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Species Diversity and Distribution Pattern of Aphidiinae (Hym.: Braconidae) in Kerman Province, Iran

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Species Diversity and Distribution Pattern of Aphidiinae (Hym.: Braconidae) in Kerman Province, Iran J. Crop Prot. 2017, 6 (2): 245-257______________________________________________________ Research Article Species diversity and distribution pattern of Aphidiinae (Hym.: Braconidae) in Kerman province, Iran Shima Ghotbi Ravandi, Majid Askari Hesni* and Seyed Massoud Madjdzadeh Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Abstract: Aphidiinae is one of the most important subfamilies of Braconidae, species of which play an important role in biological control of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea). In this study, the effects of humidity and temperature on the density and dispersal of different species of the subfamily Aphidiinae were investigated in three different ecological areas of Bardsir (Kerman province), located in southeast Iran. Specimens were collected by a hand net on field crops in three stations (Bardsir, Lalehzar and Negar) during March to November 2013. Altogether nine species belonging to five genera (Aphidius, Praon, Diaeretiella, Trioxys and Lysiphlebus) were recorded from these areas. The results revealed that the majority of species were found in the area with temperature between 18 to 20 °C and/ or with humidity rate of 34 to 39%, 40.1 and 50.6 percent of specimens respectively. Most of the collected members of this subfamily were found in the average temperature of 18.5 ± 1.13 °C. Trioxys complanatus Quilis, 1931 was the dominant species. According to biodiversity and ecological indices, species diversity and dispersal were different in the three stations. In conclusion, temperature and humidity have great impact on species diversity and distribution pattern of Aphidiinae. Keywords: humidity, temperature, diversity, ecological indices Introduction12 eight species and 17 genera of Aphidiinae are Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 21:33 IRST on Friday September 24th 2021 listed in Iran (Barahoei et al., 2014). Species of Aphidiinae is one of the most important this subfamily play an important role in subfamilies of the Braconidae. All known biological control of aphid pests, therefore species are exclusively solitary endoparasitoids study on their taxonomy and ecology is of aphids (Starý, 1970; Kavallieratos et al., important and helpful (Powell 1994; Rehman 2001, 2004; Rakhshani et al., 2007; Tomanović and Powell, 2010). et al., 2003; Barahoei et al. 2013, 2014). Climatic factors, especially temperature and This parasitic swamps has great impacts on humidity affect the life cycles and activities of reduction of aphid populations (Mackauer and Aphidiinae. Temperature plays a key role in the Starý, 1967; Starý, 1970, 1988; Kavallieratos et regulation of population growth in different al., 2001, 2004). The Aphidiinae includes about seasons (Starý, 1966; Malina and Praslikca, 60 genera and 400 species worldwide (Starý, 2008). It also affects population dynamics of 1973; Starý, 1988; Yu et al., 2012). Seventy insects mainly by influencing developmental time (Campbell et al., 1974), longevity (Starý, Handling Editor: George Japoshvili 1970), mortality (Leather et al., 1993) and ________________________________ reproduction (Carriere and Boivin, 2001) In the * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] . Received: 9 June 2016, Accepted: 26 May 2017 same way, humidity has also important role in Published online: 14 July 2017 245 Species diversity and distribution pattern of Aphidiinae _________________________________ J. Crop Prot. distribution and duration of different stages of effects of microclimatic factors (humidity and development of insects (Noorman and Den Otter, temperature) on their population density and 2002). As in other insects also in the aphids, a distribution patterns of this group and to record certain ideal developmental temperature may be the ecological indices in their dispersal and experimentally recognized. The optimal diversity. temperature varies in different species. In general, it seems to be lower in the forest-type Materials and Methods than in the steppe-type habitats that are occupied Study areas by parasitic species (Wolda, 1978b). Below a Sampling was conducted during March to certain low temperature, the parasitoid does not November 2013 in three locations including develop, while higher temperatures can be Negar, Dashtkar and Lalezar (5 sites in each detrimental. Sometimes the diapause may be also location) situated around Bardsir county in induced experimentally, if the parasitoid is Kerman province (Fig. 1), southeast Iran. Bardsir transferred to a high but not lethal temperature is located in semi dried, temperate to cool (Brodeur and McNeil, 1989; Polgár et al., 1991; climatic region. The mean annual rainfall is Christiansen-Weniger and Hardie, 1999). This is 91.95mm. Negar covers an area of 125ha which also the response of some parasitoids to high is located about 29km southeast of Bardsir temperature in the field (Starý, 1966). Studies on County. It is located in semi dried, temperate to the effects of environmental factors on cool climatic region. Dashtkar is located about 8 Aphidiinae biodiversity are very few. km southeast of Bardsir County. It has a plain Considering the significant regulatory effect of situation with warm and dry to temperate these parasitoids on the population of pest climate. Lalehzar is located about 75km aphids, it is important to survey the effect of southeast of Bardsir County. It has a foothill environmental factors on their efficiency as plain situation with temperate and semi dried parasitoids. The aim of this study was to identify climate. Data of elevation and geographical the Aphidiinae species and also to investigate the positions of the stations are shown in table 1. Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 21:33 IRST on Friday September 24th 2021 Figure 1 Map of Bardsir city indicating collecting sites. 246 Ghotbi Ravandi et al. _________________________________________________________ J. Crop Prot. (2017) Vol. 6 (2) Table 1 Geographical positions of the stations. uzbekistanicus Luzhetski, 1960, Trioxys complanatus Quilis, 1931, Praon volucre Station Position Elevation (m) Rainfall (mm/y) (Haliday, 1833), P. exoletum Nees, 1811, Negar 2951 N 2087 80.7 ± 15.3 Lysiphlebus fabarum (Maeshall 1896) and 5647 E Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh, 1855) were Dashtkar 2955 N 2111 95.91 ± 25.2 identified. Majority of specimens were 5640 E collected from alfalfa fields. The maximum Lalehzar 2865 197.5 ± 17.8 2932 N density of specimens, 40.1 and 50.6 percent, 5650 E was captured in the range of humidity 34% to Sampling 39% and temperature 18 °C to 20 °C Specimens were collected by insect net from respectively. The greatest number of specimens arable lands of alfalfa (the most common of this subfamily were found in the average cultivated plant). They were captured using an temperature of 18.5 ± 1.13 °C. Captured species aspirator to be dropped directly inside 75% ethyl and their distribution in each station on alcohol for later studies. The specimens were then different host plants are shown in Table 2. softened in laboratory using AXA method and Aphidius smithi was most frequently in Negar mounted on triangular point card. The external and Lalehzar stations (23 and 19 respectively), morphology of specimens was examined using a while Trioxys complanatus had the most Nikon SMZ800 stereomicroscope and Lumini- frequency in Dashtkar station (Fig. 2). The greatest numbers of Aphidiinae was observed in microscope Olympus CH-2. Specimens were identified to genus and species level based on L5 station (N = 36), followed by the N1 station female specimens using identification keys of (N = 31) and also the least number of Starý (1976), Rakhshani et al. (2012) and specimens were found in D5, but the host plants Kavallieratos et al. (2001). in three locations was the same (L5, N1 and D5) (Table 2). Statistical Analyses According to environmental parameters in Ecological indices were calculated using three stations (Fig. 3), the highest temperature PAST (PAlaeontological STatistics, version and relative humidity ratio were 22 °C and 40% 1.81) and all indices variables analyzed using in sites 5 and 2 respectively in Negar, while in SPSS 21.00. The t-test was applied to Dashtkar were 33 °C in site 2 and 43% in sites 4 and 5. These parameters were 19.5 °C and Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 21:33 IRST on Friday September 24th 2021 determine if the indices of variables were different within different localities. One-way 39% in sites 4 and 5, respectively in Lalehzar. ANOVA with Duncan Post-hoc test (P < 0.05) The lowest value of temperature and humidity was used to test the significance of indices of were 19.5 °C and 28% in sites 3 and 5, variables. By analyzing the recorded data respectively in Negar. In Dashtkar, it was 23 °C (temperature and humidity) for all stations, in site 1 and 33% in site 2, while in Lalehzar and using the ecological indices including, station it was 17.4 °C in site 1 and 31% in sites Shannon-Weiner, Simpson, Margalef 1 and 4. (Magurran, 2004; Chima et al., 2013), According to acquired data from Evenness, Equitability and Fisher-alpha ecological indices (Table 3, 4 and 5), the (Magurran, 2004; Nautiyal et al., 2015) the maximum and minimum value of each index relationship between the density and climatic in all sites (Negar, Dashtkar, Lalehzar) were conditions was emerged. as fallow: In Negar location (Table 3), the maximum and the minimum value of Results Dominance index belonged to site 5 (0.5062) In this study nine species: Aphidius smithi and site 4 (0.2231). The value of Simpson Sharma and Subba Roa, 1959, A. ervi Haliday, index in all sites was about the same, the 1834, A. matricariae Haliday, 1834, A. maximum and the minimum ratio observed in 247 Species diversity and distribution pattern of Aphidiinae _________________________________ J. Crop Prot. sites 4 and 5 were (0.7769) and (0.4938). (0.9938). Margalef index in different sites Shannon index in all sites except site 5 was variable, the maximum belonged to site 4 (0.687), was more than site 1, and the highest (2.083) and the minimum was in site 5 value belonged to site 4 (1.642).
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