DOCSLIB.ORG

421136 1 En Bookbackmatter 229..393

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
421136 1 En Bookbackmatter 229..393 Appendix A Formative Elements for Wisconsin Soils in Soil Taxonomy Taxonomic level Formative element Meaning Orders -alf Alfisols -ent Entisols -ist Histosols -ept Inceptisols -oll Mollisols -od Spodosols -ult Ultisols Suborders aqu Aquic conditiions (wet) fibr Fibric organic materials (least decomposed) fluv Floodplain hem Hemic organic materials (intermediate in decomposition) orth Central concept psamm Sandy textures sapr Sapric organic materials (most decomposed) ud Udic soil-moisture class (never dry for >90 cumulative days or >45 consecutive days) ust Ustic soil-moisture class (dry for >180 cumulative days or >90 consecutive days) Great groups Alb Contains an albic € horizon Arg Contains an argillic (Bt) horizon Dystr Base saturation <60% Endo Saturated from below Epi Saturated from above Eutr Base saturation >60% Fluv Floodplain Fragi Contains a fragipan (Bx) horizon Gloss Contains a glossic (E/B, B/E) horizon Hapl Minimum horizon development Hum Presence of organic matter Pale Excessive development Psamm Sandy texture Quartzi Quartz-rich Sphagno From Sphagnum mosses Ud Udic soil-moisture class (never dry for >90 cumulative days or >45 consecutive days) (continued) © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 229 J.G. Bockheim and A.E. Hartemink, The Soils of Wisconsin, World Soils Book Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-52144-2 230 Appendix A: Formative Elements for Wisconsin Soils in Soil Taxonomy (continued) Taxonomic level Formative element Meaning Subgroup Aeric Aeration Alfic Contains argillic (Bt) horizon Aquertic Intergrade with Aquerts Aquic Aquic conditions Aquollic Intergrade with Aquolls Arenic Sandy materials 50–100 cm thick Chromic High chroma Cumulic Thickened epipedon Dystric Low base saturation Entic Least developed of a great group Fluvaquentic Intergrade with Fluvaquents Fluventic Floodplain Fragic Contains a fragipan (Bx) horizon Glossic Contains a glossic (E/B, B/E) horizon Haplic Sequentially the last subgroup within a great group Hemic Hemic organic materials Histic Histic properties Humaqueptic Intergrade with Humaquepts Humic Presence of organic matter Inceptic Intergrade to Inceptisols Lamellic Presence of lamellae (fine-textured bands) Limnic Presence of a limnic layer Lithic Bedrock with 50–100 cm of surface Mollic Contains a mollic epipedon Oxyaquic Seasonal high water table Pachic A thick epipedon Psammentic Intergrade with Psamments Terric Mineral layer within 50 cm of surface Thapto A buried soil Typic Central concept Udollic Intergrades with Udolls Ultic An argillic horizon with 200 cm of the surface Umbric Presence of an umbric epipedon Vertic Presence of cracks Appendix B Soil-Forming Factors, Wisconsin Soil Series Soil series Area Soil depth Drainage Slope Parent material Parent material Vegetation (km2) class class (%) (surface) (subsurface) ABBAYE 11 MD MWD 1–70 Till L/ss bedrock Bedrock NHW-H ABSCO 236 VD MWD 0–3 Alluvium, S, L Alluvium Mixed hardwood forest ABSCOTA 2 VD MWD 0–6 Alluvium S Alluvium Wet hardwoods ACKMORE 64 VD SPD 0–5 Alluvium Si Alluvium Prairie ADDER 23 VD VPD 0–1 Organic/alluvium S Alluvium Marsh grasses, sedges ADOLPH 84 VD VPD 0–2 Mantle L/till L