ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﺳﺎل 1396 ، ( -267 275)
داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ
ﺷﺎﭘﺎ 4668- 2008 (ﻋﻠﻤﻲ - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ) http://jer.iau-arak.ac.ir ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﺳﺎل 1396 ، ( 295-277)
ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ (ﺳﺮب، ﻛﺎدﻣﻴﻮم و ﻧﻴﻜﻞ) و ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ از اﺻﻔﻬﺎن
* ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﺎﺳﻴﺎن1 ، ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﺟﻼﻟﻲ زﻧﺪ2
-1 داﻧﺸﺠﻮي ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن (ﺧﻮراﺳﮕﺎن)، اﺻﻔﻬﺎن -2 داﻧﺸﻴﺎر، ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن (ﺧﻮراﺳﮕﺎن)، اﺻﻔﻬﺎن
ﭼﻜﻴﺪه در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 1393- 1394 در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ و ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه و ﻓﻮﻻد ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ، در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 13 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ 11 ﺟﻨﺲ و 8 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده از ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮوه و دو راﺳﺘﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﻴﻦ آن ﻫﺎ 10 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ داراي ﻋﻼﻣﺖ * ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮن اﺻﻔﻬ ﺎن ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Tyrophagus perniciosus ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﺗﻌﺪاد زﻳﺎدي ﭘﺮوﺗﻮﻧﻤﻒ از اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻓﺮاد اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري را ﺑﺎ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎﻳﻲ دارﻧﺪ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Galumna rossica ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ در ﺣﺪود 41 درﺻﺪ از ﻛﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه از اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص داده ﺑﻮد. ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري را ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ G. rossica ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﺮب و ﻧﻴﻜﻞ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ داﺷﺖ وﻟﻲ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﻴﺶ از اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎدﻣﻴﻮم ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺪ. در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮار زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ :
I. Astigmata Laelapidae Acaridae 7. Gaeolaelaps aculifer Conestrini (1884) 1. Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank (1781) 8. Euandrolaelaps karawaiewi Berlese (1903) 2. T. similis Volgin (1949)* Phytoseiidae 3. T. perniciosus Zakhvatkin (1941)* 9. Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (1948)* II. Mesostigmata III. Cryptostigmata Ameroseiidae Galumnidae 4. Ameroseius lidiae Bregetova (1977)* 10. Galumna tarsipe nnata Oudemans (1913)* Ascidae 11. Galumna rossica Sellnick (1926)* 5. Arctoseius pristinus Karg (1962) Nothridae 6. Antennoseius bacatus Athias Henriot (1961)* 12. Nothrus biciliatus Koch (1841)* Oppiidae 13. Microppia minus Paoli (1908)* واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﻓﻮن، ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻛﺰي، ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده، ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه، ﻓﻮﻻد ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ
* ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه راﺑﻂ، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ: [email protected] ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ : /9/27 -96 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ: /14 /12 96
٢٧٧ ﻛﺮﺑﺎﺳﻴﺎن و ﺟﻼﻟﻲ زﻧﺪ: ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻛﺰي در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ...
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﻋﻤﺪه زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺷﺪن و ﻧﻮﮔﺮاﻳﻲ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺑﺸﺮي ﺷﺪت ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. در ﻳﻚ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﮔﻔﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر از آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮب در ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ، ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ، ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺣﻴﺎت ﻳﻌﻨﻲ آب، ﺧﺎك و ﻫﻮا اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻘﺎ و ﺳﻼﻣﺖ اﻧﺴﺎن و دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات زﻧﺪه را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ اﻧﺪاﺧﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺷﺪن ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آن ﻫﺎ ﺷﻮد ( Markert, 1993 ). ). ﺧﻄﺮ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺧﺎك ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ازآﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﻮا ﻧﻴﺴﺖ اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﻠﻤﻮس ﻧﺒﻮده و ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻓﺮاد ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎس ﻗﺎﺑﻞ درك ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﺬا ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ آن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ( Karabi et al ., 2013 ). ﻣﺤﺪوده وﺳﻴﻌﻲ از ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت آﻟﻲ و ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺧﺎك ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ، ﻣﻮاد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق، ﻣﻮاد ﻓﺎﺳﺪ ﺷﺪﻧﻲ، ﻫﺮزاب ﻫﺎي ﺧﻄ ﺮﻧﺎك، ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪات ﻧﻔﺘﻲ و ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻨﻔﺠﺮه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ( Ghosh & Singh, 2005 ). ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ واﻗﻊ در 75 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮﺑﻲ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺸﻮر اﺳﺖ. ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت و ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺠﺎور اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Sadri lonbani et al. , 2015 ). از ﻣﻴﺎن ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﺮب، ﻛﺎدﻣﻴﻮم، ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ آﻻﻳﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﻛﻪ در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲ آورﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺧﺎك ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ از ﻣﺸﻜﻼت زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه در اﻃﺮاف ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ اﺳﺖ. ( Asgarian, 2011 ). ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻧﻔﺖ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن در ﺳﺎل 1358 ، رﺷﺪ روز اﻓﺰون ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ و ﻋﺪم رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ در دﻫﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ از آﻻﻳﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه وارد ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤﺪه آن ﻫﺎ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﺮده و ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﺪي ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻼﻣﺖ اﻧﺴﺎن و ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات زﻧﺪه ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻲ آﻳ ﻨﺪ (Asgarian, 2011 ). ). ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات زﻧﺪه ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در اﺟﺮاي وﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺧﺎك در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻋﻬﺪه دار ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﺣﻀﻮر ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ و ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات را ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮار دﻫﻨﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان از ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات زﻧﺪه ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺧﺎك اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد ( Schloter et al. , 2003 ). ). ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ، ﻣﺲ، ﺳﺮب در ﺑﺪن ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت رﺳﻴﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻤﻴﻦ اﻣﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي اﻛﻮﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻜﻮﻟﻮژي1 ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮاردﻫﻨﺪ ( Haddad irani nezhad, 2004 ). ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت زﻳﺎدي در ﻣﻮرد ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻌﺪن ﻛﺎري آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺳﺮب، ﻛﺎدﻣﻴﻮم و روي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳ ﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎن در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آﻟﻮده زﻳﺎد ﺗﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ( Russel & Alberti, 1998 ). ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ در داﺧﻞ ﺧﺎك ﺑﺪون اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮي در ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻠﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻳﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺴﺎس ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ. در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺧﺎك اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ( Van Stralen, 1998 ). ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻫﺪف از اﻧﺠﺎم اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﺛﺮ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ و ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺠﺎور ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ و ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﺑﺮ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ از ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
1- Ecotoxicology
٢٧٨ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﺳﺎل 1396 ، ( 295-277)
ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ 32 درﺟﻪ و 46 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ و 51 درﺟﻪ و 30 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ و ارﺗﻔﺎع 1689 ﻣﺘﺮ از ﺳﻄﺢ درﻳﺎ و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ 32 درﺟﻪ و 22 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ و 51 درﺟﻪ و 31 31 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ و ارﺗﻔﺎع 1670 ﻣﺘﺮ از ﺳﻄﺢ درﻳﺎ اﺳﺖ.
ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ و ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 93- 94 94 در ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻬﺎر، ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن از ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه اﺻﻔﻬﺎن و روﺳﺘﺎي ﻗﻠﻌﻪ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ از ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ (ﻣﺤﻞ ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد) ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺷﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ و ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﮕﺰاﮔﻲ و از ﻋﻤﻖ ـ10 15 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎك و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻠﭽﻪ ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ و درون ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺗﻴﺮه رﻧﮓ رﻳﺨﺘﻪ و ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺣﺎوي اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ، ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري، ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري روي ﻫﺮ ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﺴﺒﺎﻧﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ از زﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺎي اﻃﺮاف ﻓﻮﻻد ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ ﻛﻪ داراي ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﻣﺘﻨﻮع و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻢ و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪه ﺑﻮد ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮ ﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري اﺑﺘﺪا از ﺧﺎكﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻔﺘﻲ در داﺧﻞ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه و در اﻃﺮاف واﺣﺪ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﭘﺴﺎب ﭼﻬﺎر ﺑﻪ اﺑﻌﺎد 5×5 ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻪ داراي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ و ﻣﺤﻞ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻛﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ از ﭼﻬﺎر ﻣﺤﻞ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺑﻮد ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺎﻫﺪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﻣﻘﺪار آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮح داده ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ در آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﻃﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ 5 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ( 4 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ از ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎ و ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ) ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ و ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﻃﻲ ﻓﺼﻮل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺎل ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ 5 ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛ ﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه از ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﺎك 500 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮي 10 ﮔﺮم ﺗﻮزﻳﻦ و ﭘﺲ از ﻋﺒﻮر دادن از اﻟﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه 10 ﮔﺮم ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﺳﺪﻳﻢ (ﺟﻬﺖ آب ﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﻬﺘﺮ) در داﺧﻞ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﻣﺨﺼﻮص ﺗﻴﻤﺒﻞ1 ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺣﺎوي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ در داﺧﻞ ﻓﻼﺳﻚ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ اي دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺳﻮﻛﺴﻠﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و از ﻫﺮﻳﻚ از ﺣﻼل ﻫﺎي ان ﻫﮕﺰان و دي ﻛﻠﺮوﻣﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان 140 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻼﺳﻚ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ اي دﺳﺘﮕﺎه اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪ و دﻣﺎي ﻫﻴﺘﺮ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه روي -60 70 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ. ﭘﺲ از ﻃﻲ 12 ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺳﻮﻛﺴﻠﻪ، ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﻴﺮه رﻧﮕﻲ در داﺧﻞ ﻓﻼﺳﻚ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻛﻨ ﻨﺪه ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻆ و ﭘﺲ از ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪن ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻼل ﻫﺎ ﻓﻼﺳﻚ ﺣﺎوي ﻋﺼﺎره وزن ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ وزن ﺧﺸﻚ اﺑﺘﺪاﻳﻲ ﻓﻼﺳﻚ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻞ ﻫﻴﺪرو ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ و ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ در 4 ﻣﺤﻞ آﻟﻮده و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ. در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ آﻟﻮده و ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﺎ اﺑﻌﺎد 5×5 ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ و از ﻫﺮﻣﺤﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ و ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد. از ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺎ ﻃﻲ ﭼﻬﺎر ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﺎل ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردن ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮم از ﺧﺎك ﻋﺒﻮر داده ﺷﺪه از اﻟﻚ ﻣ ﺶ 60 در داﺧﻞ ارﻟﻦ 50 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮي ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪ و ﭘﺲ از اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮدن 10 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ اﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ روي دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت 140 درﺟﻪ ﺳ ﻠﺴﻴﻮس ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻌﺪ از ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﭼﻬﺎر ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ آب اﻛﺴﻴﮋﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ از ارﻟﻦ ﻫﺎ اﻓﺰوده و ﺗﺎ زﻣﺎن ﻋﺴﻠﻲ رﻧﮓ ﺷ ﺪن ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﺮارت داده ﺷﺪ. ﭘﺲ از ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪن ارﻟﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل از ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﻋﺒﻮر داده ﺷﺪ و در ﺑﺎﻟﻦ 50 50
1. Thimble
٢٧٩ ﻛﺮﺑﺎﺳﻴﺎن و ﺟﻼﻟﻲ زﻧﺪ: ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ...
ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ آب ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ رﺳﺎﻧﺪه ﺳﭙﺲ ﻋﺼﺎره ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻗﺮاﺋﺖ ﺳﺮب و ﻛﺎدﻣﻴﻮم و ﻧﻴﻜﻞ داﺧﻞ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺟﺬب اﺗﻤﻲ ﻣﺪل ﭘﺮﻛﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺮ 3030 ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻜﺪه داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد ﺧﻮرا ﺳﮕﺎن ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪ و ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در 4 ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻓﻮق اﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪ . . ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت -48 72 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ در ﻗﻴﻒ ﺑﺮﻟﺰ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﮕﻪ داري ﻗﻴﻒ ﺑﺮﻟﺰ در زﻳﺮ اﺳﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ از ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﮕﻪ داري ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه و در اﺗﺎﻧﻮل 75 درﺻﺪ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻓﻨﻞ ﺷﻔﺎف ﺷﺪه و در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﻮﻳﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. اﺳﻼﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت 2 ﻫﻔﺘﻪ در دﺳﺘﮕﺎه آون ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت 45 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﻧﻔﻮذ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻫﻮا ﺑﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻻﻣﻞ، اﻃﺮاف ﻻﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻻك ﺷﻔﺎف درزﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﺪ. ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ - آوري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻛﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺮاﻧﺘﺰ و واﻟﺘﺮ و ﻣﻘﺎﻻت و ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ (Krantz & Walter, 2009 ) ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﭘﺲ از ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎ درﺟﺎت آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت (ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺟﺪول ﻫﺎي 1 و و 1 2 ) و ﻃﻲ ﻓﺼﻮل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺎل ﻳﺎدداﺷﺖ ﺷﺪ و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري و ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴ ﻦ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . .
ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ و ﺑﺤﺚ اﻟﻒ: ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه دراﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 13 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ 11 ﺟﻨﺲ و 8 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده از ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮوه و دو راﺳﺘﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﻴﻦ آن ﻫﺎ 10 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮن اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ (ﺟﺪول .)1
٢٨٠ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﺳﺎل 1396 ، ( 295-277)
ﺟﺪول -1 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري Table 1- Different species collected from different sampling areas
Mature and Soil type Collecting place Collecting date date species order immature Adult (male and Controlled and Isfahan refinery 2014/8/23 ، 2015/3/18 ، Tyrophagus female) and contaminated soil 2015/5/30 ، putrescentiae immature 2014/11/25 Schrank (1781) Astigmata Adult (male and Controlled and Isfahan refinery T. similis Volgin *(female) and contaminated ،2014/8/23 (1949 immature soil 2015/5/30 Adult (male and Controlled and Isfahan Refinery, 2014/8/23 ، 2015/3/18 ، T. perniciosus female) and contaminated Mobarakeh 2014/11/25 Zakhvatkin (1941)* immature soil Region
polluted soil of Ameroseius lidiae *(Adult (male and Mobarakeh and 2014/8/23 ، 2015/3/18 ، Bregetova (1977 female) control soil and Isfahan Refinery, 2015/5/30 ، 2015/3/11 low-pollution Mobarakeh soils of Isfahan Region refinery Adult (female) control Isfahan refinery 2015/3/18 Arctoseius pristinus Karg (1962)
Adult (male and Contaminated Mobarakeh region 2015/9/7 Antennoseius bacatus female) soil 2015/5/31 Athias Henriot (1961)* Mesostigmata
Gaeolaelaps aculifer ، 2015/3/18 ، 2014/8/23 (Adult (male and Controlled and Isfahan Refinery, 2015/5/30 ، 2015/5/31 Conestrini (1884 female) contaminated Mobarakeh soil Region
Controlled and 2015/9/7 ، 2015/3/11 ، Euandrolaelaps Adult (male and contaminated Mobarakeh region 2015/5/31 karawaiewi Berlese female) soil (1903) The soil of the Neoseiulus barkeri *(Adult (male and refinery and Isfahan refinery 2015/9/7 ، 2015/3/18 ، Hughes (1948 female) contaminated 2015/5/31 soil of Mobarakeh Galumna Adult Contaminated Mobarakeh region 2015/9/7 ، 2015/3/11 ، tarsipennata *(soil 2015/5/31 ، 2014/12/3 Oudemans (1913 Controlled and Isfahan Refinery, 2015/9/7 ، 2015/3/11 ، G. rossica Sellnick *(Adult and immature contaminated Mobarakeh 2015/5/31 ، 2014/12/3 (1926 soil Region
Controlled and Mobarakeh region 2015/9/7 ، 2015/3/11 ، Nothrus biciliatus *(Adult contaminated 2015/5/31 ، 2014/12/3 Koch (1841 soil Cryptostigmata Adult Contaminated Mobarakeh region 2015/9/7 ، 2015/5/31 Microppia minus soil Paoli (1908)* Species marked with * are new to the Isfahan
٢٨١ ﻛﺮﺑﺎﺳﻴﺎن و ﺟﻼﻟﻲ زﻧﺪ: ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ...
