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Bookends Plus© Per Macintosh Informatica documentaria Bookends Plus© per Macintosh Francesco Dell’Orso1 Servizio per le attività di documentazione bibliografica Un programma per gestire archivi bibliografici Facoltà di scienze della formazione Università degli studi di Perugia su microelaboratore [email protected] All’interno dei cosiddetti BFS Forse non da ora la stabilità è la sione; stampa; esportazione; sort; (Bibliography Formatting Soft- prima virtù del software, perché caricamento dati per via manuale ware) – atti a ben altro che solo un software instabile non è usabi- o per importazione anche con ri- formattare le citazioni bibliografi- le in modo produttivo e fa danna- formattazione; correzioni globali; che in vista della stampa – la pat- re. Quando poi la stabilità si co- formattazione di un dattiloscritto tuglia di quelli che funzionano su niuga a un’onesta efficienza di contenente richiami ai record; ge- Mac è evidentemente esigua.2 In prestazioni, a un prezzo contenuto stione di elenchi di voci; intercet- sintesi: il capofila, Papyrus, è chiu- e soprattutto alla durata nel tem- tamento dei record doppi; ospitali- so, funziona sempre, eccellente, è po, affiorano motivi consistenti tà per documenti esterni (testi, gra- perfino gratuito ma non avrà svi- per apprezzare il prodotto su que- fici, suoni) come allegati; ha sue luppo,3 ProCite su Mac è fermo sta base più che su quella della funzioni interne di manutenzione dal 2001 alla versione 5; continua ricchezza, novità, brillantezza del- dei database. Gli mancano invece, a marciare EndNote (v. 7 per Mac le sole prestazioni. Per esemplifi- come ad altri BFS: cliente interno OS X). Vale quindi oltremodo la care: Papyrus è enormemente più per ricerca Z39.50; thesaurus; fun- pena di illustrare Bookends, pro- ricco, articolato, sofisticato, inno- zioni numeriche o di gestione bi- dotto della Sonny Software che dal vativo di Bookends, ma oggi che bliotecaria (prestiti ecc.). Non la- 1983 viene sviluppato per Apple e non viene più sviluppato, ed è vora in rete, non consente, se non poi per Macintosh.4 gratuito, è allora semplicemente limitatamente, di modificare la Senza multinazionali alle spalle, comparabile con Bookends? struttura del database quanto a tipi evolve tenacemente attraverso i Quest’ultimo ha in grosso tutte le di documenti trattabili e di campi tempi, e dunque attraverso i muta- funzioni principali di un program- prevedibili, non offre alcuna fun- menti tecnologici, si adatta e si ma della sua categoria: ricerca, a li- zione che agisca contemporanea- espande: funziona in ambiente OS velli diversi di modalità e di preci- mente su più archivi. X, lavora con nuovi videoscrittura (e comunque non solo MS$: da Tab. 1 - Carta d’identità di Bookends Plus Nisus a Mellel), si allarga a funzio- ni che sfruttano Internet (connes- Prezzi e condizioni d’acquisto: ca $US 100, solo per scarico da Internet con acquisto in sione diretta a sistemi remoti e im- ambiente protetto, licenza di tipo shareware. portazione trasparente), disvela Produttore: Sonny Software, Bethesda (MD, USA): <http://www.sonnysoftware.com/>. costole tecniche della sua struttura Versione demo: <http://www.sonnysoftware.com/download.html>, operatività integrale, ma solo fino a 50 record; Reference Miner 1.2.1, gratuito, per fare ricerche in Internet e offrendo una ricerca SQL/Regex. scaricare record in Bookends. È scritto e commercializzato dal Requisiti di sistema: CPU processore: PowerPc; OS: Mac OS X 10.1.x o super.; Mac OS ruvido e competente Jonathan Classic 8.6 o super.; RAM: 12 Mb; Hard disk 35 Mb. 5 Numero di database gestibili: indefinito. Ashwell. Programma longevo, in Numero di record per database: indefinito. continuo aggiornamento, ha un Numero di caratteri per record: indefinito. prezzo allettante di 100 dollari Numero di caratteri per campo: indefinito (lunghezza variabile). Tipi di documento trattabili: 17+4 vuoti, non se ne creano di nuovi. USA (e ancor meno per studenti), Numero di campi per record: 16, non se ne creano di nuovi. una panoplia di procedure e fun- Numero di stili di output: ca 120 e se ne possono creare altri. zioni soddisfacente, aspetti che Numero di filtri di import: ca 35 e se ne possono creare altri. Indici/liste di termini: 4 forniti di base, ma ogni campo può venire indicizzato con una sanno fare accettare le connesse sua lista. assenze e limitazioni. Biblioteche oggi – maggio 2004 27 Informatica documentaria La struttura di ogni database è ver- Ogni database che si crea nasce nelle liste il loro rapporto 1:1 col ticale e, come si suol dire, “piatta” compiutamente strutturato: dicias- campo da cui provengono, perché (flat file): archivio -> record -> sette tipi di documento trattabili e uno stesso nome sarà nei distinti campi e sottocampi solo per i no- due vuoti definibili.6 Sedici campi elenchi degli autori e in quello dei mi e l’anno nelle date. Mancano in tutto,7 più due neutri: non se ne traduttori (editors) se la persona dunque legami orizzontali diretti creano di nuovi, si può solo cam- ha svolto