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WP1 Report Page: 1/137 FASS ______ WP1 Report Page: 1/137 FASS ___________________________________________________________________________ FASS WP1 REPORT CONTRACT NUMBER : WA - 97 - SC 2206 ___________________________________________________________________________ WP1 : State of the Art IDD D 113.00.08.042.001 Date: 23/12/98 WP1 Report Page: 2/137 FASS ___________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 3 2.1. Introduction 3 2.2. Types of fast ships 4 2.3. European and World-wide lines 14 2.3.1. European Community and European Situation 14 2.3.2. World Situation 21 2.4. International, national and local rules 23 2.5. FAS behaviour 28 2.5.1. What is a fast vessel? 28 2.5.2. Dead-weight problems with FASS 29 2.5.3. Seakeeping behaviour 31 2.6. Technologies 33 2.6.1. Review 33 2.6.2. FAS manoeuvring 36 2.6.3. Instrumentation 37 2.7. Accidents / Incidents 41 2.7.1. General topics 41 2.7.2. Wake wash 54 2.8. Education, training and simulation 58 2.9. Comments 61 2.10. Bibliography 68 2.10.1. Introduction 68 2.10.2. Fast ships 68 2.10.3. Lines 69 2.10.4. Rules 70 2.10.5. FAS Behaviour 70 2.10.6. Technologies 71 2.10.7. Accidents / Incidents 72 2.10.8. Training 74 2.10.9. Other topics 75 APPENDIX 2-1 : CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED CAMERAS 76 APPENDIX 2-2 : RULES AND REGULATIONS 83 3. INTERVIEWS 90 3.1. Procedure 90 3.2. Comments on interviews to Navigation Companies 91 3.3. Comments on interviews to onboard Personnel 92 3.4. Synthesis of the results of the interviews 97 APPENDIX 3-1 : FASS QUESTIONNAIRE 99 APPENDIX 3.2 GUIDE TO ANALYSE A FASS INTERVIEW 103 ___________________________________________________________________________ WP1 : State of the Art IDD D 113.00.08.042.001 Date: 23/12/98 WP1 Report Page: 3/137 FASS ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. INTRODUCTION The Workpackage 1 "State of the Art" objective has been to acquire, classify and synthesise the relevant pieces of information resulting from the experience of professionals involved in the design and operation of fast ships so as to enhance the knowledge. The available data have been collected through essentially two means: literature review and interviews. The search and the examination of published literature have been focused on all major elements contributing to an advanced knowledge on fast ship navigation security. These comprise the types of FAS and their equipment’s, the existing lines and rules. Efforts have been made to gather data on accidents which happened as much as they were "opened". More interviews have been conducted. Methods have been established to question experts and to analyse the results of the inquiries. The guideline has been to try and list the parameters interfering with the security while giving a reasonable rate of confidence and objectivity. This document reports the results of the works done. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Introduction To define the State of the Art in the High Speed Maritime Transport field, we have used the sole international official document available: the H.S.C. Code (High Speed Craft Code), issued by I.M.O. in 1995. Besides such official document, we have taken into account the following documents: - publications of the Classification Institutes who, on the basis of the HSC Code, issued the rules for the building of the Fast Ships - bibliography, wide as much as possible, issued by specialised technical magazines - proceedings of meetings on this subject having particular importance. Furthermore, we have taken into account the results of other researches developed by Consortia which participated to the III and IV Research and Development Frame Programs, promoted by the European Union Commission. Most of the documents will be noted in the bibliography. The appendix 2.1 reports the rules and regulations. ___________________________________________________________________________ WP1 : State of the Art IDD D 113.00.08.042.001 Date: 23/12/98 WP1 Report Page: 4/137 FASS ___________________________________________________________________________ 2.2. Types of fast ships The typology of HSC can be classified in the following types: · Hovercraft · Hydrofoil/catamaran (multihulls) · SES (Surface Effect Ship) · SWATH (Small Water Area Twin Hull) · Monohull These types are described in the following pages. Let's remark that SES (Surface Effect Ship) is an air cushion catamaran. So it will be described after catamaran's description. - Hovercraft The hovercraft is a surface vehicle having its complete weight supported by a cushion of pressurised air. · Control Craft direction is controlled at high speed by rudders in each of the propeller ducts (a skirt shift system is optional), and at low speed by puff ports specially for reversing and