Principles and Dynamics of the Critical Zone
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Engineering Behavior and Classification of Lateritic Soils in Relation to Soil Genesis Erdil Riza Tuncer Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1976 Engineering behavior and classification of lateritic soils in relation to soil genesis Erdil Riza Tuncer Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Civil Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Tuncer, Erdil Riza, "Engineering behavior and classification of lateritic soils in relation to soil genesis " (1976). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 5712. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/5712 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. -
Geological and Seismic Evidence for the Tectonic Evolution of the NE Oman Continental Margin and Gulf of Oman GEOSPHERE, V
Research Paper GEOSPHERE Geological and seismic evidence for the tectonic evolution of the NE Oman continental margin and Gulf of Oman GEOSPHERE, v. 17, no. X Bruce Levell1, Michael Searle1, Adrian White1,*, Lauren Kedar1,†, Henk Droste1, and Mia Van Steenwinkel2 1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02376.1 2Locquetstraat 11, Hombeek, 2811, Belgium 15 figures ABSTRACT Arabian shelf or platform (Glennie et al., 1973, 1974; Searle, 2007). Restoration CORRESPONDENCE: [email protected] of the thrust sheets records several hundred kilometers of shortening in the Late Cretaceous obduction of the Semail ophiolite and underlying thrust Neo-Tethyan continental margin to slope (Sumeini complex), basin (Hawasina CITATION: Levell, B., Searle, M., White, A., Kedar, L., Droste, H., and Van Steenwinkel, M., 2021, Geological sheets of Neo-Tethyan oceanic sediments onto the submerged continental complex), and trench (Haybi complex) facies rocks during ophiolite emplace- and seismic evidence for the tectonic evolution of the margin of Oman involved thin-skinned SW-vergent thrusting above a thick ment (Searle, 1985, 2007; Cooper, 1988; Searle et al., 2004). The present-day NE Oman continental margin and Gulf of Oman: Geo- Guadalupian–Cenomanian shelf-carbonate sequence. A flexural foreland basin southwestward extent of the ophiolite and Hawasina complex thrust sheets is sphere, v. 17, no. X, p. 1– 22, https:// doi .org /10.1130 /GES02376.1. (Muti and Aruma Basin) developed due to the thrust loading. Newly available at least 150 km across the Arabian continental margin. The obduction, which seismic reflection data, tied to wells in the Gulf of Oman, suggest indirectly spanned the Cenomanian to Early Maastrichtian (ca 95–72 Ma; Searle et al., Science Editor: David E. -
Selection of the Insight Landing Site M. Golombek1, D. Kipp1, N
Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript InSight Landing Site Paper v9 Rev.docx Click here to view linked References Selection of the InSight Landing Site M. Golombek1, D. Kipp1, N. Warner1,2, I. J. Daubar1, R. Fergason3, R. Kirk3, R. Beyer4, A. Huertas1, S. Piqueux1, N. E. Putzig5, B. A. Campbell6, G. A. Morgan6, C. Charalambous7, W. T. Pike7, K. Gwinner8, F. Calef1, D. Kass1, M. Mischna1, J. Ashley1, C. Bloom1,9, N. Wigton1,10, T. Hare3, C. Schwartz1, H. Gengl1, L. Redmond1,11, M. Trautman1,12, J. Sweeney2, C. Grima11, I. B. Smith5, E. Sklyanskiy1, M. Lisano1, J. Benardino1, S. Smrekar1, P. Lognonné13, W. B. Banerdt1 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 2State University of New York at Geneseo, Department of Geological Sciences, 1 College Circle, Geneseo, NY 14454 3Astrogeology Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini Dr., Flagstaff, AZ 86001 4Sagan Center at the SETI Institute and NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035 5Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302; Now at Planetary Science Institute, Lakewood, CO 80401 6Smithsonian Institution, NASM CEPS, 6th at Independence SW, Washington, DC, 20560 7Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London 8German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, 12489 Berlin, Germany 9Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA; Now at Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926 10Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 11Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712 12MS GIS Program, University of Redlands, 1200 E. Colton Ave., Redlands, CA 92373-0999 13Institut Physique du Globe de Paris, Paris Cité, Université Paris Sorbonne, France Diderot Submitted to Space Science Reviews, Special InSight Issue v. -
(Hardpan) for Precision Agriculture on So
