Appendix E-Applicant's Environmental Report, Peach Bottom Atomic

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Appendix E-Applicant's Environmental Report, Peach Bottom Atomic 0 U 0 (I): p.', me 3 g ED 3 m .i L0. mq to Lz I- hE Appendix E Applicant's Environmental Report Operating License Renewal Stage Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station Units 2 and 3 Exelon Generation Company, LLC Docket Nos. 50-277 and 50-278 License Nos. DPR-44 and DPR-56 Appendix E - Environmental Report Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................. E.AA-1 1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................... E.1-1 1.1 Purpose of and Need for Action ........................................................... E.1-1 1.2 Environmental Report Scope and Methodology .................................. E. 1-2 1.3 Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station Licensee and Ownership ..... E.1-3 1.4 References ...................................................................................... E. 1-4 2.0 Site and Environmental Interfaces .................................................................. E.2-1 2.1 Location and Features ......................................................................... E.2-1 2.2 Aquatic and Riparian Ecological Communities .................................... E.2-2 2.2.1 Hydrology .............................................................................. E.2-2 2.2.2 Aquatic Comm unities ............................................................ E.2-3 2.3 Groundwater Resources ...................................................................... E.2-6 2.4 Critical and Im portant Terrestrial Habitats ............................................ E.2-7 2.5 Endangered and Threatened Species ................................................. E.2-9 2.6 Regional Demography ....................................................................... E.2-12 2.7 Econom ic Base ................................................................................. E.2-17 2.8 Taxes ................................................................................................. E.2-18 2.9 Land Use Planning ............................................................................ E.2-20 2.10 Social Services and Public Facilities .................................................. E.2-24 2.10.1 Public W ater Supply ............................................................ E.2-24 2.10.2 Transportation ..................................................................... E.2-25 2.11 Minority and Low-Income Populations ............................................... E.2-27 2.11.1 M inority Populations ............................................................ E.2-27 2.11.2 Low-Income Populations ..................................................... E.2-28 2.12 Meteorology and Air Quality ............................................................... E.2-30 2.13 Historic and Archaeological Resources ............................................. E.2-31 2.14 References ........................................................................................ E.2-32 3.0 Proposed Action ............................................................................................. E.3-1 3.1 General Plant Information .................................................................... E.3-1 3.1.1 Reactor and Containm ent Systems ....................................... E.3-1 3.1.2 Cooling and Auxiliary W ater System s ................................... E.3-3 3.1.2.1 Surface W ater ....................................................... E.3-3 3.1.2.2 Groundwater .......................................................... E.3-7 3.1.3 Transm ission Facilities .......................................................... E.3-7 3.2 Refurbishment Activities .................................................................... E.3-1 0 3.3 Programs and Activities for Managing the Effects of Aging ............... E.3-11 Page E-ii PBAPS License Renewal Application Page E-ii Appendix E - Environmental Report Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Section Page 3.4 Employment ....................................................................................... E.3-12 3.5 Conowingo Dam and Hydroelectric Facility ....................................... E.3-15 3.6 References ........................................................................................ E.3-16 4.0 Environmental Consequences of the Proposed Action and Mitigating A ctio ns ............................................................................................................ E .4 -1 4.1 Water Use Conflicts (Plants with Cooling Ponds or Cooling Towers Using Makeup Water from a Small River with Low Flow) ........ E.4-6 4.2 Entrainment of Fish and Shellfish in Early Life Stages ........................ E.4-8 4.3 Impingement of Fish and Shellfish ..................................................... E.4-1 1 4.4 Heat Shock ........................................................................................ E.4-13 4.5 Groundwater Use Conflicts (Plants Using > 100 GPM of Groundwater) ................................................................................. E.4-14 4.6 Groundwater Use Conflicts (Plants Using Cooling Towers W ithdrawing Makeup W ater from a Small River) ............................... E.4-15 4.7 Groundwater Use Conflicts (Plants Using Ranney W ells) .................. E.4-16 4.8 Degradation of Groundwater Quality ................................................. E.4-17 4.9 Impacts of Refurbishment on Terrestrial Resources .......................... E.4-18 4.10 Threatened or Endangered Species .................................................. E.4-19 4.11 Air Quality During Refurbishment (Nonattainment Areas) .................. E.4-21 4.12 Impact on Public Health of Microbiological Organisms ...................... E.4-22 4.13 Electromagnetic Fields - Acute Effects .............................................. E.4-23 4.14 Housing Impacts ................................................................................ E.4-26 4.15 Public Utilities: Public W ater Supply Availability ............................... E.4-28 4.16 Education Impacts from Refurbishment ............................................. E.4-30 4.17 Offsite Land Use ................................................................................ E.4-31 4.17.1 Refurbishment ..................................................................... E.4-31 4.17.2 License Renewal Term ........................................................ E.4-32 4.18 Transportation .................................................................................... E.4-35 4.19 Historic and Archaeological Resources ............................................. E.4-36 4.20 Severe Accident Mitigation Alternatives ............................................. E.4-37 4.20.1 Methodology ........................................................................ E.4-38 4.20.2 Level 3 PSA Analysis .......................................................... E.4-39 4.20.2.1 Population ........................................................... E.4-40 4.20.2.2 Economy and Agriculture .................................... E.4-41 4.20.2.3 Other Plant Specific Data .................................... E.4-41 4.20.3 Conversion of PBAPS PSA Model Results to Level 3 Output ..................................................................... E.4-42 PBAPS License Renewal Application Page E-iii Appendix E - Environmental Report Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Section Paqe 4.20.3.1 Identification of Required Parameters ................. E.4-42 4.20.3.2 Determination of Population Dose Risk (0-50 Miles) ......................................................... E.4-43 4.20.3.3 Determination of Offsite Economic Cost Risk ............................................................. E.4-44 4.20.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis .......................................................... E.4-45 4.20.5 Phase I SAMA Analysis: SAMA Candidates and Screening Process .............................................................. E.4-51 4.20.6 Phase i1 SAMA Analysis ...................................................... E.4-54 4.20.6.1 Phase II SAMA NUMBER 1, Enhance Procedural Guidance for Use of Cross-tied Component Cooling or Service Water Pumps ........................ E.4-55 4.20.6.2 Phase II SAMA Number 11, Provide Additional DC Battery Capacity ............................................ E.4-56 4.20.6.3 Phase II SAMA Number 13, Develop Procedures to Repair or Replace Failed 4-kV Breakers ......... E.4-57 4.20.6.4 Phase II SAMA Number 18, Increase the Safety Relief Valve Re-seat Reliability ................ E.4-57 4.20.6.5 Phase II SAMA Number 21, Install Suppression Pool Jockey Pump for Alternate Injection to the RPV ............................................. E.4-59 4.20.7 Phase II SAMA Analysis Summary ..................................... E.4-60 4.20.8 Conclusions ......................................................................... E.4-61 4.21 References ........................................................................................ E.4-62 5.0 Assessment of New and Significant Information ............................................ E.5-1 6.0 Summary of License Renewal Impacts and Mitigating Actions ...................... E.6-1 6.1 License Renewal Impacts .................................................................... E.6-1 6.2 Mitigation ............................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • History of the Development of Fish Passage Facilities at Ferc Licensed Projects on the Lower Susquehanna River
    HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF FISH PASSAGE FACILITIES AT FERC LICENSED PROJECTS ON THE LOWER SUSQUEHANNA RIVER Peter S. Foote The Louis Berger Group, Inc. 180 Rambling Road East Amherst, NY 14051 HISTORY OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER FISH PASSAGE Original distribution of American shad Early dam construction (1800’s) Hydroelectric dam construction (1904 – 1930) Early shad restoration efforts (1860’s – 1940’s) Modern restoration efforts (1950’s – present) Recent fish passage data HISTORY OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER FISH PASSAGE Susquehanna River Basin HISTORY OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER FISH PASSAGE Original distribution of shad: Up to Binghamton, NY, over 300 miles from the river mouth Larger tributaries such as the Juniata River Pennsylvania landings of an estimated 2 million pounds (670,000 fish) Additional landings in NY, MD, VA HISTORY OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER FISH PASSAGE Seine haul – mouth of Susquehanna River, late 1800’s HISTORY OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER FISH PASSAGE Early dam construction (1800’s) 1830’s – canal feeder dam construction Columbia Dam (1835) had greatest effect – only 43 miles from river mouth Also problems with poor water quality and over harvest Shad runs significantly declined from 1835 – 1890 (PA landings of 205,000 pounds) Mid 1890’s – abandonment of canal feeder dams and small revival of shad fishery (PA landings of 312,000 pounds in 1908) HISTORY OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER FISH PASSAGE Hydroelectric dam construction (1904 – 1930) 1904 – York Haven Dam (river mile 65; 6 – 22 ft high) (may be partially passable) 1910 – Holtwood
