The Heart of Baku Icharishahar – the Heart of Baku

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The Heart of Baku Icharishahar – the Heart of Baku Icharishahar – the heart of Baku Icharishahar – the heart of Baku ore than two thousand years separate us from the time when a Msmall settlement emerged in the Absheron Peninsula in a place where flames escape from the ground and soon became one of the religious centers of worshipers of the East, a populous commercial city and then an impregnable fortress. Since ancient times, Baku has been www.irs-az.com 6 Icherisheher, cœur de Bakou Icherisheher, cœur de Bakou l y a plus de deux mille ans, en un endroit de la péninsule d’Abcheron d’où Ijaillissent du sol des langues de feu, apparut une petite bourgade bien- tôt appelée à devenir l’un des lieux de rassemblement des adorateurs du feu, puis une ville commerçante animée et, enfin, une forteresse impre- nable. Depuis toujours, Bakou fut un carrefour de routes caravanières, 7 www.irs-az.com Icharishahar – the heart of Baku an intersection of caravan roads. It was known in many countries as a rich city and a large port on the Caspian Sea, through which the Great Silk Road passed. The heart of Baku is Icharishahar. It is a historical and architec- tural reserve located in the heart of the capital. Its area is 221,000 www.irs-az.com 8 Icherisheher, cœur de Bakou qui avait dans de nombreux pays dans la Vieille Ville 1500 familles, la renommée d’une ville riche, d’un et elle est visitée quotidiennement grand port sur la mer Caspienne, par 50 000 touristes. d’une étape sur la route de la soie. Des remparts impressionnants Le cœur de Bakou est Icheri- atteignant jusqu’à 10 m de hauteur sheher, ensemble historique et ar- et 3,5 m d’épaisseur protégeaient chitectural situé en plein centre de la ville. Ils étaient renforcés par 70 l’agglomération, d’une superficie de tours de garde semi-circulaires (il 221 000 m². Il est bordé sur trois cô- s’en est conservé 25), couronnées tés par des remparts, et sur le qua- de merlons. Une inscription en trième par la Caspienne. Malgré sa arabe porte: «Rempart élevé sur taille réduite, il abrite des dizaines l’ordre du roi célébré, sage, juste, de monuments historiques, dont victorieux, triomphant, combat- trois – la Vieille Ville elle-même, le tant de la foi, gloire de la religion palais des Shirvanshahs et la tour et du trône, soutien de l’islam et de la Vierge – sont classés depuis des musulmans, l’illustre Khakan, 2000 au Patrimoine mondial de le grand Abu-l-hoja Manuchehr», l’humanité de l’UNESCO. Il comporte qui régna de 1120 à 1160. également des immeubles d’habita- En 1608-1609, le seigneur de descendaient jusqu’à la surface de tion, des hôtels, des musées, des Bakou Zulfigar-khan éleva une l’eau, créant ainsi un abri pour les galeries, des restaurants, des bou- deuxième enceinte à 10-12 mètres navires abordant au port. tiques et cafés d’âge vénérable. De de l’ancienne. Sur la façade mari- L’accès par la mer était éga- nos jours, résident en permanence time de la ville deux autres murs lement défendu par le château 9 www.irs-az.com Icharishahar – the heart of Baku square meters. On three sides, it is limited by castle walls, and on the fourth side, Icharishahar fronts the Caspian Sea. However, its small size did not prevent it from accommodating dozens of historical monuments, three of which - the Old Town, the Palace of the Shirvanshahs and the Maiden Tower – have been on the UNESCO World Heritage list since 2000. Narrow and ancient streets are lined with old houses, hotels, for the faith, the pride of the reli- built by order of Shirvanshah museums, galleries, restaurants, gion and the state, the support of Fariburz III in 1234. On the map, shops and cafes. 1,500 families Islam and Muslims, the Greatest it is a construction of irregular permanently reside in the Old Hakan, Great Shirvanshah Abu shape elongated from north to Town , while 50,000 tourists visit al-Khoja Minuchihr”. He ruled from south, with a length of 180 and it every day. 1120 to 1160. with a width of 40 meters. The The majestic walls of the In 1608-1609, Baku ruler castle was surrounded by high city with a height of up to 10 Zulfugar Khan built a second row walls reinforced with towers. and width of up to 3.5 meters of walls at a distance of 10-12 Several gates were cut guarded the peace of Baku. They meters from the old fortifications. through the outer wall. Above were reinforced with 70 military Perpendicular to the wall that those, from which