ASCJ program 2012

ASCJ 2012

The Sixteenth Asian Studies Conference Japan (ASCJ) ABSTRACTS

These lightly edited abstracts come to nearly 140 pages. As a printed version will not be distributed at the conference, we suggest that you save it to disk or print the pages of sessions that interest you. The abstracts are in the order of the program available on the ASCJ website: http://www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/~ascj/2012/Abstracts%202012.pdf The PDF file can be searched online or after downloading. For your convenience in browsing and printing, each session begins on a new page. Changes to the abstracts can be sent by Word attachment to [email protected]. We will make necessary alterations and substitutions to this online version before the conference begins. The PDF file of abstracts will remain on the ASCJ website as a record of the conference at International Christian University, Tokyo, June 25–26, 2011: http://www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/~ascj/2012/ASCJ_2012_abstracts.pdf ASCJ Executive Committee Tokyo, June 25, 2012

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The Sixteenth Asian Studies Conference Japan (ASCJ)

ABSTRACTS

Session 1: Room A-301 A Muck Time: Environmental Hygiene and Human Waste Disposal in Japan across the Twentieth Century Organizer/Chair: Alexander R. Bay, Chapman University 1) Alexander R. Bay, Chapman University Nation from the Bottom up: Disease, Toilets and Waste Management in Modern Japan 2) Ichikawa Tomo, Shanghai Jiaotong University What is an Ideal Toilet? The Development and Diffusion of Public Toilets in Meiji Japan, 1868–1912 3) Roderick Wilson, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater Dirty Water: An Environmental History of Tokyo’s Waterways and Bay, 1888–1964 4) Hoshino Takanori, Keio University Prewar Reformation of the Night-soil Circulation Network in the Suburbs of Tokyo Discussant: Nagashima Takeshi, Senshu University

A Muck Time: Environmental Hygiene and Human Waste Disposal in Japan across the Twentieth Century Organizer/Chair: Alexander R. Bay, Chapman University Medical and environmental history as written over the past twenty-years has argued convincingly that humans are irrevocably intertwined within their surroundings. The idea of a dichotomy between separate natural and human realms has been thoroughly debunked. From chemicals sprayed on fruit to mercury-poisoned fish, the products of human development have an uncanny way of coming back to affect us. Our panel on Japanese environmental hygiene and waste disposal practices examines how the medical community, government and industry responded to public health crises within ever-changing environments during the twentieth century. Wilson examines the decrease in Tokyo’s water quality, affecting those who depended on waterways for livelihood, as the city became a modern metropolitan center. Bay looks at environmentally dependent diseases like hemorrhoids, typhoid fever and schistosomiasis and how the toilet emerged as a site for hygienic modernity. Economic and cultural factors, however, limited the spread of this sanitary technology. Ichikawa also examines the development of the toilet in terms of cholera prevention through the career of public health technocrat Takano Rokuro. Ichikawa reveals how the initial attempts to diffuse modern toiletry were staged at sites infused with state authority: schools and city halls. Hoshino studies the relationship between the city government of Tokyo and outlaying agricultural

2 ASCJ program 2012 communities as it dealt with the world depression and the increase of fecal-oral route diseases like dysentery, showing how the city cultivated customers for its never-ending supply of human waste.

1) Alexander Bay, Chapman University Nation from the Bottom up: Disease, Toilets and Waste Management in Modern Japan I explore the history of environmental hygiene and digestive-system diseases (dysentery, typhoid fever, hemorrhoids) and parasite-diseases (schistosomiasis) as well as the technology of waste-management in Japan from 1900 to 1980, and examine how the medical community, government and industry responded to public health crises within ever-changing environments during the twentieth-century. I look at how engineers reworked the landscape to stop the spread of disease and modernize the nation. The reforms I am interested in include irrigation construction, architectural improvements, toilet and septic tank design and waste removal policies. Environmental resources were mobilized to support “holy war” on the continent in the late 1930s, while environments, both rural and urban, were “disciplined” to construct a “cultured” Japan in the postwar era. As reformers remade the Japanese environment, the disease ecology also changed. Contagious diseases like dysentery disappeared while cancer morbidity rose. Progress did not always translate into increased fitness. In short, I examine how doctors, public health, and government officials engineered more hygienic environments. What were their strategies for removing harmful, disease-causing waste? Japan is currently involved in two massive clean-up projects, removing the rubble in the wake of the Tohoku tsunami and radioactive materials from the Fukushima reactors. My project informs an understanding of the history of such challenges.

2) Ichikawa Tomo, Shanghai Jiaotong University What is an Ideal Toilet? The Development and Diffusion of Public Toilets in Meiji Japan, 1868-1912 In this paper, I analyze the history, using the words of public health technocrat Takano Rokuro, of the “development of toilet.” I also discuss the planning, installation and diffusion of public toilets in Japanese treaty ports such as Yokohama, Kobe and Nagasaki. It is well known that people made use of the night soil as fertilizer in many Asian areas. Therefore, we can recognize that the main role of toilet in Asian society was to pool resources for agriculture. After modernization, toilets took on another new role: to control human waste in a sanitary fashion. The main purpose of the public toilet construction was as a preventive measure against the cholera epidemics in modern Japan. Because cholera regularly killed over 10,000 people every few years during the Meiji era, the government was invested in managing night soil to stop the spread of this disease. Also, as chemical fertilizer became popular, the value of night soil fell, so the toilet was no longer a conduit for collecting agricultural fertilizer. Hygienic toilets did not diffuse immediately to every household. The government needed to introduce and demonstrate the sanitary toilet to the people through public schools and city

3 ASCJ program 2012 halls as well as public restrooms on the street. Many professionals of public health, civil engineering and agriculture researched what toilet was ideal. In this way, through public health improvement, the traditional toilet was changed into an artifact of Japan’s hygienic modernity.

3) Roderick Wilson, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater Dirty Water: An Environmental History of Tokyo’s Waterways and Bay, 1888-1964 From the late-nineteenth century, city planners and politicians primarily looked upon Tokyo’s waterways as conduits of commerce and paid little attention to the deteriorating water quality in the city’s rivers, canals, and bay. The result was that as the city grew and industrialized, its waterways became increasingly polluted with effluent coming from the city’s homes, businesses, and factories. By the 1950s, many of these waterways were so polluted that few balked as the government began burying or covering over many of these open waters in preparation for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. In the first section of this paper, I discuss the plans and projects carried out along the city’s waterways and bay during the Tokyo Municipal Reform Projects (1888-1918) and after the destruction caused by the 1923 Kanto Earthquake. In doing so, I focus on the economic and public health imperatives within which these plans were drafted and carried out. In the second section of the paper, I shift my focus to the waters flowing into and out of the city to show how a toxic combination of biological and chemical pollutants led to the frequent closure of waterside swimming areas and regular die-offs of fish and seaweed beds in the bay. Focused on a period before the municipal government regularly monitored water quality in its waterways and bay, this paper also discusses how a meaningful measure of water quality can be reconstructed through a nuanced reading of newspapers articles and literary works that describe the city’s dirty waters.

