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Uso Di Descrittori Alternativi Nella Valutazione Dello Stato Ecologico Delle Comunità Macrozoobentoniche Di Fondo Mobile

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Uso Di Descrittori Alternativi Nella Valutazione Dello Stato Ecologico Delle Comunità Macrozoobentoniche Di Fondo Mobile UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DELLA TUSCIA DI VITERBO DIPARTIMENTO DI ECOLOGIA E SVILUPPO SOSTENIBILE CORSO DI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN ECOLOGIA E GESTIONE DELLE RISORSE BIOLOGICHE - XX CICLO TITOLO TESI DI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA Uso di descrittori alternativi nella valutazione dello stato ecologico delle comunità macrozoobentoniche di fondo mobile CODICE BIO/07 COORDINATORE DOTT. GIUSEPPE NASCETTI TUTOR: PROF. MICHELE SCARDI, UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA “TOR VERGATA” PROF. EUGENIO FRESI, UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA “TOR VERGATA” DOTTORANDA: BENEDETTA TRABUCCO VITERBO, FEBBRAIO 2008 Il mio primo ringraziamento va al Dott. Massimiliano Di Bitetto, che ha determinato l’inizio di questo mio importante percorso post-universitario. Desidero ringraziare il caro Professor Eugenio Fresi, mio mentore, mia croce e delizia, sin dalla prova della tesi di Laurea, ed il Professore Michele Scardi, che successivamente si è affiancato ad Eugenio, con pazienza e dedizione, durante la mia “eterna” formazione, nell’ambito della biologia e dell’ecologia marina. Desidero ringraziare la Dott.ssa Anna Maria Cicero, che mi ha appoggiato nell’intraprendere questa strada, e la Dott.ssa Claudia Virno Lamberti e il Dott. Massimo Gabellini, che mi hanno incoraggiato durante questi tre anni, significativi per la mia formazione e quindi per la mia professione. Ringrazio la mia Amica di lavoro e Collega di vita Marina, che già dai tempi della tesi di Laurea, e fin qui, mi è stata costantemente vicina nella creazione, elaborazione, correzione e stesura finale di questo lavoro,…e non solo. Ringrazio Chiara, Loredana, Ornella, Paola e Tiziano, miei compagni di “lungo corso”, per essermi stati sempre accanto, e Veronica, Danilo, Serena e Sara, che mi hanno sostenuto e mi permettono ogni giorno di crescere e arricchire il mio bagaglio “ecologico marino”. A Tiziano un ringraziamento particolare per aver creato a mano libera il bellissimo disegno riportato nella prima di copertina. Ringrazio Vera e la mia famiglia, per avere sempre (e da sempre) fatto il tifo per me. Infine, Giovanni e Nina, gli Amori della mia vita, per aver contribuito in modo sostanziale alla realizzazione di questo lungo lavoro di Dottorato e aver fatto in modo che questa “avventura” assumesse il giusto significato e la giusta luce nella nostra vita insieme. “Nella tua vita avrai molti motivi per essere felice, uno di questi si chiama acqua, un altro si chiama vento, un altro ancora si chiama sole e arriva sempre come una ricompensa dopo la pioggia. Ora volerai. Il cielo sarà tutto tuo” miagolò Zorba. SOMMARIO Sintesi 1. Introduzione 1.1 Il benthos di fondo mobile: ruolo ed importanza nello studio dei sistemi marino costieri…………………………………………………………..……………………….1 1.2 Metodi alternativi al sistema tassonomico-sistematico di Linneo nello studio del benthos marino: importanza ecologica della funzione e dell’aspetto…………………………………………………………….………………...3 2. Obiettivi del lavoro 2.1 Descrittori alternativi non sistematici nella definizione dell’assetto delle comunità macrozoobentoniche marine di fondo mobile………………………….…..……………6 2.2 Valutazione dello stato ecologico dei sistemi marino costieri tramite l’utilizzo di descrittori alternativi………………………………………………………...…………..8 3. Materiali e metodi 3.1 Il Data-Set……………………………………………….……………….………...10 3.2 Descrittori non tassonomici e loro significato ecologico……………..……………12 3.2.1 Morfologia…………………………………………………..……………12 3.2.2 Categorie trofiche…………………………………………..…………….23 3.2.3 Taglia……………………………………………………..………………30 3.2.4 Habitus…………………………………………………….……………..31 3.2.5 Ecologia………………………………………………….………………37 3.3 Metodo di codificazione dei descrittori alternativi non tassonomici….…………...46 3.4 Analisi dei dati………………………………………………….………………….47 4. Risultati e discussione 4.1 Definizione dei descrittori alternativi…………………………….………………..49 4.2. Riconoscimento di pattern in relazione ai descrittori alternativi…………..……...56 4.2.1 Confronto tra assetto tassonomico e non tassonomico…………..………56 4.2.1.1 Chioggia…………………………………………………..……...58 4.2.1.2 Molise……………………………………………….…………...71 4.2.1.3 Ostia Nord…………………………………………….…………80 5. Conclusioni……………………………………………………………………………...…94 Bibliografia……………………………………………………………………..………...