Till Marsh grasses, sedges ADRIAN 507 VD VPD 0–1 Organic/outwash S Outwash Marsh grasses, sedges AFTAD 53 VD MWD 0–12 Glaciolacustrine L Glaciolacustrine NHW ALANGO 0 VD SPD 1–4 Glaciolacustrine C Glaciolacustrine Mixed forest ALBAN 66 VD WD 0–30 Glaciolacustrine L Glaciolacustrine NHW ALCONA 47 VD WD 0–70 Glaciofluvial L Glaciofluvial Mixed forest ALDO 25 VD MWD 0–3 Outwash S Outwash Mixed forest ALGANSEE 166 VD SPD 0–4 Alluvium S Alluvium Wet Mixed forest ALLENDALE 153 VD SPD 0–12 Outwash S/glaciolacustrine C Glaciolacustrine Mixed forest ALMENA 435 VD SPD 0–6 Loess/Till L Till Mixed forest ALPENA 34 VD SED 0–50 Glaciofluvial L Glaciofluvial Mixed forest ALSTAD 2 VD SPD 0–4 Till L calc Till NHW ALTDORF 48 VD PD 0–2 Loess/till C Till Wet hardwoods AMASA 9 VD WD 0–70 Outwash L/S Outwash Boreal AMERY 991 VD WD 1–45 Till SL Till Mixed forest AMNICON 374 VD MWD 0–15 Till C Till Boreal ANGELICA 119 VD VPD 0–2 Till L Till Boreal ANIGON 259 VD WD 0–25 Outwash S Outwash Mixed forest ANNALAKE 152 VD MWD 0–18 Glaciofluvial L Glaciofluvial Mixed forest ANNRIVER 101 VD VPD 0–2 Loess/alluvium L/outwash S Outwash Mixed forest ANTIGO 1242 VD WD 0–30 Loess/alluvium L/outwash S Outwash NHW ANTON 14 VD MWD 0–15 Till C/glaciolacustrine L, S Glaciolacustrine Mixed forest ARBUTUS 1 MD ED 2–6 Alluv S/igne and meta bedrock Bedrock Mixed forest ARENZVILLE 464 VD MWD 0–5 Alluvium Si Alluvium Oak-savanna ARGONNE 23 MD MWD 0–15 Till L Till NHW (continued) © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 231 J.G. Bockheim and A.E. Hartemink, The Soils of Wisconsin, World Soils Book Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-52144-2 232 Appendix B: Soil-Forming Factors, Wisconsin Soil Series (continued) Soil series Area Soil depth Drainage Slope Parent material Parent material Vegetation (km2) class class (%) (surface) (subsurface) ARLAND 291 MD WD 1–35 Till L/ss bedrock Bedrock NHW ARNHEIM 203 D PD 0–1 Alluvium L Alluvium Wet mixed forest ASHDALE 210 D WD 0–20 Loess/residuum LS Residuum Prairie ASHIPPUN 12 VD SPD 0–6 Loess/till L Till NHW ASHKUM 223 VD PD 0–3 Colluv/till SiCL Till Marsh grasses, sedges ASHWABAY 94 VD MWD 0–45 Outwash S/till C Till Mixed forest ATTERBERRY 5 VD SPD 0–6 Loess Loess Prairie AU GRES 384 VD SPD 0–6 Glaciofluvial S Glaciofluvial Wet mixed forest AUBURNDALE 208 VD PD 0–3 Loess/till L Till Wet hardwoods AUGWOOD 13 VD SPD 0–3 Outwash S/till GLS Till Mixed forest AUSABLE 13 VD VPD 0–2 Alluvium S Alluvium Wet hardwoods AZTALAN 94 VD SPD 0–6 Outwash L/lacust C, Si Outwash Prairie BACH 26 VD PD 0–2 Glaciolacustrine Si Glaciolacustrine Wet hardwoods BADRIVER 181 VD SPD 0–3 Till C Till Boreal BALMORAL 1 VD MWD 0–3 Alluvium Si, L/outwash S Outwash Prairie BANAT 1 D SPD 0–4 Mantle L/S calc Mantle Mixed forest BARABOO 113 D MWD 2–60 Loess/qtzite bedrock Bedrock Oak-hickory BARREMILLS 43 VD MWD 1–6 Loess Loess Prairie BARRONETT 98 VD PD 0–2 Glaciolacustrine Si Glaciolacustrine Wet hardwoods BARRY 32 VD PD 0–3 Till L Till NHW BASCO 53 MD WD 2–30 Loess/pedised. C/ss residuum Residuum Oak-savanna BATAVIA 11 VD WD 0–12 Loess/outwash L Outwash Oak-savanna BEARPEN 43 VD SPD 0–3 Loess/alluvium Si Alluvium Oak-hickory BEARTREE 2 S VPD 0–2 Alluvium L/mudst bedrock Bedrock Mixed forest BEAVERBAY 46 VD MWD 2–30 Loess/alluvium L Alluvium NHW BEAVERCREEK 26 VD WD 1–15 Alluvium KL Alluvium