4) Hoshino Takanori, Keio University Prewar Reformation of the Night-soil Circulation Network in the Suburbs of Tokyo During the latter half of the 1910s, the network of night-soil circulation between cities and suburban villages, formed in early modern period, collapsed, causing severe problems of night-soil disposal in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Hence night-soil treatment was municipalized to solve these problems. Previous studies have shown that in Tokyo, night-soil disposal led to epidemic problems because of the dependency on human waste removing systems between the city and suburban farm villages. However, these studies have not focused on the relation between the policy of Tokyo city government and farm villages. This paper focuses on the policy of the city government in 1930’s and examines how it drummed up potential demand for human waste in suburban farm villages and reformed the network of night-soil removal. Also, I re-examine the significance of the municipalization of human waste treatment in prewar era. In 1931, Tokyo investigated potential demand for human waste in farm villages in other prefectures. There, the cost of fertilizer became an important matter. During the Showa Depression, demand for night-soil rose because it was comparatively cheap. Tokyo therefore

4 ASCJ program 2012 constructed human waste tanks and spread automobile transportation. These policies reduced the transportation cost, making the difference in price between near and far areas negligible. Consequently, farm villages that were even farther from Tokyo could buy human waste cheaply after municipalization, which promoted the reliance on cheap fertilizer as well as the development of agriculture in these outlying farm villages.

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Session 2: Room A-302 The End of Old Romance? : Imageries of Love in South Korean TV Dramas Organizer/Chair: Hyaeweol Choi, Australian National University 1) Hyaeweol Choi, Australian National University Capital Scandal: Re-imagining the Colonized Nation and the Modernized Body 2) Chang-Ling Huang, National Taiwan University, and Nien-Hsuan Fang, National Chengchi University Romanticized Coercion: Love Scripts and Viewers’ Reception of Korean TV Dramas 3) Insook Kwon, Myongji University It All Leads to Education: Korean Motherhood, Patriarchy and Class Consciousness in the TV Drama Eligible Wife Discussant: Seungsook Moon, Vassar College

The End of Old Romance? : Imageries of Love in South Korean TV Dramas Organizer/Chair: Hyaeweol Choi, Australian National University Romance has been perhaps the most frequent and enduring ingredient in the plots of TV dramas produced in South Korea (hereafter Korea). Shifting sociocultural realities have led to changes in how romance is imagined and practiced, or have they? The panel focuses on various representations of romance in popular TV dramas in Korea and discusses both changing and unchanging gender images and bodily practices in popular romantic dramas. Touching on different historical moments from the 1920s to the present, the three papers aim to lay bare the competing narratives and bodily practices that sometimes challenge and sometimes reinforce patriarchal gender relations. Choi uses the popular drama, Capital Scandal, as an entry point for examining the longstanding tensions between feminism and nationalism. Set against the backdrop of 1920s and 30s colonial Korea, the drama offers a representation of a time when the collective mandate for national independence closely intersected with the individual desire for modern self and romance. Within the context of the growing consumption of Korean dramas in other Asian countries, Huang and Fang examine the verbal and physical coercion that male characters in Korean dramas engage in as an integral part of romantic courtship in Korean dramas and discuss the implications of such male-centeredness for feminist causes. Kwon analyses the recent popular drama, Romance Town, as an example of the recurrent theme of the Cinderella story in romantic dramas, offering new insights into the complex location of the “housemaid” in gender, class and age system in Korea.

1) Hyaeweol Choi, Australian National University Capital Scandal: Re-imagining the Colonized Nation and the Modernized Body The TV drama Capital Scandal (Kyŏngsŏng scaendal), set in 1930s colonial Korea, opens with scenes of four young men dressed in Western suits entering a brightly-lit, modern dance hall called “Paradise” and dancing to lively Western music along with other modern boys and modern girls. These images are intercut with scenes showing hooded and masked

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Korean independence fighters moving through the dark night on a mission to assassinate a high official of the Japanese colonial authority. These contrasting images establish two competing desires: on one hand, the desire for the liberated modern self; and on the other hand, the yearning for national independence. These desires ultimately converge in a homogenizing narrative about the nation as a priority among the colonized subjects. Described as a “fusion period drama,” Capital Scandal offers a shrewd contemporary interpretation of the turbulent politics in colonial Korea, colored by modern material cultures and bodily practices. Interweaving modern romance with the nationalist political strife of colonial Korea, the drama recaptures vibrant scenes of the capital city, where both the promises of modernity and its contradictions are laid bare. In this paper, I argue that while the drama attempts to show complex and fluid modern experiences of the colonized subjects, it ultimately contributes to re-solidifying nationalist urges, subordinating other equally powerful forces, such as a desire for a self free from the collective mandates. In this scheme, the modern romance gains its meaning and legitimacy only when it serves as a means to achieve nationalist aims.

2) Chang-Ling Huang, National Taiwan University, and Nien-Hsuan Fang, National Chengchi University Romanticized Coercion: Love Scripts and Viewers’ Reception of Korean TV dramas One of the better-known components of the Korean Wave, Korean TV dramas in recent years have been widely broadcasted in Asia. The dramas reached millions of audience members beyond Korea and achieved impressive commercial success. As a leading economic force in Asia, Korea’s development experience, including the changing status of women, has been reflected in these dramas. While challenging the traditional gender norms in some aspects such as the fair division of household labor, the popular dramas consistently perpetuate male dominance by presenting love scripts that romanticize the coercive power of the male lead characters. A man’s physically aggressive behavior, such as dragging, pushing, or forcing kisses upon a woman or thrusting a woman into his car, is constantly depicted as acceptable courting behavior. Since TV dramas in everyday life constitute gendering processes and sexual identity, the depiction of male characters as being rude, insensitive, and even ruthless in their non-verbal behaviors has significant implications. It characterizes the masculinity in Korean TV dramas and the societal ideal about courtship in the media representations. Through the analysis of gender representation and viewers’ reception of three highly rated popular dramas with unconventional female lead characters, this paper explores why male coercion has been a resilient element of Asia’s romantic imagination.