entrambe le attività per fra i record e fra le voci, ma fun- biarne il nome (figura 1). I loro at- opere diverse, ma se ricorre solo ziona ovviamente la triangolazione tributi sono fissi (cosa è una data, come traduttore non starà fra gli per cui più record con un sogget- un campo autori ecc.) e non tra- autori: non ci sarà, insomma, un to comune sono da ciò accomuna- sferibili, posso però decidere di unico elenco dei nomi. Le liste so- ti, indicizzati, listati e reperibili. avere liste dei termini contenuti no dunque proprio l’indice dei Esistono anche i “gruppi”, che so- nei campi non solo per i quattro campi da cui emanano, e non no riunioni virtuali, non fisiche, di standard già previsti (author, edi- strutture fruibili da più campi o da record, e ci permettono di tenere tor, journal, keyword), ma per più database, non vi si importano mazzetti di record anche come in- ogni campo. Potrò usare tali liste liste esterne già preparate, non siemi frastagliati non accomunati sia come indici da scorrere per re- contengono né note né rinvii. da alcuna voce d’indice: ci metto perire record, sia come elenchi Solo quelle dei titoli di riviste ciò che voglio, gli articoli da rileg- d’appoggio in catalogazione per (journal glossaries) sono vere liste gere o citare nella prossima lezio- catturare voci già presenti (miglio- autonome e non indici, compren- ne, quanto è da chiedere in foto- rando al solito efficienza e corret- dono forma estesa, abbreviata e copia... tezza...). Può essere antipatico sigla e sono condivisibili fra più database (figura 2). Fig. 1 - Un esempio di scheda per un articolo di rivista In ogni caso tutti i campi sono in- dicizzati (anche senza liste) ai fini di ricerca, immediatamente in tem- po reale. Come al solito non c’è uno stand- ard descrittivo, catalografico, di base: né MARC, né AACR2, né ISBD hanno cittadinanza nell’am- bito della citazione bibliografica, e tutti gli altri criteri sono possibilità sullo stesso piano, rilevanti più per l’output che per l’input che può avvenire anche per importa- zione automatica. Ciò vale per Chicago Style e Science, per Index Medicus e Turabian ecc. A mag- gior ragione non si parla di norme di riferimento per l’indicizzazione semantica, dove le parole chiave saranno quelle dell’utilizzatore o quelle del database da cui si im- porta, perlopiù a struttura post- coordinata. La fase manuale di immissione da- ti si può avvalere di comandi di copia campo e record precedente- mente visitati, delle liste dei termi- ni, delle liste dei titoli di riviste per decidere, già nella scheda, se ave- re la forma estesa o quella abbre- viata. Manca un correttore ortogra- fico (a certuni aggrada per l’ab- 28 Biblioteche oggi – maggio 2004 Informatica documentaria Fig. 2 - Una lista di titoli di riviste con forma abbreviata ed estesa quale si eseguono ricerche su Amazon, PubMed e Library of Congress: individuato il record lo si importa in Bookends in modo assolutamente trasparente ovvero grazie al trascinamento del mouse (figura 3). Di certo si possono im- portare record da file statici scritti su disco o dalla cartella appunti (clipboard). Quanto alla funzione di ricerca so- no predisposti più approcci: si va dallo scorrere liste che puntano anche contestualmente ai record indicizzati (browsing), a fare ricer- che nelle detestabili finestrelle con i pulsantini per gli operatori boo- leani. Questa lue degli interfaccia di ricerca, da OPAC a BFS fino ai database bibliografici su web o cd- stract). La funzione di cambiamen- adattabile o clonabile come sche- rom, pare la panacea che coniuga to globale in un archivio “piatto”, ma per UNIMARC. La procedura potenza e semplicità: normalmen- come si diceva (non relazionale prevede opzioni per estrarre parti te limita invece le possibilità di fra l’altro), è di primaria rilevanza del campo, per aggiungere testo, una ricerca da linea di comando, per manipolare i record: cambiare oltre che per fondere o ignorare perché inibisce le espressioni for- il contenuto di un campo, spostar- campi. Bookends può viaggiare mulate dall’utente forgiandole di lo, eliminarlo, cambiare il tipo di con un compagnuccio che si chia- forza. Scansione degli elementi documento, aggiungere stringhe..., ma Reference Miner, gratuito, col (ossia parentesi) e priorità fra gli tutto ciò è disponibile a buon li- vello in Bookends anche con l’uso Fig. 3 - Ricerca con Reference Miner nel catalogo della Library of di caratteri jolly (wildcards) per le Congress e scarico di Bookends sottostringhe. I record duplicati (infestanti con le correnti importazioni dall’esterno) possono venire intercettati con un algoritmo di comparazione adatta- bile dall’utente. Altra maniera di inserire i dati in un database è quella non manuale che si chiama importazione, la cui incidenza e diffusione aumenta con la disponibilità oggi enorme- mente accresciuta di record prele- vabili, gratuitamente o a pagamen- to (questo perlopiù forfettario e di livello istituzionale, non persona- le), da database bibliografici e da cataloghi di biblioteca.
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