Kunskapssammanställning 2019:5 Airborne Dust Removal Using Mobile Air Cleaner in the Construction Sector

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Kunskapssammanställning 2019:5 Airborne Dust Removal Using Mobile Air Cleaner in the Construction Sector Kunskapssammanställning 2019:5 Airborne Dust Removal using Mobile Air Cleaners in the Construction Sector 1 2 Kunskapssammanställning 2019:5 Airborne Dust Removal using Mobile Air Cleaners in the Construction Sector Authors of the report Joakim Pagels Malin Alsved Vilhelm Malmborg Yuliya Omelekhina Aneta Wierzbicka Mats Bohgard All authors from Ergonomics & Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Faculty of Engineering 3 Advisory Group Åsa Ek: Ergonomics & Aerosol Technology, LU. Expert in safety culture and safety management in the working environment. Tobias Eriksson: Research Insitute of Sweden (RiSE), Borås. Expert on standard testing of air cleaners with a large national network in the field. Maria Hedmer: Occupational & Environmental Medicine, LU. Long experience of research and clinical work involving exposure measurements at workplaces. Christof Asbach: IUTA, Germany. International advisor to the project and an expert on filtration and aerosol electrical properties. ISSN: 1650-3717 Omslagsfoto: Hans Alm Grafisk formgivning: Matador kommunikation 4 Innehåll List of Abbreviations ............................................................................7 Förord ................................................................................................8 Svensk sammanfattning ........................................................................9 Abstract ............................................................................................12 1. Introduction ................................................................................13 1.1 Particle air pollution ..................................................................... 13 1.2 Processes at construction workplaces ............................................. 13 1.3 Particle exposure and engineering control systems in construction environments ........................................................... 13 1.4 Basic principles of mobile air cleaners ............................................ 15 1.5 Aims of this knowledge review ........................................................ 16 1.6 Overview and structure of the report ............................................... 17 2. Brief survey on the use of mobile air cleaners at Swedish construction workplaces ..............................................................18 3. Particle size distributions in construction environments and particle deposition mechanisms .................................................. 23 3.1 Size distributions of common aerosols in the construction environment .................................................... 23 3.2 Mechanisms for removal of particles from air ................................... 25 4. What physical principles do air cleaners rely on? .........................28 4.1 Particle filter efficiency and classification........................................ 29 4.2 Mobile air cleaners based on mechanical filtration ........................... 31 4.3 Mobile air cleaners based on combined mechanical and electrostatic filtration (electret filters) ............................................. 33 5. Detailed description of electrostatic air cleaners .........................34 5.1 Air ions and aerosol particles ......................................................... 34 5.2 Effects of electrical fields on the transport of charged particles ......... 35 5.3 Charge level of workplace aerosol particles ...................................... 37 5.4 Ion generation and particle charging ............................................... 38 5.5 Electrostatic precipitators .............................................................. 41 5.6 Unipolar air ionisers ...................................................................... 42 5.7 Bipolar air ionisers ........................................................................ 45 5 5.8 Ozone emissions from electrostatic air cleaners ............................... 47 6. Comparing the efficiency of different types of air cleaners .............49 6.1 Clean air delivery rate (CADR) ........................................................ 49 6.2 Certifications of indoor air cleaners based on CADR ......................... 50 6.3 Comparisons of air cleaner efficiencies of different technologies: small systems for indoor/office air ................................................. 51 6.4 Air cleaner efficiency for particle sources relevant to construction environments investigated in the laboratory .................................... 53 6.5 Measurements of air cleaner efficiency in real indoor environments ... 