3) Insook Kwon, Myongji University It All Leads to Education: Korean Motherhood, Patriarchy and Class Consciousness in the TV Drama Eligible Wife The TV drama Eligible Wife, a recent work of writer Chong Song Ju, famous for her previous feminist dramas, gained popularity among women over their 30s and was praised as a “masterpiece drama.” It clashes the two most preoccupying issues for married women,

7 ASCJ program 2012 education and marital infidelity, through an almost documentary-like realism. The drama is also set in Daechidong, the South Korean Mecca of private education. South Korean social class structure, which is mainly centered on education, is evolving based on the belief that an academic clique is crucial in maintaining or improving one's social class. It is the conviction beyond social class that makes lower-class women believe that they can improve their social class through education. Eligible Wife not only shows that few can be free from the structure of desire surrounding education, but also gives a detailed description of how the combination of education-level based class society, familism and neo-liberalism makes married women the main actors in Korean society's education.

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Session 3: Room A-303 Rethinking the Kamakura Period through Literature Organizer/Chair: Michael McCarty, Columbia University 1) Michael McCarty, Columbia University Japan on the Eve of the Jōkyū Disturbance: Using Literary Sources to Challenge Kamakura-Period Historiography 2) Erin Brightwell, Princeton University A Multi-faceted Mirror: Kara Kagami and Creating Hi/stories 3) Michael Watson, Meiji Gakuin University Narrow Escapes and Jail Breaks: Kamakura-period Warriors in Bangai Noh 4) Ariel Stilerman, Columbia University The Poetics of Nostalgia: Tachibana no Narisue’s Kokonchomonjū (Notable Tales Old and New) Discussant: Mathew Thompson, Sophia University

Rethinking the Kamakura Period through Literature Organizer/Chair: Michael McCarty, Columbia University The academic disciplines centered on pre-modern Japan often take for granted certain texts and topics as objects of study, but this process of knowledge formation is inherently exclusive. Texts not included in the canon have been cut off from literary and historical analysis, and their absence has restricted our attempts to fully reconstruct the past. The participants of this panel all share an interest in reading against the grain of the literary canon, and using hitherto disregarded texts to re-investigate the Kamakura period (1185-1333). Such inquiries not only reveal new truths about the lived experiences of people in the past, but also question the very process by which we as academics decide what is worthy of study and what properly characterizes the cultural production of a certain age. The first paper investigates how incorporating often-ignored literary narratives into historical analysis can yield a more compelling picture of the cooperative spirit of the early Kamakura period. The second paper questions the process of literary canonization, and imagines a new understanding of medieval literature by delving into the full complexity of a peripheralized text. The third paper examines why a genre centered on jail breaks during the Kamakura period captured the imaginations of later Noh playwrights but is absent from the modern repertoire. The final paper illustrates the value of reading a non-canonical collection of Kamakura-period stories, and uses these tales to reconstruct the real social function that existed behind nostalgic waka poetry.

1) Michael McCarty, Columbia University Japan on the Eve of the Jōkyū Disturbance: Using Literary Sources to Challenge Kamakura-Period Historiography When retired emperor Go-Toba failed in his attempt to destroy the leadership of the Kamakura Bakufu in 1221 (the so-called Jōkyū Disturbance), he upset the delicate compromise courtier

9 ASCJ program 2012 and warrior elites in Japan had negotiated at the conclusion of the Genpei Wars. Many authors and groups in the following decades responded to the abruptness and shock of the Jōkyū Disturbance by attempting to explain, justify, or legitimize what happened from their own narrative perspectives. Despite the biased nature of these narratives, they are still immensely useful for historians. Once properly integrated into the study of history, these often-ignored literary sources can yield a compelling picture of the sympathies of courtier and warrior groups leading up to 1221. After examining a wide range of depictions of the pre-Jōkyū era, what emerges is a picture of the early Kamakura period as a time of cooperation despite interwar anxiety. Most elites in the capital were grateful for the stability provided by the Kamakura Bakufu, and at the same time wary of any act that might upset such a fragile equilibrium. This paper challenges most Kamakura-period historiography by illuminating the cooperative spirit and desire for peace between court and Bakufu that pervaded Japan on the eve of the Jōkyū Disturbance. Unlike the narratives constructed by later generations, people at the time saw Go-Toba’s defeat in 1221 as a preventable folly, and not as a signpost of the inevitable rise of the warrior class.

2) Erin Brightwell, Princeton University A Multi-faceted Mirror: Kara Kagami and Creating Hi/stories Classical Japanese literature studies have long centered on certain types of works that dovetail with contemporary notions of belletristic writing. One result of this has been the marginalization of texts that do not coincide with these much later ideas of what literature ought to be. The present paper examines one such side-lined composition, the late-thirteenth-century Kara kagami 唐鏡 (China Reflections), to explore the potential value of broadening our concept of medieval literature. Kara kagami, the work of Fujiwara no Shigenori 藤原茂範 (1236 - post-1294), has typically been dismissed as nothing more than a Chinese history primer. Yet the work is actually much more sophisticated, simultaneously relating multiple stories at different levels. The seeming transparency of title notwithstanding, this opus is not merely reportage or a simple meditation on the past. However, despite the complexity of this creation and its attested consumption by medieval elites, Kara kagami has found virtually no place in post-Edo literary scholarship. Thus, it raises questions about not only its intrinsic value, but also larger issues of canonization, notions of genre, and the development of research on Japanese literature today. In Kara kagami, we see not only the enticing potential fruits of a re-imagining of Kamakura literature, but also opportunities to reflect on the forces that have moved and shaped our understanding of what it is that constitutes literature itself.

3) Michael Watson, Meiji Gakuin University Narrow Escapes and Jail Breaks: Kamakura-period Warriors in Bangai Noh It is one of the hoary conventions of television dramatizations of early Korean history that the hero should find himself in captivity with no apparent hope of rescue or escape. He faces imminent execution when, by some unexpected turn of events, he manages to free himself,

10 ASCJ program 2012 either by his own efforts or the help of an ally. Nothing quite parallels this convention in medieval Japanese war tales such as Heike monogatari, for although some captured warriors avoid execution, they tend to be brought to the execution ground itself before they dodge death through a late pardon or divine intervention. Instead, it is a subcategory of Noh that relishes in depicting examples of warriors who fall into the hands of their enemies but manage to escape by their wits or valor, sometimes breaking out of prison. Plots like these are found in a group of plays included in the corpus of several thousand plays no longer in the modern repertoire (bangai yōkyoku 番外謡曲). Warriors elude capture in a play’s dramatizing episodes from the end of the Genpei War to the early Kamakura period. Those involving jail breaks are chronologically concentrated during the Kamakura period and set in the city itself. The paper will discuss Chikahira 親衡, which depicts a rebellion in 1213, and two other plays featuring break-outs. The plays themselves are centuries later in date, raising the question of what interested later generations in relatively minor events in Kamakura history.