-1 راﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺪون اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن (Astigmata = Astigmatina ) ) -1-1 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده (Acaridae Ewing and Nesbitt ( 1942 ﺟﻨﺲ (Tyrophagus Oudemans ( 1924 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank (1781 ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر: اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺟﻨﺲ Tyrophagus و در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ دﻧﻴﺎ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر دارد ( & Noei Ostovan, 2012 ). از ﻣﺰارع ﻳﻮﻧﺠﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ( Lotfollahi et al . , 2010 ) و ﻣﻮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺻﻔﻲ آﺑﺎد ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن (Darvish zade & Kamali, 2009 ) ﻧﻴﺰ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.
ﮔﻮﻧﻪ* (T. similis Volgin (1949 ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر: از ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي ﻏﻨﻲ از ﻣﻮاد آﻟﻲ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ژاﭘﻦ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه و ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮاﻧﻪ زدن اﺳﻔﻨﺎج ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻮان آن ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ( Kasuga & Amano, 2005 ). در اﻳﺮان ﻧﻴﺰ از ﻣﺰارع ﻳﻮﻧﺠﻪ آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Lotfollahi et al. , 2010 ) (ﺷﻜﻞ )1
ﮔﻮﻧﻪ *(T. perniciosus Zakhvatkin (1941 ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر: اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در اﻳﺮان از آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Lotfollahi et al , 2010 ). ﻣﻮي ﺳﻮﭘﺮ ﻛﻮﻛﺴﺎل در ﺷﻜﻞ 2 ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.
ﺷﻜﻞ -1 ﻣﻮﻫﺎي (T. similis Volgin (1949 Fig. 1- T. similis Volgin (1949) Seta (original)
٢٨٢ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﺳﺎل 1396 ، ( 295-277)
ﺷﻜﻞ -2 ﻣﻮي ﻓﻮق ﭘﻴﺶ راﻧﻲ (T. perniciosus Zakhvatkin (1941 Fig . 2- T. perniciosus Zakhvatkin (1941) Supracoxal seta (original)
-2 راﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن (Mesostigmata) -1-2 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده (Ameroseiidae Evans (1961 ﺟﻨﺲ(Ameroseius Berlese (190 4 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ *(Ameroseius lidiae Bregetova (1977 ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر در اﻳﺮان و ﺟﻬﺎن: اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از اوﻛﺮاﻳﻦ، ﻣﻮﻟﺪاوي و ﺗﺎﺟﻴﻜﺴﺘﺎن ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( & Mahjoori Hajizadeh , 2014 ). دراﻳﺮان از ﻛﺮﻣﺎن، ﻓﺎرس و ﻫﻤﺪان ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Tajmiri & Hajizadeh , 2013 ). ﺷﻜﻞ 3 ﺳﻤﺖ راﺳﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﻃﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ اﺳﺖ.
ﺷﻜ -3ﻞ ﭼﭗ: (Arctoseius pristinus Karg (1962 ، راﺳﺖ:(Ameroseius lidiae Bregetova (1977 Fig . 3- Left: Arctoseius pristinus Karg (1962 ), Right: Ameroseius lidiae Bregetova (1977 ) (Original)
-2-2 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده (Ascidae Voigts & Oudemans (1905 ﺟﻨﺲ ( Arctoseius Thor (1930
٢٨٣ ﻛﺮﺑﺎﺳﻴﺎن و ﺟﻼﻟﻲ زﻧﺪ: ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ...
ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Arctoseius pristinus Karg (1962 ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر: اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي زراﻋﻲ، ﻣﺰارع ﺳﻴﺐ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ، در ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎج و ﺳﻮزﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﮔﺎن، ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎي ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪه ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ، روي ﺧﺰه و ﺳﻨﮓ و ﻧﻴﺰارﻫﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ( Kaluz & Fenda , 2005 .) در اﻳﺮان ﻧﻴﺰ از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻃﺮاف اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Kadkhodae et al. , 2013 ). (ﺷﻜﻞ 3 ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﻃﻲ اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﺳﺖ).