SITE - SPECIFIC CHARACTERIZATION, MODELING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SUB-SOIL COMPACTION (HARDPAN) FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE ON SOUTHEASTERN US SOILS by MEHARI ZEWDE TEKESTE (Under the Direction of Randy L. Raper and Ernest W. Tollner) ABSTRACT Natural and machinery traffic-induced subsoil compacted layers (soil hardpans) that are found in many southeastern US soils limit root growth with detrimental effects on crop productivity and the environment. Due to the spatial variability of hardpans, tillage management systems that use site-specific depth tillage applications may reduce fuel consumption compared to the conventional uniform depth tillage. The success of site-specific tillage or variable depth tillage depends on an accurate sensing of the hardpan layers, field positioning, and controlling the application of real-time or prescribed tillage. The over arching objective of the work was to understand and advance the art and science of soil compaction analysis and prediction with an eye towards compaction management in precision farming. The specific objectives were (1) To investigate the influences of soil parameters (soil moisture and bulk density), and the soil-cone frictional property on the interpretations of cone penetrometer data in predicting the magnitude and depth of hardpans, (2) To determine spatial variability for creating hardpan maps and (3) To investigate a passive acoustic based real-time soil compaction sensing method. The soil cone penetration problems were also modeled using finite element modeling to investigate the soil deformation patterns and evaluate the capability of the finite element method to predict the magnitude and depth of the hardpan. Laboratory experiments in a soil column study indicated that the soil cone penetration resistances were affected by soil moisture, bulk density and cone material type. -
Luís Pedro Esteves Internal Curing in Cement-Based Materials Universidade De Departamento De Engenharia Civil Aveiro 2009
Universidade de Departamento de Engenharia Civil Aveiro 2009 Luís Pedro Esteves Internal curing in cement-based materials Universidade de Departamento de Engenharia Civil Aveiro 2009 Luís Pedro Esteves Internal curing in cement-based materials Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Engenharia Civil, realizada sob a orientação científica do Dr. Paulo Barreto Cachim, Professor Associado do Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade de Aveiro e do Dr. Victor Miguel C. de Sousa Ferreira, Professor Associado do Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade de Aveiro. Beside other problematic, it was often astonishing to run after thoughts. As an ancient philosophy doctor pointed out: “The greater the attempt that is made to study the nature or behaviour of a photon or a particle, the greater will be the uncertainty or error of the measurements.” Heisenberg summarised this in his uncertainty principle, the concept being demonstrated by means of idealized “thought” experiments. If it is permitted for me to say, I would add: (…), provided that it can not be seen or felt. O júri PRESIDENTE: Reitora da Universidade de Aveiro VOGAIS: Doutor Ole Mejhede Jensen, Professor Catedrático da Technical University of Denmark. Doutor Klaas van Breugel, Professor Catedrático da Delft University of Technology. Doutor Aníbal Guimarães da Costa, Professor Catedrático da Universidade de Aveiro. Doutor José Luís Barroso de Aguiar, Professor Associado com Agregação da Universidade do Minho. Doutor Paulo Barreto Cachim, Professor Associado da Universidade de Aveiro (Orientador). Doutor Victor Miguel Carneiro de Sousa Ferreira, Professor Associado da Universidade de Aveiro (Co-Orientador). -
Lecture 13: Earth Materials
Earth Materials Lecture 13 Earth Materials GNH7/GG09/GEOL4002 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD Hooke’s law of elasticity Force Extension = E × Area Length Hooke’s law σn = E εn where E is material constant, the Young’s Modulus Units are force/area – N/m2 or Pa Robert Hooke (1635-1703) was a virtuoso scientist contributing to geology, σ = C ε palaeontology, biology as well as mechanics ij ijkl kl ß Constitutive equations These are relationships between forces and deformation in a continuum, which define the material behaviour. GNH7/GG09/GEOL4002 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD Shear modulus and bulk modulus Young’s or stiffness modulus: σ n = Eε n Shear or rigidity modulus: σ S = Gε S = µε s Bulk modulus (1/compressibility): Mt Shasta andesite − P = Kεv Can write the bulk modulus in terms of the Lamé parameters λ, µ: K = λ + 2µ/3 and write Hooke’s law as: σ = (λ +2µ) ε GNH7/GG09/GEOL4002 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD Young’s Modulus or stiffness modulus Young’s Modulus or stiffness modulus: σ n = Eε n Interatomic force Interatomic distance GNH7/GG09/GEOL4002 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD Shear Modulus or rigidity modulus Shear modulus or stiffness modulus: σ s = Gε s Interatomic force Interatomic distance GNH7/GG09/GEOL4002 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD Hooke’s Law σij and εkl are second-rank tensors so Cijkl is a fourth-rank tensor. For a general, anisotropic material there are 21 independent elastic moduli. In the isotropic case this tensor reduces to just two independent elastic constants, λ and µ. -