4) Ariel Stilerman, Columbia University The Poetics of Nostalgia: Tachibana no Narisue’s Kokonchomonjū (Notable Tales Old and New) Waka poetry developed as a courtly practice bound to specific social occasions such as religious rites, political ceremonies, poetic contests, and private communications. Analyzing a poem only for technique and content therefore risks eliding its social function, as has often been the case in imperial collections (chokusenshū), historically waka’s most important genre. In this paper I analyze anecdotes compiled by Tachibana no Narisue 橘成季 in Kokonchomonjū 古今著聞集 (Notable Tales Old and New, 1254) because they carefully reconstruct the drama behind each of the poems they contain: how reciting poems could change lives by securing or regaining the favor of gods and rulers, advancing wooing efforts, and more. Narisue compiled these anecdotes as an openly nostalgic reaction to the shattering of the social system, namely Heian court life, which gave life to waka poems. Although writing structured by nostalgia is often characterized as a sentimental longing or wistful affection for times past, the anecdotes in Kokonchomonjū show that nostalgia can also have concrete socio-political functions that in practice incite actions and justify social orders. These anecdotes speak to the new social needs and anxieties of the Kamakura period, ushered in by the rise of warrior rulers, new religious practices, and reconfigured economic landscapes. As Kamakura writers looked back at the Heian court with nostalgia, they were creating a new society by projecting onto the past their new circumstances.

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Session 4: Room A-304 Technologies of Japanese Empire: Aesthetics, Planning and Ideology Organizer: Max Ward, Middlebury College 1) Aaron S. Moore, Arizona State University Constructing the Continent: Japanese Urban Planning Technology and the Case of “Pan-Asian” Beijing 2) Takeshi Kimoto, University of Oklahoma Empire as a Work of Art: Yasuda Yojūrō on Japanese and Chinese Architecture 3) Max Ward, Middlebury College Subjective Technology: The Japanese Peace Preservation Law and the Colonial Question Discussant: Erik W. Esselstrom, University of Vermont

Technologies of Japanese Empire: Aesthetics, Planning and Ideology Organizer: Max Ward, Middlebury College During the 1930s, a variety of technologies were developed in order to engineer the populations and spaces within the expanding Japanese Empire. By the late 1930s these multifaceted technologies were seen as central to the construction of a New Order in East Asia (Toa shinchitsujo), and were thus infused with world historical importance. The conception of technology (gijitsu) at the heart of this project extended beyond simply mechanical instruments or systems of industrial production; here technology encompassed a wide range of social, cultural and aesthetic domains including urban planning, architectural theory and ideological rehabilitation. Thus, in addition to increasing industrial or agricultural output, technology was linked to subjective, aesthetic as well as cultural production. This panel will investigate how the expanded notion of technology was central to the Japanese colonial project in the late 1930s. Aaron Moore will analyze how the proposals to rationalize Chinese cities put forth by Japanese planners point to how urban planning technologies operated as a system of power. Takeshi Kimoto will explore how the Romanticist writer Yasuda Yojuro; formulated an aesthetic politics through a comparison of Chinese and Japanese architecture, thus illuminating the intersection between artistic technology and imperialism. Max Ward will discuss how a network of rehabilitation centers for so-called ex-thought criminals in both Japan and colonial Korea attempted to re-calibrate the subjective dispositions of both populations in the late 1930s.

1) Aaron S. Moore, Arizona State University Constructing the Continent: Japanese Urban Planning Technology and the Case of “Pan-Asian” Beijing From the early twentieth century, Japanese urban planners designed cities throughout its growing empire as part of an overall ideology of modernizing East Asia. This paper examines the case of urban planning in Beijing (1937-1945) as an example of Japan’s wartime ideology of constructing East Asia (Toa kensetsu). It focuses on how urban planning technologies

12 ASCJ program 2012 operated as a system of power and mobilization for Japan’s imperial endeavor. Japanese urban planners asserted that they were “systematizing” and “rationalizing” China’s “chaotic” cities through the introduction of the latest techniques they had employed earlier in Manchukuo. However, I will demonstrate that the project to redesign China’s imperial capital did not simply spring from the rational blueprints of Japanese planners, but also emerged out of the clash of different visions and interests, the contingencies of war, and the particularities of Beijing. Lastly, I will discuss how colonial urban planning was beginning to shift towards a conception of regional and “national land planning (kokudo keikaku)” ―two conceptions that gained particular prominence in post-war Japan.

2) Takeshi Kimoto, University of Oklahoma Empire as a Work of Art: Yasuda Yojūrō on Japanese and Chinese Architecture In this paper, I will discuss the question of artistic technology and imperialism through the writings of Romanticist Yasuda Yojuro. In a 1938 trip to the continent, Yasuda visited historical sites, temples, and palaces in China and Manchuria, as the Sino-Japanese War was unfolding. He claimed that Japan’s imperial expansion represented a “world historical” mission, which indicates that Yasuda was far from being an ethnic nationalist as existing literature suggests. While commenting on Japan's “cultural engineering (bunka kosaku)” in Beijing, he made artistic, cultural, and political comparisons between Japanese and Chinese architecture. He maintained that Japanese buildings, as symbolized in the Shrines and Temples of Nikko, are symbiotic with nature, and therefore more ecological than what he describes as the “imperialistic construction (teikokushugi zoei)” of Chinese architecture. As I will show, Yasuda here is making a tacit criticism of the negative evaluation of the Nikko buildings by the architect Bruno Taut. More importantly, despite his seeming rejection of imperialism, he insisted that the Japanese-style construction represents a superior form of “monuments” as a political work of art, and is thus more suitable for the present moment of “world history.” Here we can see a more profound desire for empire as a work of art. I will show how Yasuda’s discussion of the work of art, especially architecture, represents a specific kind of aesthetic politics that is based on a close connection between technology and imperialism.