Oak-hickory BEECHER 7 VD SPD 0–6 Mantle L/till CL Till Oak-savanna BELLECHESTER 3 VD ED 12–90 Colluv, resid S/ss bedrock Bedrock Prairie BELLEVILLE 0 VD VPD 0–2 Glaciofluvial S/till L Till Wet hardwoods BELLEVUE 336 VD MWD 0–3 Alluvium Si Alluvium NHW BERGLAND 8 VD PD 0–2 Glaciolacustrine C Glaciolacustrine Boreal BERTRAND 7 VD WD 0–35 Alluv Si/alluv S Alluvium Oak-hickory BESEMAN 472 VD VPD 0–1 Organic Organic Marsh grasses, sedges BIGISLAND 5 VD SED 15–45 Alluvium S/till L Till Mixed forest BILLETT 55 VD WD 0–20 Alluvium L, S Alluvium Oak-savanna BILLYBOY 97 VD WD 0–3 Alluvium Si, L/outwash S Outwash NHW BILMOD 32 VD WD 0–3 Alluvium L/alluvium S Alluvium Oak-hickory BILSON 133 VD WD 0–20 Alluv L/alluv S Alluvium Oak-hickory BJORKLAND 9 VD VPD 0–2 Glaciolacustrine S/C Glaciolacustrine Marsh grasses, sedges BLACKRIVER 15 VD MWD 0–6 Alluv Si/outwash S Outwash NHW BLOUNT 7 VD SPD 0–6 Till CL Till Oak-hickory BLUFFTON 13 VD VPD 0–2 Alluv L/till L Till Wet mixed forest BOAZ 52 VD SPD 0–3 Alluvium Si Alluvium Wet hardwoods BOGUSCREEK 1 VD WD 0–3 Alluvium Si/outwash S Outwash NHW BONDUEL 71 MD SPD 0–3 Till L/dolo bedrock Bedrock Mixed forest (continued) Appendix B: Soil-Forming Factors, Wisconsin Soil Series 233 (continued) Soil series Area Soil depth Drainage Slope Parent material Parent material Vegetation (km2) class class (%) (surface) (subsurface) BOONE 617 MD ED 1–90 Residuum S/ss bedrock Bedrock Oak-pine BOOTS 35 VD VPD 0–2 Organic Organic Wet conifers BOPLAIN 15 MD ED 0–60 Outwash S Outwash Oak-pine BOREA 11 VD SPD 0–3 Till C/glaciolacustrine L, S Glaciolacustrine Mixed forest BORTH 47 VD MWD 0–6 Glaciolacustrine C/S Glaciolacustrine NHW BOWSTRING 266 VD VPD 0–1 Organic Organic Marsh grasses, sedges BOYER 398 VD WD 0–50 Till S, L/outwash S Outwash Oak-hickory BRAHAM 0 VD WD 6–30 Eolian S/till L Till Mixed forest BRANDER 18 VD MWD 0–3 Loess/outwash S Outwash NHW BRANSTAD 4 VD MWD 2–20 Till L calc Till NHW BREMS 339 VD MWD 0–8 Outwash S Outwash Mixed oaks BRENNYVILLE 1 VD SPD 0–6 Loess/till L Till Mixed forest BREVORT 79 VD VPD 0–2 Glaciolacustrine S/L Glaciolacustrine Wet mixed forest BRICE 2 VD WD 2–6 Eolian S, L Eolian Prairie BRIGGSVILLE 102 VD WD 0–20 Glaciolacustrine C, Si Glaciolacustrine Mixed hardwood forest BRILL 102 VD MWD 0–6 Loess/outwash S Outwash Mixed forest BRIMLEY 3 D SPD 0–6 Glaciofluvial L Glaciofluvial Mixed forest BRINKMAN 44 VD MWD 2–12 Loess/residuum C Residuum Oak-hickory BRODALE 7 VD ED 6–90 Residuum L/ls bedrock Bedrock Prairie BROOKSTON 130 VD PD 0–3 Till L Till Mixed hardwood forest BROWNCHURCH 58 VD WD 12–35 Alluvium L/Si Alluvium Oak-hickory BROWNSTONE 6 MD ED 0–15 Eolian S/ss bedrock Bedrock Mixed forest BRUCE 4 D PD 0–2 Glaciolacustrine L, S Glaciolacustrine Mixed forest BURKHARDT 182 VD SED 0–30 Alluvium L/outwash S Outwash Prairie BUSHVILLE 1 VD SPD 0–6 Outwash S/till L Till Mixed oaks CABLE 340 VD VPD 0–2 Loess/till L Till Wet mixed forest CADIZ 38 VD MWD 2–12 Loess/till SiCL Till Mixed hardwood forest CALAMINE 9 D PD 0–12 Loess/residuum calc shale Bedrock Marsh grasses, sedges CAMPIA 57 VD WD 0–25 Glaciolacustrine Si Glaciolacustrine NHW CAPITOLA 707 VD
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biomechanical and Biochemical Effects Recorded in the Tree Root Zone – Soil Memory, Historical Contingency and Soil Evolution Under Trees