    [Show full text]
  • Holtwood Dam Project Final Report
    W&M ScholarWorks CCB Technical Reports Center for Conservation Biology (CCB) 2014 Holtwood Dam project final eporr t Elizabeth K. Mojica The Center for Conservation Biology, [email protected] B. D. Watts The Center for Conservation Biology, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/ccb_reports Recommended Citation Mojica, Elizabeth K. and Watts, B. D., "Holtwood Dam project final eporr t" (2014). CCB Technical Reports. 575. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/ccb_reports/575 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Conservation Biology (CCB) at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in CCB Technical Reports by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BALD EAGLE TELEMETRY AT THE HOLTWOOD REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT CENTER FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY BALD EAGLE TELEMETRY AT THE HOLTWOOD REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT Final Report December 2014 Elizabeth Mojica Bryan Watts, PhD The Center for Conservation Biology College of William and Mary and the Virginia Commonwealth University Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795 Recommended Citation: Mojica, E.K. and B.D. Watts. 2014. Bald Eagle Telemetry at the Holtwood Redevelopment Project: Final report. Center for Conservation Biology Technical Report Series, CCBTR-14-17. College of William and Mary and The Virginia Commonwealth University, Williamsburg, VA. 8pp. Project Funded by: PPL Holtwood, LLC Front Cover: Eagle chicks fitted with GSM-GPS transmitters. Photo by Bryan Watts. The Center for Conservation Biology is an organization dedicated to discovering innovative solutions to environmental problems that are both scientifically sound and practical within today’s social context.
    [Show full text]
  • Susquehanna River Management Plan
    SUSQUEHANNA RIVER MANAGEMENT PLAN A management plan focusing on the large river habitats of the West Branch Susquehanna and Susquehanna rivers of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission Bureau of Fisheries Division of Fisheries Management 1601 Elmerton Avenue P.O. Box 67000 Harrisburg, PA 17106-7000 Table of Contents Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... .ii List of Appendix A Tables ...........................................................................................................iii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... viii Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................ix 1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 2.0 River Basin Features .......................................................................................................5 3.0 River Characteristics ..................................................................................................... 22 4.0 Special Jurisdictions .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Susquehanna River Basin Commission
    Susquehanna River Basin Commission Lower Susquehanna River Publication 288 Subbasin Year-2 October 2013 Focused Watershed Study A Water Quality and Biological Assessment of the Lower Reservoirs of the Susquehanna River Report by Luanne Steffy Aquatic Ecologist SRBC • 4423 N. Front St. • Harrisburg, PA 17110 • 717-238-0423 • 717-238-2436 Fax • www.srbc.net 1 Introduction The Susquehanna River Basin Commission (SRBC) completed a water quality and biological assessment in the lower reservoirs of the Susquehanna River from April-October 2012, as part of the Lower Susquehanna Subbasin Survey Year-2 project (Figure 1). This project was an exploratory pilot study representing the first focused, extensive monitoring effort by SRBC on this portion of the river. The lower reservoirs are located in the final 45 miles of the Susquehanna River before its confluence with the Chesapeake Bay. Three large hydroelectric dam facilities within this reach of river create the three main reservoirs. The objectives of this project were to assess current chemical and biological conditions within the reservoirs while also exploring a variety of assessment methodologies with which to incorporate routine monitoring of the reservoirs into SRBC’s on-going monitoring program. The Subbasin Survey Program is one of SRBC’s longest standing monitoring programs, ongoing since the mid-1980s, and is funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This program consists of two-year assessments in each of the six major subbasins of the Susquehanna River Basin Figure 1. Location of the Lower Reservoir Section of the on a rotating basis. The Year-1 studies involve broad-brush, one- Susquehanna River within the Susquehanna River Basin time sampling efforts of about 100 stream sites to assess water quality, macroinvertebrate communities, and physical habitat three reservoirs serve as drinking water supplies and are also throughout an entire subbasin.