3) Max Ward, Middlebury College Subjective Technology: The Japanese Peace Preservation Law and the Colonial Question I will discuss how the application of the interwar Peace Preservation Law to colonial Korea and Koreans living in Japan reveals important paradoxes at the heart of Japan’s interwar empire. The Peace Preservation Law (Chianijiho) was first established in 1925 to ostensibly protect the national polity (kokutai) from so-called dangerous thought (kiken shiso). When applied to the Korean colony, this law posed the issue of how to approximate colonial subjects in relation to the kokutai and how anti-colonialist activism was to be defined primarily as a problem of thought. This question became more complicated in the mid-1930s as the Japanese state created an extensive rehabilitation apparatus to facilitate the ideological conversion (tenko) of thousands of incarcerated thought-criminals (shisohan) in Japan and Korea. I

13 ASCJ program 2012 contend that this later rehabilitation apparatus can be understand as a technology of subjective production, a technology moreover that brings to light the anxieties within Japan’s imperial project in the late 1930s.

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Session 5: Room D-201 3.11: Issues, Materials, Teaching and Research (Roundtable) Organizer: David Slater, Sophia University

1) Andrew Gordon, Harvard University

2) Ted Bestor, Harvard University

3) Yamashita Shinji, University of Tokyo 4) Rieko Kage, University of Tokyo 5) Liz Maly, Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution

This is an interdisciplinary and international roundtable that brings together a range of scholars and activists whose work addresses the events associated with the triple disaster of earthquake, tsunami and nuclear radiation. It is conceived less as presentation of individual research findings and more as an opportunity to talk across disciplinary, sector and national boundaries. The roundtable will give us an opportunity to review the existing scholarship, where it has been most productive to our understanding and where it still needs to be developed. Questions addressed by the members include: 1) Situating 3.11: how do we understand the events of the past 18 months both in their specificity of dynamic and effect and in ways that allow us to understand the larger issues shared across cases (such as industrial planning and nuclear management; of political crisis and media representation; of relief and civil society, etc)? 2) Reaching across domains: How do we work across disciplinary lines, for if there was ever an issue that demanded multiple perspectives, this would be one? Are there national and/or regional approaches that are distinctive and that can be productively shared? How can the NPO and state sectors be part of a wider scholarly collaboration outside of a more narrowly defined academy? 3) Pedagogy: How can we effectively use current research in our teaching and how can we develop new materials and pedagogy that would deepen our students’ understanding of these issues? How can teaching contribute to our research on 3.11? As we look ahead at the possible future of Tohoku and Japan in the post-3.11 eras, what do we see today as the emerging issues for research? How can we make our research relevant to and develop teaching materials that effectively address the situation on the ground, now and as it changes in the coming years?

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Session 6: Room D-301 Individual Papers on Film and Asian Identity Chair: Edward Fowler, University of California at Irvine 1) Hsiuyu Fan, University of California, Berkeley Our Life, Our Marriage, and Our Family as Defined by Immigration Law: The Making and Unmaking of Law and Culture from the Perspective of Chinese American Films 2) Timothy Iles, University of Victoria Technologue: Technology and Fear in Contemporary Asian Horror Cinema 3) Hanae Kurihara Kramer, Independent Scholar The South Manchuria Railway Company’s Film Unit (1923–1944) 4) Haruka Nomura, Australian National University Joining the Age of Empires: The World in a Shanghai Newspaper, 1872–1892 5) Jiwon Ahn, Keene State College Period Films in Transition: Transnational Jidai-geki and Sageuk in Japanese and South Korean Cinema

1) Hsiuyu Fan, University of California, Berkeley Our Life, Our Marriage, and Our Family as Defined by Immigration Law: The Making and Unmaking of Law and Culture from the Perspective of Chinese American Films Filmmaking, as an art form or as part of “minority literature,” has already been consciously utilized by Asian American communities as a way to voice their culture or mirror the complexity of their culture in the white-dominant American society. Numerous organizations and film festivals are held regularly by big cities and academic institutions all over the United States to encourage Asian American filmmaking. Accompanied by the examination of immigration laws of the corresponding years, this paper will look into six Chinese American films (Dim Sum: A Little Bit of Heart (1985), Pushing Hands (1992), The Wedding Banquet (1993), Combination Platter (1993), Saving Face (2004) and A Thousand Years of Good Prayers (2007)) that share similar concerns for the personal life, marriage and family of Chinese Americans. This paper observes from these films how the personal lives, familial culture and relationships of Chinese Americans are affected and shaped by the legal plights they confront in American society as immigrants, and looks closely at the implication of what kind of intimate relationship the U.S. government assumes to exist, and even further recognizes or denies, given that the government enjoys an unbridled “plenary power” over matters of immigration. Moreover, the paper also tries to infer some legal or political reasons why Asian American filmmakers, compared to filmmakers in general, seemingly prefer scripts regarding familial and domestic issues, rather than widely-welcomed love stories or issues in the public sphere such as employment or political participation.

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2) Timothy Iles, University of Victoria Technologue: Technology and Fear in Contemporary Asian Horror Cinema This paper will argue that in specific aspects of contemporary horror cinema, the medium of film itself serves as a mediator or a nexus in the dialogue between technology and fear. That is, film is a technologue—a venue wherein the spectator may encounter a fear of technology and, through the “visual pleasure” of the experience, engage in a dialogue with technology and fear the better to arrive at a point of comfort with an increasingly technological/technophobic world. Through a close reading/interrogation of works by Japanese, Korean, and Hong Kong filmmakers, this paper will argue that technology serves as a source of fear but, paradoxically, it is the very technological nature of cinema that permits of a mediatory role for cinema to negotiate between spectacle and spectator, in a cathartic fashion. Horror cinema becomes a privileged commentary on the contemporary relationship between society and technological pressure.

3) Hanae Kurihara Kramer, Independent Scholar The South Manchuria Railway Company’s Film Unit (1923–1944) For over two decades, the South Manchuria Railway Company (SMR) was involved in the financing and production of motion pictures. Its film unit released more than two hundred unique titles, some of which garnered international praise, before the Second World War forced its doors shut. SMR filmmakers produced travelogues, documentaries, proto-ethnographic films, educational shorts, industrials, reportage, advertisements, and political propaganda. They also recorded newsreel footage and occasionally worked on theatrical movies. SMR's film unit borrowed techniques and artistic forms from around the globe, integrating them with their own aesthetic sensibilities to create a signature style. Despite its numerous achievements, the company's legacy remains unappreciated and its place in East Asian cinema misunderstood. This presentation is about SMR's forays into filmdom, a forgotten episode in the history of celluloid.