    Plant Soil (2018) 426:109–134 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3622-9 REGULAR ARTICLE Biomechanical and biochemical effects recorded in the tree root zone – soil memory, historical contingency and soil evolution under trees Łukasz Pawlik & Pavel Šamonil Received: 17 September 2017 /Accepted: 1 March 2018 /Published online: 15 March 2018 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract increase in soil spatial complexity. We hypothesized that Background and aims The changing soils is a never- trees can be a strong local factor intensifying, blocking ending process moderated by numerous biotic and abi- or modifying pedogenetic processes, leading to local otic factors. Among these factors, trees may play a changes in soil complexity (convergence, divergence, critical role in forested landscapes by having a large or polygenesis). These changes are hypothetically con- imprint on soil texture and chemical properties. During trolled by regionally predominating soil formation their evolution, soils can follow convergent or divergent processes. development pathways, leading to a decrease or an Methods To test the main hypothesis, we described the pedomorphological features of soils under tree stumps of fir, beech and hemlock in three soil regions: Haplic Highlights Cambisols (Turbacz Reserve, Poland), Entic Podzols 1) The architecture of tree root systems controls soil physical and (Žofínský Prales Reserve, Czech Republic) and Albic chemical properties. Podzols (Upper Peninsula, Michigan, USA). Soil pro- 2) The predominating pedogenetic process significantly modifies files under the stumps, as well as control profiles on sites the effect of trees on soil. 3) Trees are a factor in polygenesis in Haplic Cambisols at the currently not occupied by trees, were analyzed in the pedon scale.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Proximal Soil Sensor Data Fusion and Digital Soil Mapping For
    The use of proximal soil sensor data fusion and digital soil mapping for precision agriculture Wenjun Ji, Viacheslav Adamchuk, Songchao Chen, Asim Biswas, Maxime Leclerc, Raphael Viscarra Rossel To cite this version: Wenjun Ji, Viacheslav Adamchuk, Songchao Chen, Asim Biswas, Maxime Leclerc, et al.. The use of proximal soil sensor data fusion and digital soil mapping for precision agriculture. Pedometrics 2017, Jun 2017, Wageningen, Netherlands. 298 p. hal-01601278 HAL Id: hal-01601278 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01601278 Submitted on 2 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike| 4.0 International License Abstract Book Pedometrics 2017 Wageningen, 26 June – 1 July 2017 2 Contents Evaluating Use of Ground Penetrating Radar and Geostatistic Methods for Mapping Soil Cemented Horizon .................................... 13 Digital soil mapping in areas of mussunungas: algoritmos comparission .......... 14 Sensing of farm and district-scale soil moisture content using a mobile cosmic ray probe (COSMOS Rover) .................................... 15 Proximal sensing of soil crack networks using three-dimensional electrical resistivity to- mography ......................................... 16 Using digital microscopy for rapid determination of soil texture and prediction of soil organic matter .....................................