    [Show full text]
  • Restoration of American Shad to the Susquehanna River Annual Progress
    RESTORATION OF AMERICAN SHAD TO THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT 2011 SUSQUEHANNA RIVER ANADROMOUS FISH RESTORATION COOPERATIVE Maryland Department of Natural Resources New York Div. of Fish, Wildlife & Marine Resources Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission Susquehanna River Basin Commission United States Fish and Wildlife Service National Marine Fisheries Service March 2012 i ii Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS AT THE CONOWINGO DAM EAST FISH PASSAGE FACILITY, SPRING 2011 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10 INTRODUCTION 11 CONOWINGO OPERATION 11 Project Operation 11 Fishway Operation 12 Fish Counts 13 RESULTS 13 Relative Abundance 13 American Shad Passage 14 Alosids 14 Maryland tag-recapture 14 SUMMARY 15 RECOMMENDATIONS 16 LITERATURE CITED 16 TABLES AND FIGURES 17 Table 1. Summary of the daily number of fish passed by the Conowingo Dam East Fish Passage Facility in 2011. 17 Table 2. Summary of American shad catch, Maryland DNR recaptures, daily average river flow, water temperature, turbidity (secchi), unit operation, entrance gates utilized, attraction flow, and project water elevations during operation of the Conowingo Dam East fish passage facility in 2011. 19 Table 3. Hourly summary of American shad passage at the Conowingo Dam East Fish Passage Facility in 2011. 20 Table 4. Summary of selected operation and fish catch statistics at the Conowingo Dam East Fish Passage Facility, 1991 to 2011. 22 Table 5. Summary of American shad passage counts and percent passage values at Susquehanna River dams, 1997-2011. 23 Figure 1. Plot of River Flow (as measured at Holtwood Dam) March through June 2011. 24 iii Figure 2. A plot of river flow (x 1000 cfs) and water temperature (°F) as measured at Holtwood Dam, in relationship to the daily American shad catch at the Conowingo East Fish Lift, spring 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Safe Harbor Fish Passage 2012.Pdf
    SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS AT THE SAFE HARBOR FISH PASSAGE FACILITY SPRING 2012 October 2012 SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS AT THE SAFE HARBOR FISH PASSAGE FACILITY SPRING 2012 Prepared for SAFE HARBOR WATER POWER CORPORATION 1 Powerhouse Road Conestoga, Pennsylvania 17516 Prepared by NORMANDEAU ASSOCIATES, INC. 1921 River Road Drumore, Pennsylvania 17518 Normandeau Associates’ Project Number 22751 October 2012 2012 Operations Summary for Safe Harbor Fish Passage Facility TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 SAFE HARBOR OPERATION ................................................................................................. 1 2.1 Project Operation ........................................................................................................................ 1 2.2 Fishway Design and Operation .................................................................................................. 1 2.2.1 Fishway Design .................................................................................................................. 1 2.2.2 Fishway Operation.............................................................................................................. 2 2.3 Fish Counts ................................................................................................................................. 2 3.0 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Shad on the Susquehanna River
    American Shad Restoration and Passage on the Susquehanna River, USA American Shad Restoration and Passage on the Susquehanna River, USA Chris Frese (Kleinschmidt Associates, Strasburg PA, USA) Session 1 : Les actions du programme Life+ Alose / Results of the Allis shad project Today’s Objectives • Historic Overview of Susquehanna River American Shad • Recent Restoration Activities • Passage at Mainstem Hydropower Dams • American Shad Statistics • Near Term Improvements to Restoration • Long Term Restoration Concerns American Shad - A Lost Legacy in the Susquehanna River • American Shad were an important food source for Native Americans • Shad reached the Susquehanna River headwaters near Cooperstown New York; a 640 mile journey • First commercial fishing for Shad in PA established in 1750’s • Shad were abundant in the River prior to the installation of feeder dams for the PA canal system in 1830 Historic Overview - Dams, Pollution and Overfishing • Construction of Columbia Canal Feeder Dam in 1830’s blocked hundreds of miles of spawning habitat • Sizable shad fisheries developed in the River below Columbia Dam and at the head of Chesapeake Bay • In 1866, Pennsylvania Legislature passed a law directing persons or companies that owned dams on the Susquehanna River and certain tributaries to “make, maintain and keep a sluice, weir or other device for the free passage of fish and spawn, up and down the stream…” • This Act created the office of commissioner, appointed by the governor, to oversee and enforce the fish passage provision, the
