving on Paper NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19680232000 Model, Santos-Dumont "14-Bis" NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19720763000 Baldwin Red Devil Propeller, fixed-pitch, two-blade, wood NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight

A19720934000 J. Gordon Bennett Balloon Race Trophy NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730589000 Trophy NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730590000 Cup, First Prize, Providence NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730591000 Cup, Providence Old Home Week Hill Climb, 1907 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730592000 Cup, Annual Race Meet, Syracuse New York NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730593000 Cup, One Mile Time Trial, Providence NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730594000 Cup, Glenn Curtiss NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730595000 Cup, Glenn Curtiss NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730596000 Cup, First Prize, 5 Mile Race, Syracuse New York NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730597000 Cup, Omaha World Herald NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730598000 Cup, C. F. Splitdorf, Glenn H. Curtiss NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730599000 Cup, Hill Climb, Glenn Curtiss NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730600000 Radiator Cap, Glenn Curtiss NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730601000 Cup, Old Home Week 1907, Glenn Curtiss NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730602000 Cup, Archery/Golf Tournament NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730604000 Kelly Cup NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730605000 Cup, 25 Mile Road Race, Glenn Curtiss NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730608000 Collier Plaque NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730609000 Plaque, Collier Trophy, Glenn Curtiss NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730611000 License, Pilot's, Glenn Curtiss NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730619000 Medal, Distinguished Flying Cross, Glenn Curtiss NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730620000 Medal, National Aviation Club, Glenn Curtiss NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19730622000 Medal, Aviation Medal of Merit, Glenn NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight Curtiss A19730624000 Medal, Gordon Bennett Championship, Glenn Curtiss NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19772739000 Model, Fantasy Balloon, Minerva NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19790531000 Model, Antoinette IV NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19791244000 Lithograph on Paper-Poster NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19870012000 Poster, Advertising, Air Shows and Races NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19870327000 Plaque, Early Birds NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19920061000 Medal, Commemorative, Boston to Washington, D.C., July 1911 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight

A19950084000 Pennant, Belmont Park Air Meet, 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19990069000 Gnome Omega No. 1 Rotary Engine NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A20090131000 Painting, Rudolph Dirks NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A20140042000 Painting, "Wilbur Wright Greets Lady Liberty" NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19820007002 Program, St. Louis Air Meet, 1907 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19820007003 Program, Westchester Air Meet, 1908 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19820007006 Program, Los Angeles Air Meet, 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19820007007 Program, Nice Air Meet, 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19820007008 Program, Verona Air Meet, May 22-29 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19820007009 Program, Bournemouth Air Meet, 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19820007010 Program, Milan Air Meet, 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19820007011 Program, Belmont Air Meet, 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19820007012 Program, Chicago Air Meet, 1911 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19820007014 Program, Los Angeles Air Meet, 1912 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19820007016 Program, Reims Air Meet, 1913 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight Object Number Object Name Location V19820007017 Program, Berlin Air Meet, May 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19820007018 Program, Berlin Air Meet, August 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19820007019 Program, Verona Air Meet, 20-30 May 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19850054001 Program, St. Louis Air Meet, 1904 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19850054002 Program, Deperdussin, 1912 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19850054003 Program, Circuit De L'est, August 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19850054004 Program, Moscow, 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19850054005 Program, Champagne, July 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19850054006 Program, Bordeaux, September 1910 NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19900091001 Cast, Assyrian Sculpture NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19900091002 Plaque, Egyptian God Khensu NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19900091003 Sukhara Object NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19900091004 Lilenthal Glider Mannequin and Clothing NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight V19900091005 Wright Military Flyer Mannequin and Clothing NASM-Mall, NASM, Gallery 107 - Early Flight A19330044000 Aeromarine Plane & Motor Co. Propeller, ground-adjustable, NASM-Garber, Garber Facility, BLDG11, Rack 003, A two-blade, metal A19640639000 Parachute, Tiny Broadwick NASM-Garber, Garber Facility, FMSB24, Shelving Unit 030, D

A19400025000 Model, Curtiss H-1 America NASM-Mall, NASM, 3400 Block, Model Case 03, S A19470018000 Model, Curtiss E Flying Boat NASM-Mall, NASM, 3400 Block, Model Case 07, S A19510002000 Model, Verville Flying Boat NASM-Mall, NASM, 3400 Block, Model Case 12, S A19540054000 Model, Wright Type E NASM-Mall, NASM, 3400 Block, Model Case 04, N A19540089000 Wright C-H NASM-Hazy, Udvar-Hazy Center, Pre-1920's Models, Medium Case A19540090000 Model, Wright Model G Aeroboat NASM-Mall, NASM, 3400 Block, Model Case 04, S A19580116000 Curtiss Triad NASM-Mall, NASM, 3400 Block, Model Case 08, N A19590211000 Wright Model H NASM-Mall, NASM, 3400 Block, Model Case 04, N A19630408000 Model, Deperdussin 1913 Monocoque Racer NASM-Mall, NASM, 3400 Block, Model Case 03, S A19650258000 Model, Wright B-1 NASM-Mall, NASM, 3400 Block, Model Case 04, N A19650283000 Burgess-Dunne Hydroplane NASM-Hazy, Udvar-Hazy Center, Pre-1920's Models, Medium Case A19650286000 Fabre Hydro "Avion" Canard 1910 NASM-Hazy, Udvar-Hazy Center, Pre-1920's Aviation, Medium Case A19690216000 Model, Wright Model J Hydroaeroplane NASM-Mall, NASM, 3400 Block, Model Case 05, S A19790454000 Voisin "Bird of Passage" NASM-Mall, NASM, 3400 Block, Model Case 02, N A19790871000 Model, Bleriot XI ON LOAN, Smithsonian Office of the Secretary, 2257 A19930314000 Painting, Sikorsky "Il'ya Muromets" NASM-Mall, NASM, 3500 Block, Room 3504 - Director's Conference Room Early Flight Gallery – Candidate Interactive Descriptions Comment and Analysis from NASM Web & New Media Myth, Legend, Religion Although flight is a more recent phenomenon, human flight has been an age‐old desire and dream that cuts across geography, culture, and time. In this interactive, visitors will explore classic imagery of flight in myth, legend, religion, and literature from around the world. This could be achieved in a number of ways including a simple touchscreen interactive. Learning Objective: Throughout history, humans have dreamed of flying and attempted to achieve it.