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Landscape and Pedodiversity on Volcanic Deposits
    Evolution of the landscape and pedodiversity on volcanic deposits in the south of the Basin of Mexico and its relationship with agricultural activities Evolución del paisaje y pedodiversidad sobre depósitos volcánicos en el sur de la Cuenca de México y su relación con actividades agrícolas Elizabeth Solleiro-Rebolledo1‡ , Yazmín Rivera-Uria1 , Bruno Chávez-Vergara1,2 , Jaime Díaz-Ortega1 , Sergey Sedov1 , Jorge René Alcalá-Martínez 1,2 , Ofelia Ivette Beltrán-Paz1 , and Luis Gerardo Martínez-Jardines1 1 Instituto de Geología; 2 Laboratorio Nacional de Geoquímica y Mineralogía. Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n. Cd. Universitaria. 04510 Ciudad de México, México. ‡ Corresponding author ([email protected]) SUMMARY carbonates places their formation in the mid-Holocene, an epoch for which drier conditions are detected in In this work, we present the results of a soil study other sites of the Basin of Mexico. The agricultural land in the Teuhtli volcano, located to the south of the Basin use has also promoted morphological, chemical and of Mexico with the aim to understand the pedogenetic physical changes in the soils. The continuous tillage pathways and the evolution of the landscape dynamics. of the sites has prevented the soils from developing. Two different types of soil prof iles were sampled: in This could have a negative effect on the fertility of “conserved” areas, with less anthropogenic influence those soils currently used to sustain the peri-urban and in sites with intense agriculture activities since agroecosystems of Mexico City. pre-Hispanic times. The three conserved prof iles are located in different landscape positions: the Cima Index words: andosolization, land use change, prof ile in the summit, the Ladera prof ile in the high pedogenic carbonates, Teuhtli volcano.
    [Show full text]
  • Rusell Review
    European Journal of Soil Science, March 2019, 70, 216–235 doi: 10.1111/ejss.12790 Rusell Review Pedology and digital soil mapping (DSM) Yuxin Ma , Budiman Minasny , Brendan P. Malone & Alex B. Mcbratney Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, New South Wales, Australia Summary Pedology focuses on understanding soil genesis in the field and includes soil classification and mapping. Digital soil mapping (DSM) has evolved from traditional soil classification and mapping to the creation and population of spatial soil information systems by using field and laboratory observations coupled with environmental covariates. Pedological knowledge of soil distribution and processes can be useful for digital soil mapping. Conversely, digital soil mapping can bring new insights to pedogenesis, detailed information on vertical and lateral soil variation, and can generate research questions that were not considered in traditional pedology. This review highlights the relevance and synergy of pedology in soil spatial prediction through the expansion of pedological knowledge. We also discuss how DSM can support further advances in pedology through improved representation of spatial soil information. Some major findings of this review are as follows: (a) soil classes can bemapped accurately using DSM, (b) the occurrence and thickness of soil horizons, whole soil profiles and soil parent material can be predicted successfully with DSM techniques, (c) DSM can provide valuable information on pedogenic processes (e.g. addition, removal, transformation and translocation), (d) pedological knowledge can be incorporated into DSM, but DSM can also lead to the discovery of knowledge, and (e) there is the potential to use process-based soil–landscape evolution modelling in DSM.