ﺟﻨﺲ (Antennoseius Berlese (1916 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ * (Antennoseius bacatus Athias Henriot (1961 ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر دراﻳﺮان و ﺟﻬﺎن: در ﻛﺸﻮر روﺳﻴﻪ و ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﻛﺰي و ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ اروﭘﺎ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ( Hasanvand et al ., 2014 ). اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در اﻳﺮان از اﺳﺘﺎن ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺧﺮم آﺑﺎد ( Hasanvand et al .,2015) و ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي ارﺳﺒﺎران (Duster sharaf et al .,2016) ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ (ﺷﻜﻞ ).4 ).4
ﺷﻜﻞ -4 ﻧﺮ و ﻣﺎده (Antennoseius bacatus Athias Henriot (1961 Fig . 4 - Antennoseius bacatus Athias Henriot (1961) male and female (original)
-3-2 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده (Laelapidae Berlase (1892 ﺟﻨﺲ (Gaeolaelaps Evans and Till (1966 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Gaeolaelaps aculifer Conestrini (1884 ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر در اﻳﺮان و ﺟﻬﺎن: ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي اﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ، ﻫﻠﻨﺪ، آﻟﻤﺎن، ﺳﻮﺋﺪ، اﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎن، ﺷﺮق ﻛﺎﻧﺎدا و آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎي ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در اﻳﺮان از اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن، آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﻲ، ﺷﻬﺮﺿﺎ، آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﻲ، اﺳﺘﺎن ﻳﺰد، ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺷﻤﻴﺮاﻧﺎت، اﺳﺘﺎن اﺻﻔﻬﺎن، ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺧﻮي ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Balooch Shahriari et al., 2012 ،) (ﺷﻜﻞ 5 ﺧﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد روي ﺟﻔﺖ دوم ﭘﺎ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ).
٢٨٤ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﺳﺎل 1396 ، ( 295-277)
ﺷﻜﻞ -5 ﭘﻨﺠﻪ ﭘﺎي ﭼﻬﺎرم (Gaeolaelaps aculifer Conestrini (1884 Fig . 5- Gaeolaelaps aculifer Conestrini (1884) (original)
ﺟﻨﺲ (Euandrolaelaps Beregetova (1977 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Euandrolaelaps karawaiewi Berlese (1903 ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر: اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از اروﭘﺎ و آﺳﻴﺎ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ در اﻳﺮان اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﻲ، ﮔﻴﻼن، ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺷﻤﻴﺮاﻧﺎت و اﺳﺘﺎن اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Balooch Shahriari et al. , 2012 ). در ﺷﻜﻞ 6 ﭘﺎي دوم آﭘﻮﻓﻴﺰ ران ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . .
ﺷﻜﻞ -6 ﭘﺎي دوم (Euandrolaelaps karawaiewi Berlese (1903 Fig. 6- Euandrolaelaps karawaiewi Berlese (1903) Leg- II( original)
-4-2 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده (Phytoseiidae Berlese (1913 ﺟﻨﺲ (Neoseiulus Hughes (1948 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ* (Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (1948 ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر: اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻗﺎره ﻫﺎي آﺳﻴﺎ، آﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ، اروﭘﺎ، آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ و اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در اﻳﺮان از ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران، آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﻲ و اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻴﻼن ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Shirkhani et al. , 2011 ). (ﺷﻜﻞ 7 ). ). 7
٢٨٥ ﻛﺮﺑﺎﺳﻴﺎن و ﺟﻼﻟﻲ زﻧﺪ: ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ...
ﺷﻜﻞ -7 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (1948 Fig . 7- Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (1948)(Original )
-3 راﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﻬﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن (Cryptostigmata = Oribatida) -1-3 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده (Galumnidae Jacot (1925 ﺟﻨﺲ (Galumna Heyden (1826 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ* (Galumna tarsipennata Oudemans (1913 ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر: اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﺟﻨﻮب ﭘﺎﻟﻪ آرﻛﺘﻴﻚ و ﺑﺮزﻳﻞ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Ioana et al. ,2011 ). اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ از اﺳﺘﺎن ﻳﺰد و اﺑﺮﻛﻮه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻛﺮﻣﻲ در ﺳﺎل 1999 ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Akrami , 2007 ). ).
ﮔﻮﻧﻪ* (G. rossica Sellnick (1926 ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر: اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر در اﻳﺮان از ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻄﻒ اﻟﻬﻲ و ﺣﺪاد اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ ﻧﮋاد در ﺳﺎل 2010 ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Lotfollahi & Hadad irani nezhad , 2010 ). اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺳﺎل 2005 از ﻛﺸﻮر ﻣﻐﻮﻟﺴﺘﺎن ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Badamdorj , 2005 ).
-2-3 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده (Nothridae Berlese (1896 ﺟﻨﺲ( Nothrus Koch (1836 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ* (Nothrus biciliatus Koch (1841 ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر در اﻳﺮان و ﺟﻬﺎن : اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از اﺳﺘﺎن ﻳﺰد (اﺑﺮﻛﻮه)، ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ، ﻫﻤﺪان، ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران، اﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺮﻛﺰي، اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس (داراب و ﻓﻴﺮوزﻛﻮه) و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ از آﻟﻤﺎن، اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ، ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻠﻨﺪ، ﻫﻠﻨﺪ، داﻧﻤﺎرك، ﺳﻮﺋﺪ، اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ، ﭼﻜﺴﻠﻮاﻛﻲ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ، ﻣﺠﺎرﺳﺘﺎن، اﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ، ﺷﻮروي ﺳﺎﺑﻖ، ژاﭘﻦ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Lahijani et al. , 2010) ( ﺷﻜﻞ 8 ). ). 8
٢٨٦ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﺳﺎل 1396 ، ( 295-277)
ﺷﻜﻞ -8 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Nothrus biciliatus Koch (1841 Fig. 8 - Nothrus biciliatus Koch (1841) (original)
-3-3 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده (Oppiidae Grandjean (1954 ﺟﻨﺲ (Microppia Balogh (1983 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ* (Microppia minus Paoli (1908 ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر در اﻳﺮان و ﺟﻬﺎن : اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از آرژاﻧﺘﻴﻦ و ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ و در اﻳﺮان از روﺳﺘﺎي ﭘﻠﻮر و ﻓﻴﺮوز ﻛﻼي ﻧﻮﺷﻬﺮ، ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺪوآب، ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Hashemi kheibar et al ., 2013 ).