…...97 Allegato 1 Matrici dei dati Allegato 2 Output analisi statistico matematiche Allegato 3 Tabelle dei descrittori alternativi Abstract The macrozoobenthic communities have such particular dynamics they permit an integrated valuation of the space – temporal alteration of the ecosystem. Soft bottom macrobenthic animals, are in fact relatively sedentary, have long life-spans and are represented by a great number of species with different tolerance to stress and at last they play an important role in recycling nutrients. Taking into consideration this heterogeneity and complexity, ecologists have the necessity to identify the emerging properties in order to simplify the structures and the processes of the system. In this framework the “community structure” is much more efficient than the “species” as indicator of the status of the ecosystem as it represents the historical memory of the system. Identical species list in different time and space are equivalent to equal state of the system and each shift in the list-vector corresponds to a significant change of the state of the system. Although the taxonomical approach has several point of weakness. First of all the difficulty to compare taxonomical identification made by different experts; the skills and the knowledge of taxonomists are due to many different factors due to experience and practice. Moreover the link between the species and their functional role couldn’t be directly evaluated. The contribution of the benthic assemblages to ecosystem functioning will be dependent on the biological characteristics, or traits, exhibited by constituent species, as these determine how the species influence ecological processes. For example, burrowing activities of benthic invertebrates can alter sediment conditions through the resuspension of fine particles into overlying waters, changes to the distribution of different-sized particles within sediments and increases in the oxygen and water contents. These activities also transport buried organic matter and nutrients to the sediment–water interface, stimulating benthic microflora and microfauna communities and hence decomposition processes. The present paper provides a comparison between the taxonomical and non taxonomical approach in the study of the soft bottom benthic assemblages using a multitraits approach, stressing the role of the Anellida Polychaeta and the Crustacea Amphipoda to the ecosystem functioning. The Polychaetes are among the macrozoobenthic animals a group of extreme heterogeneity in terms of feeding behaviour, habitus, reproduction and morphology. The Amphipoda represent a very important component of the vagile fauna in several environmnet and their remarkable diversity in shape and colours corresponds to their broad ecological plasticity. The data base object of the study is made of 2200 observations that came from all over the Italian peninsula. To compare the taxonomical and non taxonomical approach we analyzed an homogeneous data set regarding soft bottom Polychaetes and Amphipoda abundance from 5 to 50 metres depth. All samples were collected using a Van Veen grab and 50 litres of sediment were collected for each station. The taxonomical determination was also done by the same group of experts. The different non taxonomical descriptors chosen in the study can illustrate different aspects of ecological functioning of these animals. In fact a great part of the study included an assessment of which non taxonomical traits provide the most useful description of trophycal and behavioral species characteristics. So the non taxonomical approach uses the characteristics shared by many different taxa in a community, regardless of species composition and this could be a valuable approach for measuring ecosystem structure that is independent of biogeographic location. The biological characteristics included in this analysis have the potential to illustrate the way benthic assemblages are part of the marine ecosystem. The depiction of the Polychaetes and Amphipoda macrozoobenthic community structure defined by the non taxonomical descriptors is strictly correlated with that described by the taxonomical ones, giving us a powerful tool alternative to taxonomy to assess the ecological status of the marine benthic community. Sintesi Le comunità bentoniche rivestono un ruolo fondamentale nella caratterizzazione e nella funzionalità degli ecosistemi marini costieri, in quanto per le loro caratteristiche di persistenza, costituiscono delle memorie biologiche capaci di integrare nel tempo eventi diversi. Per l’importante ruolo ecologico che il macrobenthos riveste nell’ambito dell’ecosistema marino, la conoscenza dei pattern di diversità che caratterizzano tali popolamenti diventa indispensabile, al fine di identificare aree prioritarie per la loro conservazione e per la regolamentazione delle attività antropiche che insistono in tali zone. Negli ecosistemi marini costieri la diversità funzionale dei popolamenti bentonici è sempre stata tradizionalmente descritta attraverso l’analisi della composizione tassonomica di tali popolamenti. Un certo pattern nella struttura tassonomica può essere interpretato alla luce di cambiamenti in alcune caratteristiche ecologiche proprie dei diversi taxa, cruciali nella descrizione dei presunti ruoli funzionali svolti da tali organismi. Benché l’approccio
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