    [Show full text]
  • Pedodiversity in the United States of America
    Geoderma 117 (2003) 99–115 www.elsevier.com/locate/geoderma Pedodiversity in the United States of America Yinyan Guo, Peng Gong, Ronald Amundson* Division of Ecosystem Sciences and Center for Assessment and Monitoring of Forest and Environmental Resources (CAMFER), 151 Hilgard Hall, College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3110, USA Received 8 July 2002; accepted 17 March 2003 Abstract Little attention has been paid to analyses of pedodiversity. In this study, quantitative aspects of pedodiversity were explored for the USA based on the State Soil Geographic database (STATSGO). First, pedodiversity indices for the conterminous USA were estimated. Second, taxa–area relationships were investigated in each soil taxonomic category. Thirdly, differences in pedodiversity between the USDA-NRCS geographical regions were compared. Fourth, the possible mechanisms underlying the observed relative abundance of soil taxa were explored. Results show that as the taxonomic category decreases from order to series, Shannon’s diversity index increases because taxa richness increased dramatically. The relationship between the number of taxa (S) and area (A) is formulated as S=cAz. The exponent z reflects the taxa-richness of soil ‘communities’ and increases constantly as taxonomic categories decrease from order to series. The ‘‘West’’ USDA-NRCS geographical region has the highest soil taxa richness, followed by the ‘‘Northern Plains’’ region. The ‘‘South Central’’ region has the highest taxa evenness, while taxa evenness in the ‘‘West’’ region is the lowest. The ‘‘West’’ or the ‘‘South Central’’ regions have the highest overall soil diversity in the four highest taxonomic categories, while the ‘‘West’’ or ‘‘Northern Plains’’ regions have the highest diversity in the two lowest taxonomic levels.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Methods in Natural Diversity Studies: the Need for Standardization 1 Juan-José Ibáñeza, Eric C. Brevikb*
    *Manuscript Click here to view linked References 1 A Review of Methods in Natural Diversity Studies: The Need for Standardization 2 Juan-José Ibáñeza, Eric C. Brevikb* 3 a - National Museum of Natural History of Spain, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Serrano 115 4 dpdo, 28006 Madrid, Spain 5 b - Department of Natural Sciences, Dickinson State University, Dickinson, ND 58601 USA 6 (*) Corresponding Author: [email protected] 7 8 Abstract 9 There has been considerable interest in geodiversity and pedodiversity studies over the last 10 approximately 30 years. Pedodiversity is considered part of geodiversity. However in practice they 11 involved different experts and traditions. There are many common aspects that could be shared by all 12 natural diversity studies, however, these common aspects have not been adequately studied and 13 debated. Quantitative techniques that were developed and refined by biodiversity researchers over 14 multiple decades of biodiversity studies should also be applicable to geodiversity and pedodiversity 15 studies. Soil scientists studying pedodiversity followed the same techniques as mathematical ecologists, 16 but geologists studying geodiversity focused on the implementation of proposals aimed at preserving 17 geological heritage and popularising it among the general public. Therefore, pedodiversity and 18 geodiversity diverged and it is not currently possible to compare the results of geodiversity and 19 pedodiversity research. To reach a point where these research results could be compared, it will be 20 necessary to (i) follow uniform mathematical procedures in both these fields and their subfields and (ii) 21 develop universal taxonomies that will be followed for each of the natural resources (fossils, landforms, 22 minerals, soils, etc.) being investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • The Management and Protection of Soil Cover: an Ecosystem Approach
    Forestry Studies|Metsanduslikud Uurimused 53, 25–34, 2010 DOI: 10.2478/v10132-011-0087-5 The management and protection of soil cover: an ecosystem approach Raimo Kõlli1* and Arno Kanal2 Kõlli, R., Kanal, A. 2010. The management and protection of soil cover: an ecosystem approach. – Forestry Studies | Metsanduslikud Uurimused 53, 25–34. ISSN 1406-9954. Abstract. There is need for increased societal awareness of the importance of soil management for varying specific uses and for protection of the envi- ronment. The main purpose of the study was to analyze the role of soils in the formation and function of ecosystems, to elucidate the properties and mechanisms which play the main role in plant-soil mutual relationships, and to generalize the pedoecological principles of soil management and protection in conditions of Estonia. The treatment is a departure from the pedocentric viewpoint and is based on an ecosystem approach. The relationships between soil and plant covers are tested quantitatively on the basis of the ecosystems’ phytoproductivity and fluxes of organic carbon, and qualitatively on the ground of humus forms and site types. On the basis of personal research and data available in literature, the constraints limiting soil cover functioning, the soil degradation features which occurred in actual time and the measures and activities for prevention of soil degradation are analyzed. Problems connected with biodiversity and soil environment protection ability as they relate to soil cover management and protection are discussed. For sustainable land use and to avoid deterioration of soil properties, the experience of local farmers, scientific research and monitoring of degradation features are needed.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Concept of Pedodiversity and Its Measurement. a Reply