ب: ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺧﺎك ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري و ﺷﺎﻫﺪ در ﺟﺪول 2 ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺳﻄﺢ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ و اﻳﺮان ﻧﻴﺰ در اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪول آورده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.
٢٨٧ ﻛﺮﺑﺎﺳﻴﺎن و ﺟﻼﻟﻲ زﻧﺪ: ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ...
ﺟﺪول 2- ﻏﻠﻈﺖ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ در ﺧﺎك ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري و ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ آن ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ و اﻳﺮان Table 2- Primary concentrations of heavy metals in soils of samplin g locations and comparison with Iran and world standards
Iran Global Status Status Sampling Amount pollution pollution Element (Iran (World locations (mg/ kg) standards standards Standard) Standard) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Pb 50/8 75 10 non polluted polluted 1 Cd 7/03 5 0/06 polluted very polluted Ni 58/45 110 40 non polluted polluted Pb 50 75 10 non polluted polluted 2 Cd 21/92 5 0/06 very polluted very polluted Ni 54/30 110 40 non polluted polluted Pb 40 75 10 non polluted polluted Cd 8/83 5 0/06 polluted very polluted 3 Ni 42/85 110 40 non polluted polluted Pb 34 75 10 non polluted Low polluted control Cd 0/8 5 0/06 non polluted Low polluted Ni 39/4 110 40 non polluted non polluted
ﻃﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺗﻌﺪاد 88 ﻛﻨﻪ از 10 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ /24 74 درﺻﺪ از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ از ﻧﻬﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن، /21 21 درﺻﺪ ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن و 4/54 درﺻﺪ از ﺑﻲ اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ Galumna rossica ﺑﻮد ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻛﻪ /9 40 درﺻﺪ از ﻛﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ - آوري ﺷﺪه ( 28 ﻛﻨﻪ ) از ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص داد. در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺧﺎك ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ 4/76 درﺻﺪ از ﻛﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه (ﻳﻚ ﻛﻨﻪ) را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ زﻳ ﺎدﺗﺮ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎك ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﺘﻮان از اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد در واﻗﻊ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ 9 ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮﻳﻚ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻳﻚ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ t اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮي در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﺧﺎك ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد وﻟﻲ ﺗﻌﺪاد آن ﻫﺎ از 10 % ﻛﻞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Galumna rossica ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﻓﺮاوان ﺗﺮ ﺑﻮدن اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ و ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري اﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. وﺟﻮد ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد و ﺗﻨﻮع ﻛﻨﻪ در ﺳﻄﻮح آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻴﮕﻠﻴﻮرﻳﻨﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎن را در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺑﺎﻻي ﻓﻠ ﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﮔﺰارش ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ (Migliorini et al. , 2004) . ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﺎن ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ در ﻧﻘﺎط ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﻧﻘﺎط آﻟﻮده اﺳﺖ (Skubata & Zaleski , 2012 .) .)
٢٨٨ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﺳﺎل 1396 ، ( 295-277)
contaminated soil control 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 percentage of each mite species Galumnarossica Microppia minus Nothrus biciliatus Ameroseius lidiae Neoseiulus barkeri Gaeolaelaps aculifer Antennoseiusbacatus Galumnatarsipennata Tyrophagusperniciosus Euandrolaelapskarawaiewi
ﺷﻜﻞ 9 - ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن Fig. 9- Comparison between mean percentage of different species of mites in heavy metals contaminated soils and control
در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 4 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ از 3 ﺟﻨﺲ و 3 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده در 3 ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ آﻟﻮده و ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮ آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ. در ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎج آﻟﻤﺎن ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ 50 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ ( Zaitsev et al. , 2002 ) و در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ دﻳﮕﺮي 55 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ از ﻫﻠﻨﺪ ( Skubata & Kafel , 2004 ) ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻃﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ Olkusz در ﺟﻨﻮب ﻟﻬﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻛﺎدﻣﻴﻮم و ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و ﺳﺮب ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ -18 39 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ از ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺖ آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻋﺪدي ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آب و ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ، آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺧﺎك ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ، pH ﺧﺎك و ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﻮدن اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي اروﭘﺎ و اﻳﺮان ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( Skubata & Kafel , 2011 ). ). ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه از ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ از ﺧﻮد ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺜﺎل ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي Microppia minus و Nothrus biciliatus ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺣﺴﺎس و ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﺮب، ﻛﺎدﻣﻴﻮم و ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺧﺎك ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪ، در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي Galumna rossica و G. tarsipennata ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻮده ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ G. rossica در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﺮب و ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ G. rossica اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ و ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ G. tarsipennata ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ 1 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري (ﺟﺪول1 ) ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺳﺮب و ﻧﻴﻜﻞ داراي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد G. rossica ( 17 ﻋﺪد) و ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ G. tarsipennata ﺑﻮد. اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼف ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﻪ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺳﺮب را روي ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي ﺑﻲ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ داﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( Migliorini et al ., 2004 ). ﻋﻠﺖ اﻳﻦ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺗﻔﺎوت ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي دو ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ، ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آب و ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﻧﻮع ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. از ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﺎدﻣﻴﻮم ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ را روي ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﻫﺎ داﺷﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻛﺎدﻣﻴﻮم (ﻣﺤﻞ 2 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ /92 21 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم) ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ
٢٨٩ ﻛﺮﺑﺎﺳﻴﺎن و ﺟﻼﻟﻲ زﻧﺪ: ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ...
