A Adaptive Red–Blue-Ratio Threshold Detector, 590 Aedes (Stegomyia) Aegypti, Yellow Fever Mosquito Chemical Cues, Breeding
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Index A urodeles and gymnophiones, 250 Adaptive red–blue-ratio threshold detector, visual hunters, 250 590 Analysers, polarization Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti, yellow fever in Drosophila, 6–7 mosquito electric (E-) vector, 5 chemical cues, breeding habitats, 114, 135 extraretinal polarization analysers, 8 dengue and yellow fever, transmission, 135 in invertebrates, 9 dual-choice experiment, 135, 137 photoreceptor cell (R8), 8 imaging polarimetry, 135, 138 polarization sensitivities, 6 masked polarisation sensitivity, 139 rhabdomeric photoreceptors, 5–6 mosquito ecology, 139 rhodopsin molecules, 7 oviposition sites, 140, 521 twisted photoreceptors, 7–8 polarisation sensitivity in eyes, 139 Anterior optic tubercle (AOTu), insect brains rinsed and non-rinsed choice experiments, degree of polarization, 86 139 E-vector tuning, 85–86 skylight-polarisation compass, 140 intertubercle neurons, 83 All Sky Imager (ASI), 587–589 lateral accessory lobes (LALs), 82 Amphibians, PS locust (LoTu1 and TuTu1 cells), 83–84 breeding sites, 250–251 polarization-sensitive neurons, 82–83 brightness pattern, polarized light, 256 polarized-light responses, 84 celestial cues, 255 stimulus intensity, 85 colour vs. polarization vision, butterflies, TuLAL neurons, 83 257 unpolarized skylight cues, 87–88 emigration orientations, 254 Anthropogenic polarization magnetoreception, 258–260 animal movement, 444 Notophthalmus viridescens, 255–256 aquatic insects associated with water, photoreception, 251–253 445, 447, 448 pineal complex, 253–254 artificial surfaces, 451–452 prey organisms, 256 asphalt surfaces (see Asphalt surfaces) Rana arvalis, 250, 251 astronomical light pollution, 444 Rana pipiens and Rhinella arenarum, 254 attraction/repulsion, animals, 444 ‘redundant-multisensory system’, 254 black burnt-up stubble fields, 503–505 reproductive strategies, eggs, 250 bridges (see Bridges (optical barriers), vs. reptiles, 272 mayflies) training and testing tanks, 255 characteristics, 444 Triturus alpestris, 257 conventional photopollution, 448–449 G. Horva´th (ed.), Polarized Light and Polarization Vision in Animal Sciences, 637 Springer Series in Vision Research 2, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54718-8, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 638 Index Anthropogenic polarization (cont.) homing ants, compound eyes and ocelli, 47 daytime and moonlight/citylight, 451 Lasius niger ants, 44 dragonflies (see Dragonflies) Melophorus bagoti, Australian desert ant, generalization and extension, 453 46, 47 horizontal plastic sheets (see Horizontal Myrmecia pyriformis, 46, 47, 55–56 plastic sheets) Myrmica ruginodis,44 light pollution, 444 ocelli, 52–56 linear polarization patterns and angle, water ommatidia, compound eyes, 4 surface, 444, 446 Polyergus rufescens, slave-making mass-swarming caddisflies and mayflies, ants, 46 473–477 skylight polarisation, 44–45 mayflies, 444, 445 Aquatic insects natural and artificial polarizers, 448 desert locusts hinders, Schistocerca non-metallic surface, 444, 446 gregaria, 141 Notonecta, 445 dragonflies, mayflies and tabanid flies paintwork attracting insects artificial surfaces, 128 black car, 494 bright water bodies, 130–131 Ephemeroptera and Odonata females, celestial polarisation pattern, 130 491 horizontal polarisation of light, 127–128 red-blind polarotactic water insects, 494 reflection-polarisation characteristics, red cars, 491, 493, 496 128–129 reflection, metallized and species-specific values, 128 non-metallized paints, 495 ventral polarisation sensitivity, solar position, white cars, 493 threshold, 128–130 visual deception, water insects, egg-laying yellow fever mosquitoes 496–497 A. aegypti (see Aedes (Stegomyia) yellow car, 495 aegypti, yellow fever mosquito) positive polarotaxis, 445 chemical cues, 135 predators feeding, polarotactic insects, 450 pentatonic and tridecanoid carboxylic reflection-polarization characteristics, acids, 134–135 water bodies, 446–448 polarisation sundial (see Polarisation urban birds, 485–487 sundial theory) vertical glass surfaces polarotaxis, 125–127, 131–132 caddisflies, 482–484 ASI. See All Sky Imager (ASI) flying polarotactic insects, 480, 482 Asphalt surfaces ‘greenest’ buildings, 484–485 horizontally polarized light ventral eye region, insect landed on polarotactic water insects, 459 glass, 483, 484 reflections, solar directions, 458, 459 vertical reflectors skylight/sunlight reflection, dry asphalt Brewster zone, 478 road, 458, 460 characteristics, 477 insects attraction, roads degree of linear and angle polarization, aquatic, 454 448, 479 behaviour, 455 dorsoventral symmetry axis, 478, 480 eggs laid, 455 Hydropsyche pellucidula, 477 mayflies swarming, 454, 455 skylit and