4) Haruka Nomura, Australian National University Joining the Age of Empires: The World in a Shanghai Newspaper, 1872–1892 My paper explores news writing in China in the late nineteenth century as a new type of narrating current events in remote places, with a focus on the representations of Turkish and Arabic worlds in a Shanghai-based commercial Chinese-language newspaper, Shenbao. Much of the information about political developments in these areas arrived via the British news network, and was thus filtered through the lenses of the British metropole and colonies. However, news reporting as a way of narrating needed rewiring the news obtained about increasing European influence in distant places by mobilising local knowledge and writing practices to transform news into intelligible forms. I suggest that the classically educated Chinese writers of Shenbao reframed much of the incoming news about the non-Western places from three intertwined perspectives to know the

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British/ Western empires and their global expansion: self-centred, intended for emotional expression and moral cultivation; the Qing-centred, aimed at strengthening the Qing Empire; the British-/ West-centred. From the British-dominated International Settlement, news writers wrote about an increasingly disorderly world, with rising anxiety and the wish for an order to be upheld.

5) Jiwon Ahn, Keene State College Period Films in Transition: Transnational Jidai-geki and Sageuk in Japanese and South Korean Cinema “Period drama” films, typically set in the pre-modern historical period, have often served in different regional contexts the conservative function of evoking a sense of national unity. In particular, the role of cultural artifacts (e.g. traditional costume) in period films has been recognized by film scholars as providing a vision of historical continuity and provoking nostalgia for the glorified past through the spectacular display of cultural objects. Certainly both in modern Japanese and South Korean contexts, period genre films have functioned significantly in articulating the nation, although under widely differing postcolonial and postmodern conditions. A series of questions thus arises in the current phase of globalization. Why is period drama still a popular genre when the “national” needs to be disarticulated rather than accentuated? How does the deliberately ambiguous historical setting in recent period dramas revise our understanding of the genre and its ideological role in its border-crossing circulation? How are nation and history articulated through the embodiment of knowingly inauthentic details of cultural artifacts? And, most importantly, what is the vision now, projected through these extravagant period drama of Japan and South Korea, in terms of national, regional and global imaginaries? The paper deals with these questions through a comparative analysis of two groups of recent period films – Hwang Jin-hi (Chang, 2007) and Bang-ja’s Story (Kim, 2010) on the one hand and Ichi (Sori, 2008) and 13 Assassin (Miike, 2010) on the other – as different examples of national, multinational, and transnational exchanges.

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Session 7: Room D-402 Treaty Port Yokohama Reconstructed: Accounts, Images, Injustice and Bloody Murder, 1859–1899 Organizer: Simon Bytheway, Nihon University Chair: David Hopkins, Tenri University 1) Martha Chaiklin, University of Pittsburgh Pioneer in Old Yokohama: Insights through the Adventures of C.T. Assendelft de Coningh 2) Simon Bytheway, Nihon University The Arrival of the “Modern” West in Yokohama: Images of the Japanese Experience, 1859–1899 3) Chester Proshan, Bunka Gakuen University Searching for Justice: The Michael Moss Case in the Yokohama Treaty Port, 1860 4) Eric Han, College of William and Mary “Tragedy in China-Town” and the End of Extraterritoriality Discussant: David Hopkins, Tenri University

Treaty Port Yokohama Reconstructed: Accounts, Images, Injustice and Bloody Murder, 1859–1899 Organizer: Simon Bytheway, Nihon University Almost 153 years after its opening as a treaty port, Yokohama still seems to be coming to terms with its “unequal” treaty port past. Given the often violent, whisky-soaked, macho “Wild-West” nature of its early history it is hardly surprising that the presentation, representation, and re-presentation of the arrival of the modern West in Tokugawa and Meiji Japan remain contested and problematic. Yokohama, like all the extraterritorial treaty ports of Japan and China, was, after all, conceived and terminated in waves of extreme nationalist prejudice. Previously neglected and under-utilized accounts and images of Yokohama are re-visited, therefore, to provide unique insights into a new and changing Japan, that was at times both fascinated and repelled by, but ultimately deeply enamored with, the West. In addressing Yokohama’s historical experience of modernization and westernization (the way in which it arrived; its diverse and multifarious agents and institutions; and how it was channelled) the panel offers a tantalizing vision of an emerging “multicultural” Japan struggling to come to terms with both the world outside its borders, and most critically, the outside world within its borders. From its unpromising start, Yokohama would grow to become Japan’s largest treaty port, and yet it must be said that study of its history as a treaty port has been neglected. This panel, therefore, attempts to bridge some of the gaps in our conception and knowledge of Yokohama from its earliest treaty port days to the end of its extraterritoriality in 1899.

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1) Martha Chaiklin, University of Pittsburgh Pioneer in Old Yokohama: Insights through the Adventures of C.T. Assendelft de Coningh Early accounts of Yokohama are rare. Many early settlers were rapscallions of one sort or another who did not want to leave records or businessmen without literary bent. Fires destroyed many of the records. Although there are several travel accounts, they tend to be merely observational because the writers were just passing through. Cornelis Theodorus Assendelft de Coningh (1824-1890) was unique in many ways. He had been to Japan twice before and so had some of knowledge of what he was writing. He had literary aspirations and had already published a book about his previous travels to Japan. He stayed for eighteen months, and maintained business interests in Japan after he left, and finally he arrived less than one month after the ports were open. Moreover, in his published but neglected memoir, he disguises names in order to give honest and opinionated accounts of people and events. Compared to someone like Francis Hall, whose diary is the most well-known work on early Yokohama, De Coningh had much broader social interactions. This paper will use the events in De Coningh’s memoir to discuss the social constructs of early Yokohama. It will be supplemented by other contemporary accounts, newspaper and magazine reports sent abroad, and Japanese documents to detail the growth of the city that became the busiest port in Asia.

2) Simon Bytheway, Nihon University The Arrival of the “Modern” West in Yokohama: Images of the Japanese Experience, 1859–1899 After recently celebrating the 150th anniversary of the opening of Japan’s first treaty ports it is appropriate that we acknowledge the important contribution made by these ports to Japan’s economic development, and modernization. This paper aims to uncover the agents and mechanisms, individual and institutional, involved in the transmission of ideas and technology between the newly-opened Yokohama and the industrialized West. In particular, it examines the images and visual constructs of Yokohama and its surrounds, with their unprecedented details of interactions and cooperation, as they raise many important issues that are central to our conceptual understanding of Japan’s modern history. As research for this presentation, although an extensive review was made of a wide-ranging collection of personal papers, books, newspaper articles, and journals, I found myself returning to the photographs and Yokohama-e (a genre of ukiyo-e woodblock prints with Yokohama as the subject) of the period to examine and consider the historical presentation, representation, and re-presentation of modernization and Westernization in treaty port Yokohama. These often overlooked images are often pregnant with meaning and purpose. At once didactic and ignorant, vivid and banal, beautiful and terrifying, they show us a new and dynamic Yokohama, deeply fascinated with the form and substance of the “modern” West.