Glacial Tectonics: a Deeper Perspective Robert M
Quaternary Science Reviews 19 (2000) 1391}1398 Glacial tectonics: a deeper perspective Robert M. Thorson* Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Connecticut, 345 Mansxeld Road (U-45), Storrs, CT 06269, USA Abstract The upper 5}10 km of the lithosphere is sensitive to slight changes ((0.1 MPa) in local stress caused by di!erential loading, #uid #ow, the mechanical transfer of strain between faults, and viscoelastic relaxation in the aesthenosphere. Lithospheric stresses induced by mass and #uid transfers associated with Quaternary ice sheets a!ected the tectonic regimes of stable cratons and active plate margins. In the latter case, it is di$cult to di!erentiate glacially induced fault displacements from nonglacial ones, particularly if residual glacial stresses are considered. Glaciotectonics, a sub-subdiscipline within Quaternary geology is historically focussed on reconstructing past glacier regimes and, by de"nition, does not include these e!ects. The term `glacial tectonicsa is hereby suggested for investigations focussed on the past and continuing in#uences of ice sheets on contemporary tectonics. ( 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction e!ects of glacial mass transfers is blurring the distinction between the study of tectonics, per se, and the study of Presently, there is a conceptual shift in the geosciences `glaciotectonicsa, which, historically, has been primarily away from increasing specialization, towards more inte- concerned with deformed glacial deposits. grative problems at global scales, a shift embodied by the In this paper I show how the physical coupling be- phrase `Earth System Sciencea (Kump et al., 1999). Si- tween glaciation and crustal deformation extends far multaneously, technologically driven advances in instru- beyond the decollement between ice and its substrate (i.e. -
HOW to IMPROVE SOIL DRAINAGE Charlotte Germane, Nevada County Master Gardener
GOT COMPACTION? HOW TO IMPROVE SOIL DRAINAGE Charlotte Germane, Nevada County Master Gardener From The Curious Gardener, Summer 2011 Do you suspect you might have a drainage problem in your garden? If your soil does not drain quickly enough, your plants will drown. Soils in the foothills Your soil drainage may not be as bad as you think it is. There’s so much talk in the foothills about clay soil that some gardeners assume they have poorly draining soil, and grumble about it, when they actually have pretty respectable loam. The USDA has mapped soil types and found that in the lower foothills the soil can be sandy loam over heavy sandy loam, or loam over clay loam. Above 2000 feet, it is typically loam over clay loam with cobblestones. An unusual feature of foothills soil is the serpentine outcropping. This combines poor drainage with toxic levels of magnesium. If you need to grow in a serpentine soil area, use raised beds. The serpentine soil under the beds will not provide adequate drainage. Another foothill soil issue that makes for poor drainage is “layered soil”. Soil naturally transitions from one kind to another, but layered soil means soil that changes abruptly, making it hard for water to move through easily. Layered soil occurs naturally (soil on top of rock or a clay pan) and can also be created by digging with rototillers and heavy equipment. Check for poor grading, over-irrigation, and thatched lawns Before you label your soil the culprit, walk your garden and evaluate the grading. It is possible that at the time of your home’s construction, or during a later landscaping project,the soil was graded so the water drained toward an area with no easy outlet. -
The Effect of Time on Soil Development: Study of a Soil Chronosequence from Reunion Island, Indian Ocean
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health - Honours Theses University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2016 The effect of time on soil development: study of a soil chronosequence from Reunion Island, Indian Ocean Alex Hannan-Joyner Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Hannan-Joyner, Alex, The effect of time on soil development: study of a soil chronosequence from Reunion Island, Indian Ocean, BSci Hons, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2016. -
Interpretation of Exploration Geochemical Data for the Mount Katmai Quadrangle and Adjacent Parts of the Afognak and Naknek Quadrangles, Alaska