Santos‐Dumont Visitors would be able to interact with a key historic figure of early flight, Alberto Santos‐Dumont, to understand what motivated people to fly. What were his goals, what risks did he take in order to fly, what motivated him? The interactive will help introduce and personalize this colorful figure and highlight the level of notoriety early aviators attained. The interactive could include a “digital portrait” that comes to life—similar to the portraits in Time and Navigation. Visitors could pose questions to the figure and Santos‐Dumont would answer. Answers would be limited to what Santos‐Dumont is documented to have said during his time. Learning Objective: Discover what motivated early aviators.

Katharine Wright Visitors would hear from Katharine Wright and see historical imagery to: introduce the Wrights as key historical figures; provide insight into the significant impact the Wrights and the airplane had on the world; and understand the Wright Brothers’ transformation to world figures nearly overnight (1908‐ 1909). Katharine could read letters from her brothers to anchor the experience in primary sources. This experience could also be a “digital portrait” that comes to life—similar to the portraits in Time and Navigation—but would not involve visitor input. Learning Objective: Visitors will understand the unprecedented impact the Wright Brothers—and the introduction of the airplane—had on the world.

Beachey and Quimby Visitors would see and hear a conversation between two daring aviators, Lincoln Beachey and Harriet Quimby, as they share what it was like to fly pioneer aircraft. The interactive would introduce the idea of aviation as a spectacle and sport, the notion of early pilots as heroic figures, and the motivation of early aviators. Again, this experience could also be a “digital portrait” of the two characters that will come to life—similar to the portraits in Time and Navigation—but would not involve visitor input. Learning Objective: Visitors will walk away understanding that like our modern‐day celebrities and athletes, early aviators became heroes and aviation became a sporting event watched, like NASCAR, by many and often for the spectacle.

In‐line/Rotary Operation A mechanical interactive will demonstrate the operation of in‐line and rotary engines. Visitors will be able to start the in‐line power plant and watch the cylinders rise and fall, turning the crank shaft. When they activate the rotary engine, the entire motor and propeller spin around a fixed crankshaft. Learning Objective: The visitor will understand the operation of in‐line and rotary engines.

Control Systems A mechanical interactive enables visitors to operate three very different control systems – the Wright three‐stick approach; the Curtiss system utilizing a control wheel that can be moved fore and aft for pitch control and turned to operate the ailerons and rudder; and the Blèriot system, utilizing a stick and rudder bar. Learning Objective: The visitor will understand the differences in early flight control systems.

Discover Aviators Visitors will explore photos and information on early aviators active in the period from 1906 to 1914 based upon the aviator’s geographic location or the location of a specific historic event. Visitors will be presented a map of the world and will have the option to “zoom” in to explore these aviators and events. Learning Objective: Visitors will understand how widespread flight had become and be introduced to the different people that made up the field.

Flying Toys Through an interactive or discovery cart station, visitors will be provided with several historic flying toys, including the Penaud helicopter that inspired the Wright brothers as boys. The notion is to underscore the importance role of play in technical innovation. Learning Objective: Play leads to innovation.

Rivalry and Competition This interactive game will help visitors better understand the aeronautical rivalry between European nations in the years leading to the outbreak of WWI. The visitor will be asked to make a handful of key decisions that will impact the outcome of the game. The game will help visitors answer the question: How and why did nations become involved in aeronautics? Learning Objective: Nations had very different motivations to compete in aeronautics.

Aviator Dress‐Up Visitors can take an image of themselves digitally “trying on” various early aviation helmets and clothing. Their composite image could be emailed to them or printed out in the gift shop as a take‐home souvenir. Learning Objective: Visitors will have a better sense of what it was truly like to fly. Wing Warping A mechanical interactive that demonstrates the Wright wing warping system and the use of ailerons. Learning Objective: Visitors will understand the wing warping system.

Note: Sounds like something might also be done in the main Wright Brothers exhibition—two could be built—and may be better suited for a discovery cart. Beth Wilson would be a good person to discuss this one with.

AV

Santos‐Dumon/von Zeppelin Video: Silent film of airships in flight focusing on original footage of Alberto Santos‐Dumont and Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin. The video would be three minutes or less and be played on a loop.

Wright Video: Short silent film showing Wright aircraft in the air both in Europe and America. This video will be tied to the Katharine Wright interactive.

1909 Video: One three to four minute sound film on the aeronautical events of the year 1909, focusing on the sale of the Wright Military Flyer, Louis Blèriot’s flight across the English Channel, and the great air meet at Reims, France, including Glenn Curtiss’ victory in the first James Gordon Bennet speed competition.