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Governance in Africa: Consolidating the Institutional Foundations

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Governance in Africa: Consolidating the Institutional Foundations ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/64 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Public Economics and Public Administration Governance in Africa: Consolidating the Institutional Foundations United Nations • New York, 1999 Notes The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations “developed” and “developing” economies are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily imply a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. The term “dollar” normally refers to the United States dollar ($). The views expressed are those of the individual authors and do not imply any expression of opinion on the part of the United Nations. Enquiries concerning this publication may be directed to: Mr. Guido Bertucci Director Division for Public Economics and Public Administration Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA Fax: (212) 963-9681 iii Please note that the publications on Public Administration and Development now appear under the symbol ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/.... This is a continuation of the series of publications formerly issued under the symbol ST/TCD/SER.E/.... iv FOREWORD It is expected that efforts to consolidate governance called for an acceleration of the democratic institutions throughout Africa will be rewarded by process, for which the national institutional the fruits of social stability and economic well- framework can be, at best, well grounded, catalytic being. While remarkable strides have been made in and sustainable. Within the United Nations system some circumstances, substantial gaps persist in and the global community, a series of recent countries which are still grappling with the issues activities have highlighted the importance of of civil strife, political instability and poverty. governance issues in Africa. Many of these gaps can be attributed to the In June 1995, the Organization of African Unity continued existence of fragile political, social and (OAU) adopted the Cairo Agenda for Action, economic institutions. Strong and dependable designed to relaunch Africa’s economic and social institutions provide frameworks within which development. The OAU members recognized that people can work jointly towards positive common “democracy, good governance, peace, security, futures. Strong institutional frameworks in social stability and justice are among the most essential and economic governance will provide the enabling factors in African socioeconomic development”, environment for development when they can ensure and committed themselves to “ensure the speedy foresight, strategies and implementation follow- promotion of good governance, characterized by through to meet the challenges of diverse regional accountability, probity, transparency, equal appli- situations and a turbulent global economy. These cation of the rule of law and a clear separation of frameworks extend beyond the civic society fabric powers, as an objective and a condition for rapid and the legal basis to include institutions, such as and sustainable development in African society.” creative think tanks, strong operational ministries, robust court and police systems and lively In March 1996, the Secretary-General of the community and civil society processes. United Nations launched the United Nations systemwide Special Initiative for Africa, as the Through increased capacity-building and manage- operational arm of the United Nations New ment improvement, both the State and private Agenda for the Development of Africa in the sectors, as well as civil society institutions, can 1990s. As part of this special initiative, a focused gain the respect and trust of the people. National subprogramme emerged, entitled the Special institutions, such as the constitution, the parlia- Initiative on Governance in Africa, which recog- ment, the judiciary, the public service and local nized that sound institutions and a productive governments, can be strengthened and, where interface with civil society provide a solid foun- appropriate, their actions can be coordinated. Their dation for transparent, responsible and effective products and services can be surveyed and governance. improved. Their processes can be made more relevant, transparent and accountable. The various In April 1996, the resumed 50th session of the sectors can be linked and coordinated for maxi- United Nations General Assembly on Public mum growth and dynamism. This strong national Administration and Development, the first General institutional framework represents a consolidation Assembly session in United Nations history of the foundations for good governance in Africa. focusing on the role of public administration and development, issued resolution 50/225, which In 1990, for example, the Addis Ababa Declara- reaffirmed that “transparent and accountable tion by African Heads of State and Governments governance and administration in all sectors of v society are indispensable foundations for • How can the State strengthen the “rule of law” development.” and the relationships among state powers and institutions, including legislative, executive and In July 1997, the First African Forum on Gover- judiciary? nance, held in Addis Ababa, organized by the United Nations Development Programme’s • How to nurture a functional and mutually Regional Bureau for Africa and the United Nations beneficial relationship between citizens and Economic Commission for Africa, brought state institutions? and together a select number of African governments to • How to enhance the public service in its role to review their national governance programmes. The facilitate economic and social development? Global Conference on Governance, organized by the Management Development and Governance The Conference was divided into two parts. The Division of the United Nations Development first two days were devoted to a roundtable of emi- Programme, in cooperation with the United nent persons drawn from within and outside Africa Nations Department of Economic and Social with relevant experience in societal and governance Affairs, provided a valuable platform for the transformation. An additional 75 other distin- exchange of international experiences in improving guished conference participants, representing state governance practices. institutions, local governments, non-governmental organizations, academicians, women's organiza- Many international nongovernmental organizations tions, professional associations and the press, have also held dialogues on governance issues. The attended the roundtable as observers, and then Global Coalition for Africa provides a framework continued their discussion during the three-day for donor and recipient countries to discuss future workshop that followed, focusing on elaborating directions of development assistance. the strategies suggested by the roundtable Achieving sustainable human development and participants. A number of multilateral and bilateral economic growth requires initiatives built on: (1) organizations also attended the workshop as firm institutional foundations; (2) a commitment of observers and cosponsors. all actors to principles that will facilitate the After an initial plenary discussion, the workshop judicious exercise of power; (3) adherence to participants divided into three working groups: professionalism and ethical behaviour in public service; and (4) an active and responsible civil • Modalities for strengthening the rule of law and society interacting with state institutions interrelations between key governance constructively. institutions (legislative, executive, and judiciary); place and role of the constitution; Contributing to this dialogue, the United Nations and legal and legislative framework; Department of Economic and Social Affairs and the United Nations Economic Commission for • The role of the public service; and Africa jointly organized the “Conference on Gover- • Configurations of the public service/civil nance in Africa: Consolidating the Institutional society interface, including building “social Foundations.” The Conference made recommenda- capital.” tions on how to strengthen governing institutions and maintain a dynamic balance between them in This report includes the main points raised at the order to create an appropriate foundation for good Conference. governance. To this end, the conference delibera- tions addressed the following thematic areas: Guido Bertucci Director Division for Public Economics and Public vi Administration Department of Economic and Social Affairs CONTENTS Foreword .....................................................iii Message of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Mr. Kofi Annan ..... 1 Keynote Address by Dr. Julius K. Nyerere, Former President of the United Republic of Tanzania and Chairman of the South Centre ........ 3 Summary of the Conference Deliberations ............................. 9 Introduction ................................................ 11 Governance and Institutional Development ........................ 12 The Public Service and Development ............................. 16 The Role of Civil
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