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Cropping Miscanthus X Giganteus in Commercial Fields Cropping Miscanthus x giganteus in commercial fields : from agro-environmental diagnostic to ex ante design and assessment of energy oriented cropping systems Claire Lesur To cite this version: Claire Lesur. Cropping Miscanthus x giganteus in commercial fields : from agro-environmental diag- nostic to ex ante design and assessment of energy oriented cropping systems. Agricultural sciences. AgroParisTech, 2012. English. NNT : 2012AGPT0084. tel-01124310 HAL Id: tel-01124310 https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01124310 Submitted on 6 Mar 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. N°: 2009 ENAM XXXX Doctorat ParisTech T H È S E pour obtenir le grade de docteur délivré par L’Institut des Sciences et Industries du Vivant et de l’Environnement (AgroParisTech) Spécialité : Agronomie présentée et soutenue publiquement par Claire LESUR le 21 décembre 2012 Cultiver Miscanthus x giganteus en parcelles agricoles : du diagnostic agro-environnemental à la conception-évaluation ex ante de systèmes de culture à vocation énergétique Directeur de thèse : Marie-Hélène JEUFFROY Co-encadrement de la thèse : Chantal LOYCE Jury M. Eric JUSTES , Ingénieur de Recherche , UMR AGIR, INRA Toulouse Rapporteur M. Jacques WERY , Professeur , UMR System, Montpellier SupAgro Rapporteur M. Hubert BOIZARD , Ingénieur de Recherche , UMR Agro-Impact, INRA Lille Examinateur M. Thierry DORE , Professeur , UMR Agronomie, AgroParisTech Examinateur M. Laurent LEJARS , Ingénieur , Chambre d’Agriculture du Loiret Examinateur M. Goetz RICHTER , Docteur, Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted Research Examinateur Mme Chantal LOYCE , Maître de Conférences, UMR Agronomie, AgroParisTech Encadrante AgroParisTech UMR Agronomie INRA Versailles-Grignon 78850 Thiverval-Grignon Remerciements Je remercie tout d’abord Chantal Loyce d’avoir proposé et encadré ce travail de thèse. Merci à elle de m’avoir transmis ses connaissances avec disponibilité et bonne humeur. Je remercie également Marie-Hélène Jeuffroy d’avoir dirigé cette thèse en se rendant toujours disponible malgré son emploi du temps très chargé. Merci Marie-Hélène de savoir si bien poser les questions qui font réfléchir. Mes remerciements vont aux membres de mon comité de pilotage : Marc Benoît, Guillaume Decocq, Thierry Doré, Florence Jacquet, Laurence Guichard, Delphine Leenhardt. Merci à eux pour la pertinence de leurs commentaires et de leurs questions. Je remercie également les membres du module ressources de Futurol, en particulier les collègues d’Economie Publique, de Mirecourt et d’Agro-Impact : nos échanges ont toujours permis d’enrichir ma réflexion. Merci à Eric Justes et Jacques Wery d’avoir accepté d’être les rapporteurs de cette thèse. Merci à Hubert Boizard, Thierry Doré, Laurent Lejars et Goetz Richter d’avoir accepté de faire partie du jury. Ce travail est le fruit de nombreuses collaborations. Je tiens à remercier l’ensemble des collègues de Bourgogne, sans qui sa réalisation n’aurait pas été possible. Merci à Philippe Béjot, de Bourgogne Pellets, et Dominique Garnaux, de la Coopérative de Déshydratation de la Haute- Seine d’avoir permis la mise en place du réseau de parcelles agricoles de miscanthus. Je remercie les agriculteurs qui ont accepté de participer à ce réseau d’avoir toujours pris le temps de répondre à nos demandes, y compris quand il s’agissait d’installer des stations météorologiques, de creuser un profil cultural ou de peser des bennes. Merci à l’équipe d’Epoisses de nous avoir autorisés d’utiliser leurs chambres froides. Merci à Hubert Boizard et Stéphane Cadoux d’être venus lire les profils culturaux. L’ensemble des mesures effectuées sur le réseau de parcelles est le fruit d’un travail d’équipe. Un grand merci à Mathieu Bazot d’avoir été présent tout au long du suivi. Merci également à Arnaud Butier, Gilles Grandeau, Dominique Le Floch et Richard Gosse d’avoir régulièrement fait le déplacement. Merci à Mathieu et Gilles d’avoir toujours su réagir en cas de pannes. Merci à Véronique Tanneau, Béatrice Le Fouillen, Christine Souin et Richard Gosse d’avoir participé au dépouillement des échantillons. Un merci particulier pour Arnaud et Dominique qui m’ont remplacée quand ma santé m’a empêchée de me rendre sur le terrain. Je remercie aussi l’unité expérimentale de Laon de nous avoir prêté leur préleveur et Stéphanie Arnoult d’avoir réalisé les analyses génétiques. Merci à Mathieu Lorin et Fadel Bio-Beri pour le sérieux et la motivation qu’ils ont montrés tout au long de