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ G. rossica ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي Antennoseius ، Ameroseius lidiae ، Tyrophagus perniciosus Euandrolaelaps karawaiewi ، Gaeolaelaps aculifer bacatus و Neoseiulus barkeri ﻃﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري از ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ در ﺧﺎك ﺷﺎﻫﺪ و آﻟﻮده ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪ اﻣﺎ درﺻﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري از ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻧﺪاده ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه از ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ آﻟﻮده ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻃﻲ ﻓﺼﻮل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺎ ل ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ اوﻻ درﺻﺪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﻃﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻬﺎر ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺎ در ﺳﻄﺢ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺧﻄﺎي 5 درﺻﺪ دارد ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻮده (P- value= 0.009, F=17.48, df=7 ) ( ﺷﻜﻞ )10 و ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮق ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري ﺑﻴﻦ درﺻﺪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺷﺎﻫﺪ و ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد در ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻓﺼﻮل ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ در ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ درﺻﺪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺧﺎك آﻟﻮده ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ . .
contaminated soil control 50
40
30
20
10 0
Percentageofcollected mites fall winter spring summer Seasons
The lines marked on the columns are the standard error (SE) ﺷﻜﻞ -10 ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻃﻲ ﻓﺼﻮل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺎل در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﻪ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن Fig. 10 - Comparison of the frequency of mites collected with control during different seasons of the year in heavy metals contaminated soils of Mobarakeh region of Isfahan
ج : ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ درﺻﺪ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﭼﻬﺎر ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري و ﺷﺎﻫﺪ در ﺟﺪول 3 ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ( 8/32 ) در ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري 4 و ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ( 0/8 درﺻﺪ) در ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺟﺪول 3 - ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻧﻔﺖ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن Table 3- Percentage of petroleum hydrocarbons in sampling location of Isfahan Oil Refinery
location 1 location 2 location 3 location 4 location 5 3.44% 2.32% 4% 8.32% 0.8%
در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 10 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ /33 93 درﺻﺪ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه از ﺑﻲ اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن و 5/53 درﺻﺪ از ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن و 142 1/ درﺻﺪ از ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼف ﻧﻈﺮ Blakly و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻮدن ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻤﻲ از
٢٩٠ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﺳﺎل 1396 ، ( 295-277)
ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص دادﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ و ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( Blakely et al ., 2002 ). ). Tyrophagus pernicious ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺟﻨﺲ Tyrophagus در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد و /12 96 درﺻﺪ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص داد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪه در ﺧﺎك ﺷﺎﻫﺪ و ﺧﺎك آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ را در ﻗﻴﺎس ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داد در واﻗﻊ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮي ﻧﻴﺰ در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪ وﻟﻲ ﭼﻮن ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻢ ﺑﻮد در ﺷﻜﻞ 11 ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ (ﺷﻜﻞ 11 ). ). 11
Contaminated soil control 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 percentage ofeach mite species Lasioseius sp Lasioseius Galumna Galumna rossica Ameroseius lidiae Tyrophagus similis Neoseiulus barkeri Neoseiulus Arctoseius pristinus Arctoseius Gaeolaelaps aculifer Antennoseius bacatus Tyrophagus Tyrophagus perniciosus Tyrophagus putrescentiae ﺷﻜﻞ 11 - ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه اﺻﻔﻬﺎن Fig. 11 - Comparison of the average percentage of frequency of different species of mites in control and contaminated soils by petroleum hydrocarbons of the Isfahan oil refinery
ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮان ﻋﻠﺖ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﻮدن اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ را ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺑﻮدن ﺳﻴﻜﻞ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ آن ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺮد (Noei & Ostovan , 2012) . در ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه /1 92 درﺻﺪ از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Tyrophagus perniciosus ﭘﺮوﺗﻮﻧﻤﻒ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻣﺜﻞ و ازدﻳﺎد اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺑﺮوز ﺗﺤﻤﻞ واﻳﺠﺎد ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺧﻮد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺎن دﻳﮕﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ T. perniciosus ﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺎ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺑﻘﺎي و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﻮد اداﻣﻪ دﻫﺪ. ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ و ﭘﺮوﺗﻮﻧﻤﻒ در ﻣﺤﻞ 3 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ 4 درﺻﺪ ﻫﻴﺪرو ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ (ﺟﺪول 2 ) ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ و در ﻣﺤﻞ 4 ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ 8/32 درﺻﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﭘﺮوﺗﻮﻧﻤﻒ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﺎ را دارﻧﺪ و اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﺶ از اﻧﺪازه آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد. ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي در ﺧﺎك ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻮ ع ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻔﺘﻲ در ﺧﺎك ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي Neoseiulus barkeri ، Antennoseius bacatus ،Arctoseius pristinus و Lasioseius sp ﻓﻘﻂ در ﺧﺎك ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻔﺘﻲ اﺳﺖ.
