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(SCADA) Systems NCS TIB 04-1 NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM TECHNICAL INFORMATION BULLETIN 04-1 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems October 2004 OFFICE OF THE MANAGER NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM P.O. Box 4052 Arlington, VA 22204-4052 Office of the Manager National Communications System October 2004 By Communication Technologies, Inc. 14151 Newbrook Drive, Suite 400 Chantilly, Virginia 20151 703-961-9088 (Voice) 703-961-1330 (Fax) www.comtechnologies.com Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems Abstract The goal of this Technical Information Bulletin (TIB) is to examine Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and how they may be used by the National Communications System (NCS) in support of National Security and Emergency Preparedness (NS/EP) communications and Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP). An overview of SCADA is provided, and security concerns are addressed and examined with respect to NS/EP and CIP implementation. The current and future status of National, International, and Industry standards relating to SCADA systems is examined. Observations on future trends will be presented. Finally, recommendations on what the NCS should focus on with regards SCADA systems and their application in an NS/EP and CIP environment are presented. i ii Table of Contents Executive Summary.................................................................................................................. ES-1 1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 1 2.0 SCADA Overview................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Field Data Interface Devices......................................................................................... 6 2.2 Communications Network............................................................................................ 7 2.3 Central Host Computer ................................................................................................. 7 2.4 Operator Workstations and Software Components....................................................... 8 3.0 SCADA Architectures ......................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Monolithic SCADA Systems...................................................................................... 10 3.2 Distributed SCADA Systems...................................................................................... 10 3.3 Networked SCADA Systems...................................................................................... 12 4.0 SCADA Protocols................................................................................................................ 15 4.1 IEC 60870-5-101........................................................................................................ 15 4.2 DNP3........................................................................................................................... 19 5.0 Deploying SCADA Systems................................................................................................ 31 5.1 Twisted-Pair Metallic Cable ....................................................................................... 31 5.2 Coaxial Metallic Cable ............................................................................................... 31 5.3 Fiber Optic Cable........................................................................................................ 32 5.4 Power Line Carrier...................................................................................................... 33 5.5 Satellites...................................................................................................................... 34 5.6 Leased Telephone Lines ............................................................................................. 35 5.7 Very High Frequency Radio ....................................................................................... 35 5.8 Ultra High Frequency Radio....................................................................................... 36 5.8.1 Point-to-Point.................................................................................................. 36 5.8.2 Multiple Address Radio Systems.................................................................... 37 5.8.3 Spread Spectrum Radio................................................................................... 38 5.9 Microwave Radio........................................................................................................ 38 6.0 Security and Vulnerability of SCADA Systems.................................................................. 41 6.1 Attacks Against SCADA Systems.............................................................................. 41 6.2 Developing a SCADA Security Strategy.................................................................... 46 7.0 SCADA Standards Organizations........................................................................................ 49 7.1 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) .................................... 49 7.2 American National Standards Institute ....................................................................... 49 7.3 Electric Power Research Institute ............................................................................... 50 7.4 International Electrotechnical Commission................................................................ 51 7.5 DNP3 Users Group..................................................................................................... 52 8.0 Observations and Conclusions............................................................................................. 54 9.0 Recommendations................................................................................................................ 55 Appendix A - Acronyms............................................................................................................... 57 Appendix B - References.............................................................................................................. 60 Appendix C - Bibliography........................................................................................................... 61 iii List of Figures Figure 2.1: Current SCADA Communications Media................................................................... 5 Figure 2.2: Typical SCADA System .............................................................................................. 5 Figure 3.1: First Generation SCADA Architecture ...................................................................... 11 Figure 3.2: Second Generation SCADA Architecture.................................................................. 12 Figure 3.3: Third Generation SCADA System............................................................................. 13 Figure 4.1: Enhanced Performance Architecture......................................................................... 16 Figure 4.2: Structure of ADSUs in IEC 60870-5-101 (1995-11................................................... 19 Figure 4.3: DNP3 Client Server Relationship............................................................................... 22 Figure 4.4: Common DNP3 Architectures in Use Today............................................................. 24 Figure 4.5: DNP3 Layers .............................................................................................................. 26 Figure 6.1: Relationship Between Corporate and SCADA .......................................................... 46 List of Tables Table 1.1: Matrix of NE/EP Requirements..................................................................................... 2 Table 5.1: Twisted-Pair Advantages/Disadvantages .................................................................... 31 Table 5.2: Coaxial Cable Advantages/Disadvantages .................................................................. 32 Table 5.3: Fiber Optic Cable Advantages/Disadvantages ............................................................ 33 Table 5.4: Power Line Carrier Advantages/Disadvantages .......................................................... 34 Table 5.5: Satellite Advantages/Disadvantages............................................................................ 35 Table 5.6: Leased Circuits Advantages/Disadvantages................................................................ 35 Table 5.7: VHF Radio Advantages/Disadvantages ...................................................................... 36 Table 5.8: Point-to-Point UHF Radio Advantages/ ...................................................................... 37 Table 5.9: MARS UHF Radio Advantages/Disadvantages .......................................................... 38 Table 5.10: Spread Spectrum Radio Advantages/Disadvantages................................................. 38 Table 5.11: Microwave Radio Advantages/Disadvantages ......................................................... 40 Table 6.1: SCADA Attack Matrix ................................................................................................ 43 iv Executive Summary The National Communications System (NCS), Technology and Programs Division (N2) develops and implements national level programs that provide for an enduring and effective telecommunications infrastructure to fulfill
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