the road to towers of semicircular shape (25 protected the city from the sea, survived) with merlons on top. two more walls led to the water, An inscription in Arabic reads: creating a safe haven for ships “The building of the city wall was calling at the port. ordered by the exalted, wise, just Approaches from the sea were and victorious melik, who fought also protected by Bayil Castle www.irs-az.com 10 Icherisheher, cœur de Bakou de Bail, bâti sur l’ordre du Shir- 1683, cet emblème témoigne de vanshah Fariburza en 1234. Cet ses origines zoroastriennes. édifice, disposé dans le sens sud- Le climat de l’Abcheron, avec nord, avait en plan une forme irré- ses vents coulis et ses canicules, gulière, avec 180 m de long et 40 a fortement influencé le caractère de large; il était entouré de hauts des bâtiments de l’Isherisheher. murs renforcés par des tours. Ses rues tortueuses et ses nom- Le rempart extérieur était per- breuses impasses, l’hiver, cou- cé de plusieurs portes. Celle d’où paient les assauts furieux de la partait la route de Shamakhi, an- bise glacée tandis que, l’été, les cienne capitale du Shirvan, était maisons avec ou sans étage, étroi- surmontée d’un bas-relief figurant tement serrées, maintenaient une deux lions et une tête de taureau ombre épaisse. Cette disposition encadrés par les deux disques facilitait également la défense de du Soleil et de la Lune. De l’avis la ville. Elle permettait de ralentir la du voyageur allemand Engelbert marche d’un ennemi qui se serait Kaempfer, qui visita la région en infiltré dans ses murs, permettant 11 www.irs-az.com Icharishahar – the heart of Baku managed to break into the city, it made it possible to bring down the pace of the attack and delay it, which allowed residents to escape through another gate or underground tunnels dug under the city. In the part of the Old Town, which fronts the sea, there is a tower of unusual shape. It bears the name of Giz-Galasi (Maiden the ancient capital city of Shirvan its piercing winds and summer Tower). There is even a hypothe- – Shamakhi began. There is a heat defined the character of sis that the tower is in fact one of bas-relief that depicts two lions Icharishahar architecture in many the first fire temples devoted to a and a bull’s head surrounded by ways. The winding streets and single god. two discs - the Sun and the Moon. numerous dead-ends suppressed Presumably, the tower was According to the German traveler gusts of icy wind in winter, and built in two stages. The lower part, Engelbert Kaempfer, who visited in the summer months, the dense up to the height of 13.7 meters, th th these places in 1683, the content shadow of closely standing one- belongs to the 8 -7 centuries of the coat of arms clearly testi- and two-storey houses reigned BC, while the entire height of the fies to its Zoroastrian roots. there. This layout also helped tower is almost 30 meters. The The climate of Absheron with defend the city. If the enemy thickness of the walls at the base www.irs-az.com 12 Icherisheher, cœur de Bakou à la population de s’échapper par mètres. L’épaisseur des murs à la son centre. Ces niveaux étaient d’autres portes ou par les innom- base est de 5 mètres. La Giz-ga- reliés par des escaliers aména- brables passages souterrains creu- lasi comporte huit niveaux, tous gés dans l’épaisseur des murs. sés sous la cité. couverts d’une coupole de pierre On trouve à l’intérieur de la tour Dans la partie de l’Isherisheher portant une ouverture ronde en un puits de plus de 30 mètres de qui donne sur la mer se dresse une tour de forme étrange. Elle porte le nom de Giz-galasi (tour de la Vierge). On a même avancé l’hy- pothèse que cet édifice aurait été l’un des premiers temples du feu consacrés à un dieu unique. On suppose que la tour a été construite en deux étapes. Le bas, jusqu’à la cote de 13,7 m, remonte aux VIIIe-VIIe siècles, alors que la hauteur totale est de près de 30 13 www.irs-az.com Icharishahar – the heart of Baku that the Maiden Tower also served as a lighthouse indicating the entrance to the harbor. The construction of a palace for the Shirvanshahs started in the 12th century. But the main part of the ensemble was finished only in the first half of the 15th century. The residence of the Shirvan rul- ers is not so large. However, its location on three terraces allowed architects to build a lot of build- ings and premises, each of which can be considered an excellent example of Islamic architecture.
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