٢٩١ ﻛﺮﺑﺎﺳﻴﺎن و ﺟﻼﻟﻲ زﻧﺪ: ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ...
درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه از ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻬﺎرﮔﺎﻧﻪ آﻟﻮده در ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻃﻲ ﻓﺼﻮل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺎل در ﺷﻜﻞ 12 ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ (ﺷﻜﻞ 12 ). در ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن درﺻﺪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺧﺎك ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻓﺼﻮل ﺑﻬﺎر و ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن درﺻﺪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺧﺎك آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ . ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﻲ و ﺧﻴﺲ ﺑﻮدن ﺧﺎك ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ را ﻣﺠﺒﻮر ﺑﻪ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﺑﻪ اﻋﻤﺎق ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮي از ﻋﻤﻖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ. 45 40 35 30 25 20 contaminated soil 15 control 10 5
percentageof collected mites 0 summer fall winter spring Contaminated soil
ﺷﻜﻞ -12 ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻃﻲ ﻓﺼﻮل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺎل در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ( ﺧﻄﻮﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ روي ﺳﺘﻮن ﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ﺧﻄﺎي ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ( SE ) اﺳﺖ .) Fig. 12 - Comparison of the frequency of collected mites with control in different seasons of the year in contaminated soils of petroleum hydrocarbons in Isfahan oil refinery regions
از ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه در دو ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻔﺘﻲ و ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻤﻮد ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي Gaeolaelaps aculifer ،Antennoseius bacatus ،Ameroseius lidiae ، Tyrophagus perniciosus ، Neoseiulus barkeri و Galumna rossica ﺑﻴﻦ دو ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ آﻟﻮده ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻠﻲ: در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺗﻌﺎدل زﻳﺴﺘﻲ را ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ زده و ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ اﻓﺘﺎدن ﺳﻼﻣﺖ اﻧﺴﺎن و دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات زﻧﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﻳﻦ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ روي ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬار ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﻨﻮع و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ﺷﻮد. ﻃﻲ اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻛﻪ در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ و ﻫﻴﺪرو ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ Tyrophagus perniciosus ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺧﻮد را در اﻳﻦ ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ و ﺣﺘﻲ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻫﻨﺪ . از اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺎﺧﺺ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺧﺎك اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد.
٢٩٢ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﺳﺎل 1396 ، ( 295-277)
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٢٩٣ ﻛﺮﺑﺎﺳﻴﺎن و ﺟﻼﻟﻲ زﻧﺪ: ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي در ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ...
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٢٩٤ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﺳﺎل 1396 ، ( 295-277)
Journal of Entomological Research Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch ISSN 2008 -4668 Volume 9, Issue 3, pages: 277-295 http://jer.iau-arak.ac.ir
The mites fauna of the soils contaminated by heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons in Isfahan, Iran
M. Karbasian 1, A. Jalalizand 2*
1- Student of Plant Protection, Department, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 2- Associate professor, Department of Plant Protection, Isfahan(Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract Totally 13 species belonging to 11 genera and 8 families from 3 order were collected from soils contaminated by heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons in 2014-2015. Among the collected species 10 species with asterisk are new for Isfahan province. The dominant species of soil contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons was Tyrophagus perniciosus . Occurance of large number of protonymph of this species indicates the adaptation of this species to petrolium contaminated soils. The dominant species of soil contaminated by heavy metals was Galumna rossica with frequency of 41٪ .Number of Galumna rossica species had a direct correlation with lead and nickel concentrations of the soil. However, decrease in cadmium increased the number of G.rossica . The most common mites were collected in soils with average pollution level . The names of the identified species are as follows:
I. Astigmata Laelapidae
Acaridae 7. Gaeolaelaps aculifer Conestrini (1884 )
1. Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank (1781)* 8. Euandrolaelaps karawaiewi Berlese (1903)
2. T. similis Volgin (1949)* Phytoseiidae
3. T. perniciosus Zakhvatkin (1941)* 9. Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (1948)*
II. Mesostigmata III. Cryptostigmata
Ameroseiidae Galumnidae
4. Ameroseius lidiae Bregetova (1977)* 10 . Galumna tarsipe nnata Oudemans (1913 )* Ascidae 11. Galumna rossica Sellnick (1926)*
5. Arctoseius pristinus Karg (1962) Nothridae 6. Antennoseius bacatus Athias Henriot (1961)* 12 . Nothrus biciliatus Koch (1841 )* Oppiidae 13 . Microppia minus Paoli (1908 )*
Keywords: Heavy metals , Isfahan , Hydrocarbons , Mites
Corresponding Author, E-mail: [email protected] Received:18 Dec. 2017 – Accepted: 5 Mar. 2018
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