turning. · Propulsion Propulsion is composed of a motive power supplied by free-turbine turboshaft engines located (in pairs) at the rear of the craft on either side of the vehicle deck. Each engine is connected to one of identical propeller units. · Electrical system Electrical system can be divided in turboshaft engines and alternators. · Cushion The fan delivers air to the cushion via a continuous peripheral bag and finger skirt (made in nylon fabric). · Fuel Fuel is transferred between forward and aft tanks via a ring main to adjust fore and aft trim. ___________________________________________________________________________ WP1 : State of the Art IDD D 113.00.08.042.001 Date: 23/12/98 WP1 Report Page: 5/137 FASS ___________________________________________________________________________ · Navigation and communication The following components can be found: ¨ remote reading gyro-compass, spherical compass, ¨ optional range of automatic and semi-automatic navigational aids, ¨ VHF international marine band radio or similar equipment, radar systems, transceiver on the control cabin roof. The display unit is mounted in the control cabin on the port side and is north-up by gyro-compass. · Outfit Three main components are described: ¨ a large central accommodation area forward of a propulsion machinery bag and sidebodies containing the lift system machinery, ¨ a control cabin on the top of the main cabin, ¨ a commercial cabin. · Emergency exits. - Hydrofoils The hydrofoils consist in lifting a ship hull out of the water thanks to dynamic fluids strength. · Propulsion Propulsion is composed of one or two gas turbines, one diesel for slow running, an inclined steel propeller. A compressed air system (propeller shaftdriver air compressor and compressed air bottles) is provided for main engine starting, emergency stopping, operating the foghorn and scavenging the water intake. Engine output is transferred to a single double-volute, double-suction, two impeller centrifugal pumps. Water is taken in through inlets on the nose of each aft foil at the foil/strut intersection and passes up through the hollow interiors of the struts to the hull, where it is ducted to the pump. From the pump, the water is discharged through twin, fixed-area nozzles located beneath the hull under the pump. · Electrical system Electrical system can be divided in a generator coupled to the main engine, storage batteries connected in series-parallel to form a single bank and to supply power during short stops, and a three-phase alternator. ___________________________________________________________________________ WP1 : State of the Art IDD D 113.00.08.042.001 Date: 23/12/98 WP1 Report Page: 6/137 FASS ___________________________________________________________________________ · Control The control is realised with one or several rudders. The operations of the engine, rudder, reverse gear and fuel supply are operated hydraulically from the wheelhouse, equipped with a hydraulic remote control system (comprising transmitter cylinders in the wheelhouse and actuators on the engine), reverse gear and fuel supply. The engines can also be controlled in the engine room. A hand tiller is employed in an emergency. · Hull The hull is composed of two main lifting surfaces, one forward and one aft, each carries approximately half the weight of the vessel. The main elements are: plating, deck, partitions, bulkheads, platforms, wheelhouse and foil system. · Fuel Fuel tanks consist in: · a fuel priming unit, · a hand fuel booster pump. · Auxiliary system The auxiliary system consists in a hydraulic steering from the wheelhouse. - Catamarans A catamaran is a displacement ship with a twin hull configuration which provides static buoyant lift. · Propulsion Two configurations can be found: ¨ Two main engines (diesel or gas) driving two wateriest (thrust device) with two gear boxes (reduction). Sometimes one, sometimes four. ¨ 4 main engines. Two engines in each engine room, connected to a common gearbox. This is the most economical installation, regarding investment costs and safety. · Auxiliary system 2 engines (diesel) powerless can be found. ___________________________________________________________________________ WP1 : State of the Art IDD D 113.00.08.042.001 Date: 23/12/98 WP1 Report Page: 7/137 FASS ___________________________________________________________________________ · Electrical system Electrical system presents 2 generators in each hull (4 total) feed associated independent main switchboards with one capable of disconnection in an emergency. Under normal operating conditions, the two main switchboards are linked. · Control The manoeuvring of the ship is controlled by a joystick system. The control system is split up in individual controls for each water-jet
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