leur stage. Merci à Bruno Mary pour son aide précieuse lors de l’utilisation de LIXIM, ainsi qu’à Fabien Ferchaud et Guillaume Vitté qui nous ont permis de prendre du recul sur nos résultats. Merci à tous les membres de l’atelier de conception de systèmes de culture : Louis-Marie Allard, Philippe Béjot, Emmanuel Bonnin, Stéphane Cadoux, Fabien Ferchaud, Michael Geloen et Damien Ronget. Je remercie particulièrement Michael Geloen dont l’aide m’a été précieuse pour préciser certains éléments des itinéraires techniques. Merci à Raymond Reau pour ses précieux conseils sur les ateliers de conception de systèmes de culture. Je remercie également Marie-Sophie Petit de nous avoir accueillis dans les locaux de la Chambre régionale d’agriculture. Certaines collaborations ont largement dépassé le cadre de la Bourgogne. Merci à Andrew Riche, Ian Shield, Nicola Yates, Maendy Fritz, Beate Formowitz, Uffe Jorgensen, Poul-Erik Laerke et Michael Grunert d’avoir accepté de me transmettre leurs données. Merci à Nicola, Andrew et Ian pour les fructueux échanges que nous avons eu lors de mon séjour à Rothamsted. Mes remerciements vont également à David Makowski dont la participation à ce chapitre a été décisive. Merci à lui d’avoir toujours répondu à mes questions « stat » et de s’être intéressé à mon travail à chacun de ses passages dans le bureau. La dernière partie de cette thèse est longtemps restée en suspens. Un immense merci à la team PerSyst pour sa persévérance face aux affres et mystères de l’informatique. Merci à Laurence Guichard d’avoir pris le temps et les moyens nécessaires au développement du modèle. Je remercie également Rémy Ballot qui a non seulement assuré le paramétrage de PerSyst en Bourgogne mais est aussi devenu un expert es « déploiement ». Merci Rémy de ne pas avoir compté ton temps. Merci également à Damien Craheix de m’avoir facilité le calcul des indicateurs et à Mathieu Lorin de m’avoir expliqué en urgence le fonctionnement de CRITER. Merci à tous les collègues de l’unité Agronomie qui ont un jour répondu à une de mes questions, m’ont donné une idée ou permis de positiver. Je remercie Marie Gosme pour ses précieuses astuces en « R ». Merci à Michèle Fanucci de trouver des solutions à tous les tracas administratifs et à Alain Bône de savoir dénicher n’importe quelle publi. Je remercie également Joëlle Brun de s’être occupée des dossiers, ordres de missions et autres états de frais. Ces trois années n’auraient pas été les mêmes sans les Girls in Agronomy. Aïcha, Aurore, Caroline, Céline, Diana, Laure, Tatiana, merci pour les bons moments passés ensemble. Merci aussi pour votre soutien dans les moments de doute et dans la phase finale. Un grand merci à Aurore de m’avoir fait profiter de son expérience et de son sens de l’organisation. Merci à Aïcha et Diana de nous avoir donné la joie de rencontrer Kintana et Noémie ! Merci aussi à tous les amis qui m’ont pendant ces trois années écoutée et soutenue. Une petite pensée à phD qui nous a accompagné presque jusqu’au bout de l’aventure. Merci à toute ma famille pour son soutien sans faille. Merci à mon père de m’avoir transmis son goût pour la biologie (ainsi que quelques principes méthodologiques bien utiles !). Merci à ma mère pour ses qualités humaines et sa faculté à toujours voir le côté positif des évènements. Merci à ma belle-famille de s’être toujours intéressée à l’avancement de mon travail. Je tiens enfin à remercier Benoît de m’avoir accompagnée tout au long de cette ascension. Le chemin fut long, parfois sinueux, mais tu as toujours été là avec optimisme, chaleur et énergie. Ton soutien dans l’arrête terminale a été précieux . Table des matières Introduction générale .................................................................................................................... 1 Chapitre 1. ........................................................................................................................................ Contexte et problématique ........................................................................................................... 4 1. Contexte et enjeux autour de la production de biocarburants ............................................. 5 1.1. De la première à la deuxième génération de biocarburants ......................................... 5 1.2. Diversité des ressources agricoles candidates à la production de biocarburants 2G et stratégies de production ............................................................................................. 11 2. Miscanthus x giganteus : une “nouvelle” culture candidate
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