sunlit, 478 stoneflies, 455 white glass surface, overcast sky, 480, reduction 482 materials, rough surface creation, 459 water-reflected light, 445 shiny dark surface, 460 Ants. See also Hymenopteran insects white-striated appearance, 456, 459 Cataglyphis ants, 11–12 white stripes painted, 460 compass behaviour, polarization, 10 reflection-polarization patterns, 455–458 DRA, 48–52 Azimuth compensation, insect brain, 100, Formica rufa, experiments, 44–45 103–104 Index 639 B BL law. See Beer–Lambert’s (BL) law Ball-rolling dung beetles Boehm’s brush, 312, 313 during day Bridges (optical barriers), mayflies celestial compass cues, 30 behaviour, females, 499–500 skylight cues, 30 biodiversity, 498 sun, primary cue for orientation, 32 downstream and upstream side, 501, 502 food transport, 28, 29 energy content, 500–501 morphology and physiology female larvae, 499 dorsal and ventral eyes, 34 laying eggs, 503 DRA, 35–36 linear polarization and areas, water, 501 photon arrival on retina, 36 male nymphs, P. longicauda, 499 photoreceptors, celestial polarization mass swarmings, 499 analysis, 34, 36 natural dispersal processes, insects, Scarabaeus deludens and Scarabaeus 498–499 goryi,37 riparian habitats, 503 Scarabaeus zambesianus,34 sex-ratio, 501, 503 at night swarming individuals, 501 celestial orientation, Milky Way, 33–34 dim polarization pattern, moonlit sky, 33, 34 C nocturnal orientation behaviour, 33 Caecilians, 250 straight-line orientation, 33 Canopylight, 357, 358 orientation task, 28, 29 Cattails (Typha spp.) during twilight, 32 emergent vegetation, 334–335 Beer–Lambert’s (BL) law imaging polarimetry, 337, 338 attenuation coefficient, 324–325 mowing, 335, 337–339 exponential equation, 324 polarization visibility, 335–338 integral form, 324 reflection-polarization patterns, 338 light source and sensor, 327 Central complex (CX) network Mie interaction, 325–326 beyond, 98–100 Rayleigh scattering, 325 columnar neurons, 89 scattering/absorption efficiency, 325, 326 input stage, 90–93 Birds, polarisation vision intermediate stage, 91, 93–95 behavioural evidence, 287 output stage, 92, 95–96 celestial orientation and migration physiological evidence, proposed avian magnetic compass, 279–280 information flow, 96–98 songbirds, 280–281 pontine neurons, 89 stellar compass, 280 processing stages, 89, 90 time-compensated sun compass, 280 protocerebral bridge (PB) and paired cones and oil droplets, 276, 277 noduli, 88 diving, 276 tangential neurons, 88–89 DRAs and monarch butterflies, 413 upper and lower divisions of central body free-flying migratory songbirds, 284 (CBU, CBL), 88 high temporal resolution, FFF, 276 Cephalopods magnetoreception, 258 arsenal of iridophores, 14 oil droplet mechanism, 278–279 coding and processing, information insects, physiological mechanism, 287–288 218 Savannah sparrows, 284–287 colour vision, 220 twilight period communication, 221–222 bluefin tunas, spike dives, 284 and crustaceans, 14, 173, 177, 191 flight altitude profile, 281–282 honeybees sensitivity, 217–218 high-altitude ascent flights, 282–283 identification, 219–220 ultraviolet (UV) range, 276–278 intensity-based acuity, 220–221 640 Index Cephalopods (cont.) LCP reflection, evolutionary significance, optomotor systems, 220 153 orthogonal orientations, 218 Protaetia cuprea scarabs, 153, 160, polarization vision systems, 18 161–163, 165, 167 rhabdomeric structure, photoreceptors, 218 Protaetia jousselini scarabs, 154, 156–158 signals, 223 Scarabaeidae, subfamilies, 151 surroundings, 221 vegetation environment, 152 survey, 218, 219 Cloud distribution, 598–599 terrestrial and marine organisms, 221 Cockchafers Cetonia aurata, CP vision atmospheric optical models lack of visual function, experiments, canopylight, 357, 358 161–168 downwelling light, degree of LC polarizing exocuticle, 167 polarization, 357, 359–360 pheromones, 167 partially polarized sunlight, 358 stimulus beetles, 166 polarized intensity, 357, 359, 360 Chironomids blue spectral and polarization, DRA, 355, egg density, 520 356 microvilli arrangement, 519 cricket Gryllus campestris, 355 polarization and intensity of light, degree of skylight polarization, 355 experiments, 518–519 E-vector (direction/angle of polarization) polarization egg-trapping, 558 pattern, 357 pre-oviposition behaviour, 519 green sensitive receptors, DRA reproductive behaviour, 518 Melolontha melolontha, 357, 362 TOC concentrations, water, 519–520 Parastizopus armaticeps, 362, 363 Chrysina gloriosa (jewel scarabs) logarithmic quantum, 360, 361 circularly polarizing exocuticle, 161 receptor-physiological approach, 361 foliage-reflected skylight, polarization, 161 “UV-sky-pol paradox”, 356 LCP and an RCP polarizer., 158–160 Compass behaviour, polarization phototactic response and flight orientation, Australian desert ants, Melophorus bagoti, 159 11 UP vs. LCP vs. RCP experiment, 159 by bees and ants, 10 Circular polarisation sensitivity (CPS), 176,