3) Chester Proshan, Bunka Gakuen University

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Searching for Justice: The Michael Moss Case in the Yokohama Treaty Port, 1860 Western Powers forced treaty ports on Japan in the second half of the nineteenth century to “develop” the country. The West wanted access to Japan’s markets. In the largest treaty port, Yokohama (Kanagawa), there was intense contestation between Japanese and non-Japanese. Western economic aggrandizement and cultural imperialism clashed with Japanese interests in protecting national sovereignty and maintaining cultural autonomy. The Yokohama Treaty Port opened in 1859. In 1860, Michael Moss, a local British resident, allegedly shot a Japanese police officer. Moss was tried in the British consular court in Yokohama, not a Japanese court, as extraterritoriality law applied in the treaty port. Japanese authorities prosecuted at the trial. The Moss case was the first in which Japanese authorities sought legal redress through the British judicial system. The case, as such, was noteworthy for more than establishing the guilt or innocence of Michael Moss. Britain had been one of the main powers imposing treaty ports on Japan. At stake in the proceedings were competing national interests and visions of the future order of local society as well as conflicting assumptions about the Other which underlay East-West relations in the port. The paper examines the Moss case, drawing on surviving court records, government documents, and other primary sources. How did British authorities treat the Moss case? How did Japanese pursue their interests in cultural circumstances in which they were disadvantaged? Most important, how did Japanese engage the new milieu of “Western” justice in which they found themselves?

4) Eric Han, College of William and Mary “Tragedy in China-Town” and the End of Extraterritoriality In the early morning of July 17, 1899, an American ex-sailor named Robert Miller bludgeoned to death three people, one American man and two Japanese women, with a hammer and a wrench in Yokohama’s Chinatown. This, however, was no ordinary day, since it marked the end of extraterritorial rights for Westerners living in Japan, and the repeal of Japan’s treaty port foreign settlements. Using Miller’s crime as a point of departure, this paper considers the anxieties and compromises attending the implementation of Japan’s new treaties, particularly the public debates they triggered regarding Japan’s symbolic position vis-à-vis both China and the West. Miller was Japan’s first capital case involving a Westerner. His case would therefore serve as an internationally scrutinized test of Japan’s legal system, but also a public demonstration that Japan had achieved the diplomatic clout to command equal treatment from the Western Powers. At the same time, the heinous nature of his crime led Japanese to question anew the unfair logic that had justified the system of extraterritoriality in the first place, namely that Japan’s barbaric judiciary had no right to prosecute citizens of the civilized West. Actual treaty port societies, in fact, contradicted these conceits of Western civilization. The victims, a young American grifter, a flophouse madam, and a bar girl, as well as the Chinese witnesses and the perpetrator, were denizens of a tightly woven, cosmopolitan, lower-class society. They, as much as their more extensively studied diplomat, trader, and missionary counterparts, shaped Japan’s relations with

21 ASCJ program 2012 the world in the late-nineteenth century.

Session 8: Room D-501

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Trans-Pacific Expertise, Trans-Pacific Lives in a Time of Rupture Organizer: Sally Hastings, Purdue University Chair: Kumiko Fujimura-Fanselow, Toyo Eiwa University 1) Sally Hastings, Purdue University Women’s Education and the World: Fujita Taki 2) Izumi Koide, University of Tokyo Emergence as a Leader: Naomi Fukuda in the late 1950s 3) Vanessa B. Ward, University of Otago Journeys in Thought: Chō Takeda Kiyoko and the Promotion of US-Japan Intellectual Exchange Discussants: Kumiko Fujimura-Fanselow, Toyo Eiwa University, and Noriko Ishii, Otsuma Women’s University

Trans-Pacific Expertise, Trans-Pacific Lives in a Time of Rupture Organizer: Sally Hastings, Purdue University Chair: Kumiko Fujimura-Fanselow, Toyo Eiwa University This panel explores the lives of three Japanese women who spent several years in the United States pursuing formal education, only to return to a country where their expertise on American ways of doing things was not entirely welcome. The three women were born within twenty years of each other, Fujita Taki in 1898; Fukuda Naomi in 1907; and Cho Takeda Kiyoko in 1917. All three went on in the postwar era to prominent careers in various aspects of academia. Bringing these three separate research projects together will enable the presenters to reflect on the factors that permitted some women to study in the United States, the position of American-educated Japanese women in wartime Japan, and how these women were able to pursue professional careers in the postwar era. Our discussants will comment on our papers from different points of view. Professor Noriko Ishii, an American historian by training, is the author of a seminal book on American educators at Kobe College from the time of its founding in the nineteenth century. Professor Kumiko Fujimura-Fanselow has made major contributions to our understanding of the experience of women in postwar Japan.

1) Sally Hastings, Purdue University Women’s Education and the World: Fujita Taki Fujita Taki was a prominent figure of the immediate postwar era, when the new constitution suddenly guaranteed women equality before the law. Barred as Japanese women had been from most institutions of higher learning and government positions, it was challenging for them to find a foothold in politics and the bureaucracy. Fujita Taki, who traveled to the United States on a scholarship after her graduation from Tsuda College, had the advantage of a Bryn Mawr College degree, additional graduate study in the United States, summers at YWCA camp, and participation in the prewar suffrage movement. A faculty member at Tsuda College, she became the fourth president of the institution. Stepping beyond the confines of the campus, she participated in several aspects of the new Japan. She ran for the national legislature, albeit

23 ASCJ program 2012 unsuccessfully. For a time she headed the Japanese League of Women Voters. She was the second head of the Women and Children’s Bureau of the Labor Ministry and a delegate to the General Assembly of the United Nations. Through her life story, this paper will explore how knowledge of America imparted through formal education and lived experience informed Fujita’s ideals for postwar Japan and the actions she took to implement them.

2) Izumi Koide, University of Tokyo Emergence as a Leader: Naomi Fukuda in the late 1950s Naomi Fukuda (1907-2007) was the first professional female librarian in Japan. Born to a pastor’s family in Tokyo, she was educated both in Japan (Tokyo Woman’s Christian College) and in the United States (University of Michigan). After World War II she became the first librarian at International House of Japan. While providing professional service to scholars visiting Japan, she also used her expertise to reorganize Japanese libraries and their services. This paper focuses on her activities in the late 1950s, particularly on a study trip that Japanese librarians made to the U.S. It will show how this reticent but stern woman displayed leadership in a profession that was still male dominated and how her education and experience living and working in the United States contributed to her leadership.