    On the concept of pedodiversity and its measurement. A reply 1.I.Ibanez ,S. de Alba 1. Introduction In the preceding Letter, Camargo (1999) polemicised about the use of mathematical tools for studying ecological diversity in soil taxonomy as de­ scribed in our previous Discussion Paper (Ibanez et aI., 1998a,b). Any pedolo­ gist who peruses the letter would realise that, behind the criticism and opinions, there lies a certain discrepancy concerning Camargo's point of view on diversity analysis. It would be trivial to override his arguments if the Geoderma reader­ ship were generally aware of certain debates in ecology, biotaxonomy and biosystematics. After reading the documents referenced in this Reply, any reader interested in the topic would probably agree that Dr. Camargo's opinions, which at first sight are reasonable, are also partial and out of context. 2. On the concept of biodiversity Huston discusses the meaning of diversity in his popular monograph "Bio- logical Diversity" (1994, p. 65): The concept of diversity has two primary components, and two unavoidable value judgments. The primary components are statistical properties that are common to any mixture of different objects, whether the objects are balls of different colours, segments of DNA that code for different proteins, species or higher taxonomic levels, or soil types or habitat patches on a landscape. Each of these groups of items has two fundamental properties: (I) the number of different types of objects (e.g., species, soil types) in the mixture or sample: and (2) the relative number or amount of each different type of object.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Mountain Soils
    2015 In every mountain region, soils constitute the foundation for agriculture, supporting essential ecosystem functions and food security. Mountain soils benefit not only the 900 million people living in the world’s mountainous areas but also billions more living downstream. Soil is a fragile resource that needs time to regenerate. Mountain soils are particularly susceptible to climate change, deforestation, unsustainable farming practices and resource extraction methods that affect their fertility and trigger land degradation, desertification and disasters such as floods and landslides. Mountain peoples often have a deep-rooted connection to the soils they live on; it is a part of their heritage. Over the centuries, they have developed solutions and techniques, indigenous practices, knowledge and sustain- able soil management approaches which have proved to be a key to resilience. This publication, produced by the Mountain Partnership as a contribution to the International Year of Soils 2015, presents the main features of mountain soil systems, their environmental, economic and social values, the threats they are facing and the cultural traditions concerning them. Case studies provided by Mountain Partnership members and partners around the world showcase challenges and opportunities as well as lessons learned in soil management. This publication presents a series of lessons learned and recommendations to inform moun- Understanding Mountain soils tain communities, policy-makers, development experts and academics who support sustainable
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Scientists Are Tracking Down Rare and Endangered
    NEWS | FEATURES on November 7, 2014 www.sciencemag.org researchers would have talked up the idea. But in recent years, efforts to identify the world’s rare and endangered soils have been gaining momentum. Aided by increasingly powerful geographic information systems RARE EARTH and Earth-observing sensors, researchers have begun mapping “pedodiversity”—the Downloaded from distribution and extent of different soils. Soil scientists are tracking down rare and This past summer, for example, Chinese researchers released the first-ever pedo- endangered soils in a quest to document—and diversity survey of that huge nation, iden- Michael Tennesen tifying nearly 90 endangered soils—as well preserve — “pedodiversity” By as at least two dozen that have already gone extinct. Similar surveys suggest unique dirt is also in danger in the United States, Eu- n a verdant woodland on the Calhoun versity in Durham, North Carolina. “We are rope, and Russia, the victim of agriculture Experimental Forest in South Caro- looking at a natural soilscape that 150 years and development. lina, soil scientist Daniel Richter peers of cotton, corn, wheat, and tobacco farming Soil extinction carries potentially weighty into a gash in the ground. It’s a kind have all but destroyed.” implications, researchers say. Healthy, of earthen operating room, where re- The Calhoun isn’t the only place where diverse soils are not only key to food pro- searchers have sliced open the soil to the Cecil’s head has gone missing. The soil duction, but they also sustain a diversity of examine its subterranean profile. In covers some 40,000 square kilometers of the species and ecosystems—and can serve as I the layers of sand and clay, Richter sees southeastern United States and is a regional helpful guides to restoring ravaged soils- telltale signs of past ecological trauma.