Interpretation of Exploration Geochemical Data for the Mount Katmai Quadrangle and Adjacent Parts of the Afognak and Naknek Quadrangles, Alaska By S.E. Church, J.R. Riehle, and R.J. Goldfarb U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2020 Descriptive and interpretive supporting data for the mineral resource assessn~entof this Alaska Mineral Resource Assessnzent Program (AMRAP) study area UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director For Sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution Box 25286, MS 306, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublieatlonData Church, S.E. Interpretation of exploration geochemical data for the Mount Katmai quadrangle and adjacent parts of the Afognak and Nalrnek quadrangles, Alaska 1 by S.E. Church, J.R. Riehle, and R.J. Goldfarb. p. cm. - (U.S. Geological Survey bulletin ;2020) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs. no. : 119.3 :2020 1. Mines and mineral resources-Alaska. 2. Mining gedogy- Alaska 3. Geochemical prospecting-Alaska I. Riehle, J.R. 11. Goldfarb, R.J. UI. Title. IV. Series. QE75.B9 no. 2020 [TN24.A4] 557.3 5420 93-2012 [553'.09798] CIP CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................. Introduction...................................................................................................................... -
Stability of Superparamagnetic Minerals in Soils and Rocks 0.5Ex
Stability of superparamagnetic minerals in soils and rocks Can frequency-dependent susceptibility be used as a proxy for climate in the past? Jan Igel1, Holger Preetz1;2 & Christian Rolf1 1Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics, Hannover, Germany Leibniz Institute for 2OFD Niedersachsen, Federal Competence Center for Soil and Applied Geophysics Groundwater Protection / UXO Clearance, Hannover, Germany Motivation Results & Interpretation I Frequency-dependent (FD) magnetic susceptibility is a property of I Samples treated with oxygen free water and samples treated superparamagnetic (SP) minerals. The presence of these minerals with sodium sulphide (shown here) show similar results. in soils and sediments is commonly attributed to neoformation Magnetic susceptibility during weathering and pedogenesis. 55000 Warm and humid conditions give rise to neoformation of SP mi- 50000 I Rocks: after dithionite 45000 reduction experiment Tuff nerals and thus frequency-dependent susceptibility is often used as treatment Tephra palaeoclimate proxy in sediment stratigraphy. Rhyolite SI] 40000 6 − I SP minerals can also be of lithogenic origin and occur in magmatic [10 Soils: LF rocks and volcanic ashes. However, a lithogenic origin is commonly κ ≈ Luvisol Humous loess 10000 Laterite neglected in palaeoclimatic studies. Terra Rossa I Pedogenic SP minerals are assumed to be less stable than lithoge- 5000 nic SP minerals. 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 time [days] Materials I No decrease of κLF or ∆κ in reducing environment ! SP minerals stable regardless of their origin (lith./ped.) A number of 7 samples with high I Some soils show increase of κLF and ∆κ during reduction content of SP minerals were in- ! neoformation of SP minerals due to bacterial activity vestigated. -
Biomechanical and Biochemical Effects Recorded in the Tree Root Zone – Soil Memory, Historical Contingency and Soil Evolution Under Trees
Plant Soil (2018) 426:109–134 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3622-9 REGULAR ARTICLE Biomechanical and biochemical effects recorded in the tree root zone – soil memory, historical contingency and soil evolution under trees Łukasz Pawlik & Pavel Šamonil Received: 17 September 2017 /Accepted: 1 March 2018 /Published online: 15 March 2018 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract increase in soil spatial complexity. We hypothesized that Background and aims The changing soils is a never- trees can be a strong local factor intensifying, blocking ending process moderated by numerous biotic and abi- or modifying pedogenetic processes, leading to local otic factors. Among these factors, trees may play a changes in soil complexity (convergence, divergence, critical role in forested landscapes by having a large or polygenesis). These changes are hypothetically con- imprint on soil texture and chemical properties. During trolled by regionally predominating soil formation their evolution, soils can follow convergent or divergent processes. development pathways, leading to a decrease or an Methods To test the main hypothesis, we described the pedomorphological features of soils under tree stumps of fir, beech and hemlock in three soil regions: Haplic Highlights Cambisols (Turbacz Reserve, Poland), Entic Podzols 1) The architecture of tree root systems controls soil physical and (Žofínský Prales Reserve, Czech Republic) and Albic chemical properties. Podzols (Upper Peninsula, Michigan, USA). Soil pro- 2) The predominating pedogenetic process significantly modifies files under the stumps, as well as control profiles on sites the effect of trees on soil. 3) Trees are a factor in polygenesis in Haplic Cambisols at the currently not occupied by trees, were analyzed in the pedon scale.