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Effect of the Conowingo Dam and Reservoir on Bay Water Quality
    Understanding the Effect of the Conowingo Dam and Reservoir on Bay Water Quality Background The Susquehanna River has a major influence on Chesapeake Bay water quality. The Susquehanna watershed is 43% of the land area in Chesapeake Bay watershed and provides about 47% of the freshwater flow to the Bay. With respect to nutrients and sediments, the Susquehanna delivers to the Bay about 41% of the nitrogen, 25% of the phosphorus and 27% of the sediment. A large influencing factor in sediment and nutrient loads from the Susquehanna River watersheds to the Chesapeake Bay are the dams along the lower Susquehanna River, which historically have retained large quantities of sediment and associated nutrient in their reservoirs. The three major dams and their associated reservoirs along the lower Susquehanna River are the Safe Harbor Dam (Lake Clark), Holtwood Dam (Lake Aldred), and the Conowingo Dam (Conowingo Reservoir). Fig 1 – Lower Susquehanna Reservoirs. Holtwood Dam was constructed in 1910 and reached dynamic equilibrium at about 1920. Safe Harbor Dam was constructed in 1931 and reached dynamic equilibrium at about 1950. Conowingo Dam was constructed in 1928 and in 2012 was reported to be at or near dynamic equilibrium. Draft – For internal distribution only. Do Not Cite The two most upstream reservoirs, Lake Clarke and Lake Aldred, have no remaining sediment trapping capacity and have been in long-term equilibrium for 50 years or more. Long-term equilibrium was assumed for these two reservoirs in the 2010 Bay TMDL. The Conowingo Reservoir was assumed to some have long-term some trapping capacity remaining, but now current research has documented that that trapping capacity no longer remains.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix T. Sediments Behind the Susquehanna Dams Technical Documentation
    Appendix T – Chesapeake Bay TMDL Appendix T. Sediments behind the Susquehanna Dams Technical Documentation Assessment of the Susquehanna River Reservoir Trapping Capacity and the Potential Effect on the Chesapeake Bay Prepared for: United States Environmental Protection Agency Prepared by: Tetra Tech, Inc., 10306 Eaton Place, Suite 340, Fairfax, VA 22030 Introduction In developing the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), EPA must account for a vast array of dynamics that affect the loadings to the Chesapeake Bay and how to appropriately assign load allocations to each state. A large influencing factor in sediment and nutrient loads to the Chesapeake Bay are the dams along the lower Susquehanna River, which retain large quantities of sediment in their reservoirs. The three major dams along the lower Susquehanna River are the Safe Harbor Dam, Holtwood Dam, and the Conowingo Dam. This document looks at the dams’ effects on the pollutant loads to the Chesapeake Bay and how those loads will change when the dams no longer function to trap sediment. Sediment Trapping and Storage Capacity Annually, the reservoir system traps approximately 70 percent of the sediment passing through the system (Langland and Hainly 1997). The trapping capacity is the ability of a reservoir to continue storing sediment before reaching an equilibrium, after which the amount of sediment flowing into the reservoir equals the amount leaving the reservoir, and the stored volume of sediment is relatively static. The sediment storage capacity is the actual maximum amount of sediment that can be stored in a reservoir when it is at equilibrium. Safe Harbor Dam (Lake Clarke) and Holtwood Dam (Lake Aldred) Lake Clarke and Lake Aldred have no remaining sediment trapping capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Sediment Deposition in Lake Clarke, Lake Aldred, and Conowingo Reservoir, Pennsylvania and Maryland, 1910-93