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Indicators to Assess the Effectiveness of Restoration Strategies in Dryland Ecosystems
    Solid Earth, 7, 397–414, 2016 www.solid-earth.net/7/397/2016/ doi:10.5194/se-7-397-2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Soil indicators to assess the effectiveness of restoration strategies in dryland ecosystems Edoardo A. C. Costantini1, Cristina Branquinho2, Alice Nunes2, Gudrun Schwilch3, Ilan Stavi4, Alejandro Valdecantos5, and Claudio Zucca6 1Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria, Agrobiology and Pedology Research Centre, Firenze, Italy 2Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental changes, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal 3Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 4Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Yotvata 88820, Israel 5Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), Valencia, Spain and Dep. Ecologia, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain 6International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Amman, Jordan and Dipartimento di Agraria & Desertification Research Centre (NRD), University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy Correspondence to: Edoardo A. C. Costantini ([email protected]) Received: 24 November 2015 – Published in Solid Earth Discuss.: 8 December 2015 Revised: 25 February 2016 – Accepted: 25 February 2016 – Published: 10 March 2016 Abstract. Soil indicators may be used for assessing both land 1 Introduction suitability for restoration and the effectiveness of restoration strategies in restoring ecosystem functioning and services. In this review paper, several soil indicators, which can be used Restoring degraded drylands is a worldwide issue. The “land to assess the effectiveness of ecological restoration strate- degradation neutrality” target promoted by the United Na- gies in dryland ecosystems at different spatial and temporal tions Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) in- scales, are discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeodiversity and Pedodiversity Islands in Arid Lands of Europe (Almería AUTHORS Province, Spain) Ibáñez J
    Biogeodiversity and pedodiversity islands in arid lands of Europe (Almería AUTHORS Province, Spain) Ibáñez J. J.1 Pérez-Gómez R.2 Islas de biogeodiversidad y edafodiversidad en zonas áridas de Europa (Provincia de Almería, España) 1 Oyonarte C.3, @ Ilhas de biogeodiversidade e edafodiversidade em zonas áridas da Europa (Província de [email protected] Almería, Espanha) 4 Zinck A. Received: 25.02.2019 Revised: 21.08.2019 Accepted: 28.08.2019 @ Corresponding Author ABSTRACT 1MNCN, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Plant and soil landscapes across bioclimatic belts and drainage basins were studied using Serrano 115 dpdo. 28006 georeferenced databases in arid lands of SE Spain, the driest area of Europe. The syntaxonomic Madrid, Spain. system was used to analyze phytocenoses and bioclimatic belts, as well as the concept of potential 2Departamento de natural vegetation (PNV), a common approach in many countries of continental Europe. Soil types Ingeniería Topográfica y included in pedological databases were classified using the World Reference Base for Soil Resources Cartografía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid international system (FAO 1998). Both bioclimatic belts and drainage basins effectively discriminate (UPM), Camino de la soil and plant assemblages in the study area of the Almeria province. The syntaxonomic perspective Arboleda, s/n. Campus permits distinguishing between PNV dependent on (i) climate (climatophylous), (ii) climate and Sur UPM, Autovía de Valencia km. 7. E 28031 lithology, and (iii) soils (edaphophylous). Richness-area relationships of plant and soil assemblages fit Madrid, Spain. well to power law distributions, showing few idiosyncratic differences. PNV, lithological associations, and soil richness are clearly correlated with the area of each climatic belt and watershed.
    [Show full text]