53 7. Air cleaners based on mechanical filtration in construction work environments ......................................................................54 7.1 How are mobile air cleaners used in the construction work environment? ............................................................................... 54 7.2 Simple mass balance model for predicting mobile air cleaner performance ................................................................................ 55 7.3 Field experiences using mobile air cleaners in the construction industry and other dusty work environments .................................... 56 7.4 Specific regulations and recommendations for work involving asbestos ...................................................................................... 58 7.5 Field- and performance tests for complete mobile air cleaner systems based on mechanical filtration .......................................... 59 7.6 Ensuring the function of mobile air cleaners in the absence of field leak tests ............................................................................. 60 7.7 German recommendations for mobile air cleaners at construction workplaces .................................................................................. 61 8. Use of ionisers at construction workplaces ...................................62 9. Summary and conclusions ...........................................................64 10. What information is lacking for future recommendations of mobile air cleaners? Future research needs ..................................67 11. Acknowledgements .....................................................................68 12. References .................................................................................69 Appendix A. Enkät om luftrening i dammiga arbetsmiljöer ......................78 Appendix B. Sammanställning av enkätsvar .........................................80 6 List of Abbreviations ACGIH Association Advancing Occupational and Environmental Health AHAM Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers ANSI American National Standards Institute CADR CleanAir Delivery Rate EC Elemental Carbon EEA European Environmental Agency EPA Environmental Protection Agency ESP Electrostatic Precipitator HEPA Filter High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer ISO International Organisation for Standardisation LEV Local Exhaust Ventilation MMAD Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameters MPPS Most Penetrating Particle Size NIH National Institute of Health (USA) NIOHS National Institute of Occupational Health (USA) OEL Occupational Exposure Limit OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration PCB Poly-Chlorinated Biphenyl PM1 Particulate Matter with Aerodynamic Diameter less than 1 Micrometer PM2.5 Fine Particulate Matter with Aerodynamic Diameter less than 2.5 Micrometer PM10 Particulate Matter with Aerodynamic Diameter less than 10 Micrometer PSL Poly-Styrene Latex SCOEL Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits SPF Standard Particulate Filter WHO World Health Organisation 7 Förord Arbetsmiljöverket har publicerat en rad kunskapssammanställningar där välrenommerade forskare sammanfattar kunskapsläget inom olika områden. Alla kunskapssammanställningar kan laddas ner utan kostnad från Arbetsmiljöverkets webbplats. Där finns även filmer och presentationer från seminarier som Arbetsmiljöverket ofta arrangerar i samband med publicering av kunskapssammanställningarna. En vetenskaplig granskning av denna rapport har utförts av Dr. Joonas Koivisto, forskare vid Det Nationale Forskningscenter for Arbejdsmiljø i Köpenhamn. Den slutliga utformningen ansvarar dock författarna själva för. Projektledare för denna kunskapssammanställning vid Arbetsmiljöverket har varit Carin Håkansta. Vi vill även tacka övriga kollegor vid Arbetsmiljöverket som varit behjälpliga i arbetet med kunskapssammanställningen. De åsikter som uttrycks i denna kunskapssammanställning är författarnas egna och speglar inte nödvändigtvis Arbetsmiljöverkets uppfattning. Ann Ponton Klevestedt Chef för enheten för statistik och analys Arbetsmiljöverket 8 Svensk sammanfattning Syftet med arbetet är att redovisa kunskaper om mobila luftrenares möjligheter att minska dammhalter i luften vid byggnadsarbete. Målgrupper är arbetsmiljöansvariga, arbetsmiljöingenjörer, arbetsmiljöinspektörer samt företag som tillverkar och marknadsför mobila luftrenare. På många byggarbetsplatser finns luftföroreningsproblem. Exponering för kvartsdamm och asbestfibrer är särskilt allvarliga. Hälsoriskerna vid inandning av dessa dammtyper är betydande. Särskilda försiktighetsåtgärder måste tillämpas. Olika metoder används för att begränsa riskerna vid sådana arbeten. Mest effektivt är att minimera emissionerna så nära källan som möjligt. Ofta används verktyg med inbyggt punktutsug eller vattenspray för att begränsa emissioner. Mobila luftrenare används som komplement. För att grovt vägleda projektet
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