    Sediment Deposition in Lake Clarke, Lake Aldred, and Conowingo Reservoir, Pennsylvania and Maryland, 1910-93 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4048 Prepared in cooperation with the PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, BUREAU OF LAND AND WATER CONSERVATION Sediment Deposition in Lake Clarke, Lake Aldred, and Conowingo Reservoir, Pennsylvania and Maryland, 191 0-93 By Lloyd A. Reed and Scott A. Hoffman U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4048 Prepared in cooperation with the PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, BUREAU OF LAND AND WATER CONSERVATION Lemoyne, Pennsylvania 1997 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBIT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director For additional information Copies of this report may be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services 840 Market Street Box 25286 Lemoyne, Pennsylvania 17043-1586 Denver, Colorado 80225-0286 ii CONTENTS Page Abstract .................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................. ............ ............... .......... .......................... 1 Purpose and scope...................................................................... 3 Approach ............ ..... .................. ..... ............................. .. ...... 3 Description of the Susquehanna River Basin ..................................................... 5 Sediment and nutrient transport
    [Show full text]
  • Supporting Information for Low Impact Hydropower Institute’S Certification Questionnaire
    SUPPORTING INFORMATION FOR LOW IMPACT HYDROPOWER INSTITUTE’S CERTIFICATION QUESTIONNAIRE PREPARED FOR: PPL HOLTWOOD, LLC ALLENTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA PREPARED BY: www.KleinschmidtUSA.com JUNE 2013 SUPPORTING INFORMATION FOR LOW IMPACT HYDROPOWER INSTITUTE’S CERTIFICATION QUESTIONNAIRE TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................... 1 2.0 PROJECT OPERATION ........................................................................................................... 6 3.0 SUMMARY OF PROJECT REDEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND AGENCY CONSULTATION ............ 7 A. FLOWS ................................................................................................................... 11 DOCUMENTATION OF RELEVANT STANDARD ......................................................... 12 B. WATER QUALITY ................................................................................................... 12 DESCRIPTION OF RELEVANT STANDARD ................................................................ 13 C. FISH PASSAGE ........................................................................................................ 14 DESCRIPTION OF RELEVANT STANDARD ................................................................ 16 D. WATERSHED PROTECTION ..................................................................................... 17 E. THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES PROTECTION ........................................ 20 ENDANGERED BIRD SPECIES .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Migratory Fish Restoration and Passage on the Susquehanna River
    Migratory Fish Restoration and Passage on the Susquehanna River AA multi-millionmulti-million dollardollar programprogram toto returnreturn AmericanAmerican shadshad toto theirtheir historichistoric rangerange isis wellwell underway.underway. ManyMany importantimportant milestonesmilestones alreadyalready havehave beenbeen achieved.achieved. ThisThis restorationrestoration programprogram isis oneone ofof thethe largestlargest ofof itsits kind.kind. ItIt hashas beenbeen aa modelmodel ofof persistence,persistence, cooperationcooperation andand long-termlong-term commitment.commitment. Few Pennsylvanians are aware that the American shad once ruled the waters of the Susquehanna River and its tributaries. Their sheer abundance made for bountiful harvests each spring during their spawning runs. They were one of Attardo chaels; this page top photo-Art Michaels; small photo-Vic the region’s most valued commodities for commerce and daily living through the 1830s. Tragically, the shad’s natural migratory cycle was broken by human activities, primarily the construction of dams. A multi-million dollar program to return American shad to their historic range is well underway. Many important milestones already have been achieved. This restoration program is one of the largest of its kind. It has been a model of persistence, cooperation and long- term commitment. Restoration program participants are: American Shad • U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chesapeake Bay Program. • National Marine Fisheries Service. • Susquehanna
    [Show full text]