3) Vanessa B. Ward, University of Otago Journeys in Thought: Chō Takeda Kiyoko and the Promotion of US-Japan Intellectual Exchange Takeda Kiyoko’s return to Japan on the last international Red Cross exchange ship in June 1942 cut short her studies in New York. It would be ten years before she would meet her teacher and mentor from Union Theological College, Reinhold Niebuhr, again but his thought remained with her, inspiring some of her first post-war publications, including her translation of Niebuhr’s The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness (1946). It was fitting that her first essay on Niebuhr’s thought was published in Science of Thought (Shisō no kagaku), the journal founded to, inter alia, promote American philosophy and other neglected traditions in Japan. Takeda’s other engagement with the promotion of intellectual exchange between the United States and Japan in the early post-war period included membership in the American-Japan Committee for Intellectual Exchange. This group sponsored the visit of Eleanor Roosevelt to Japan in mid-1953, and Takeda was among the faculty at International Christian University who welcomed her to the campus. This was no coincidence; in this paper I relate how Takeda’s experience as an exchange student to the United States shaped not only her young mind but also the course of her future career.

Session 9: Room D-502

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Tradition and Innovation in Modern Japanese Theatre Organizers: Cody Poulton, University of Victoria and Michael De Schuyter, Sophia University Chair: Robert Tierney, University of Illinois 1) Robert Tierney, University of Illinois Translation and Tradition: The Strange Tale of Caesar 2) Aragorn Quinn, Stanford University The Sanitorium named “Theater”: Space, Resistance, and Japanese Proletarian Performance 3) Michael De Schuyter, Sophia University Interweaving Time and Tradition: Noda Hideki and Intercultural Theatre 4) Cody Poulton, University of Victoria From Puppet to Robot: Technology and the Human in Japanese Theatre Discussant: Mari Boyd, Sophia University

Tradition and Innovation in Modern Japanese Theatre Organizers: Cody Poulton, University of Victoria and Michael De Schuyter, Sophia University Chair: Robert Tierney, University of Illinois “Tradition” is never a static body of practice, frozen in a particular historical time period and passed down generations without significant alterations. On the contrary, it is constantly rediscovered and reinvented. Artists appropriate traditions, employ them in different contexts and add innovative elements in usage of space, structure and content. It is important to ask to what extent tradition transforms itself during this process, and to what degree innovations and additions inherit and expand upon tradition. This panel will investigate how traditions and innovations have been, and still are, driving forces for the development of modern Japanese theatre. Drawing both on theory originated within the field of theatre and performance studies, as well as other social-political concepts, this diachronic study will employ a multidisciplinary approach to offer insight into the ways how tradition and innovation have functioned on the Japanese stage, and how these practices are rooted in the larger context of Japanese society. While theatre naturally engages the inner issues of individuals, this interiority is inextricably linked to the maintenance and development of the communities that operate these plays. The subject matter of this panel will cover a selection of works spanning roughly 100 years of Japanese dramatic history, ranging from the time of Tsubouchi Shōyō, who introduced Western theatrical traditions to Meiji-period Japan, over the artistically innovative 1920s and 1930s and the proletarian movement, to the present-day highly vibrant Japanese theatre scene with contemporary playwrights and directors such as Hirata Oriza and Noda Hideki as prominent innovators.

1) Robert Tierney, University of Illinois

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Translation and Tradition: The Strange Tale of Caesar Tsubouchi Shōyō, the first Japanese to translate all of Shakespeare’s works, wrote an adaptation of Julius Caesar in 1884 when he was a student at Tokyo University. He gave it the kabuki-like title: The Strange Tale of Caesar: the Sword of Freedom and the Echo of its Sharp Blade. I argue that this translation opens an interesting window onto the evolution on the early reception of Shakespeare in Japan and the politics of the early Meiji period. In the 1880s, Tsubouchi began as a political propagandist and journalist in the Freedom and People’s Rights movement and he probably chose Julius Caesar to translate because of its clear political connotations. At the time, Shakespeare’s plays, notably The Merchant of Venice, were being adapted for the first time to the Japanese theater. In The Strange Tale of Caesar, he produced a hybrid text by rewriting Julius Caesar as a Jōruri play and by altering the language to make it resonate with his contemporaries in Meiji Japan. In accordance with the conventions of Jōruri, Tsubouchi inserts a narrator directly into the libretto who voices his opinions on the assassination of Caesar and its aftermath. In The Strange Tale of Caesar, Caesar and Brutus become figures of Japanese politics while the play offers a reflection on the movement for Freedom and Popular Rights. This early work occupies a critical place at a transitional time in Japanese conceptions of literature, translation and politics.

2) Aragorn Quinn, Stanford University The Ideology of Space in Proletarian Theater Performance played a key role in the Proletarian political movement in early Shōwa Japan. The traditional theater space of the much studied Tsukiji Little Theater was one place in which the movement employed performance, but the use of performance went far beyond the confines of the proscenium stage. From the frequent informal plays performed during membership meetings, to public performances of news, to the integration of performance into workers’ strikes and demonstrations, the Proletarian Theater movement played an active role in almost every facet of the larger political movement. The widespread integration of performance was also evident in the intellectual circles of the movement. Theater practitioners such as Murayama Tomoyoshi's and Senda Koreya's writings figured prominently in the larger political movement, and non-artistic members of the leadership like Osugi Sakae invariably wrote about and attended the theater. Murayama’s Trunk Theater was one way in which drama was expanded beyond the traditional theatrical building. The Trunk players saw and used space itself as an ideologically charged artistic element. They performed all over Tokyo in all kinds of venues—including street performances and at factory gates for striking workers. And just as the performance spaces were divorced from the familiar context of the proscenium theater, the scripts that were performed were often intra- or inter-semiotic translations that were thus decontextualized from their source culture and language. This paper examines the Trunk Theater’s negotiation of spatiality in both form and theme in its inaugural performance.

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3) Michael De Schuyter, Sophia University Interweaving Time and Tradition: Noda Hideki and Intercultural Theatre This paper will explore Noda Hideki’s appropriation of Japanese and Western theatrical traditions in his works that were conceived in close collaboration with non-Japanese playwrights and actors, namely The Red Demon (performed in four versions: Japanese (1996), Tai (1998), English (2003), Korean (2005)), The Bee (2006), and The Diver (2008) within the framework of intercultural theatre. For these last two plays, Noda shared the writing credits with the Irish playwright Colin Teevan. Both works were originally created in English and performed in London, followed by a Japanese version adapted by Noda Hideki. While critics are divided over how to label these particular plays, it is my conviction that the result on stage is the outcome of a genuine intercultural creative process, and therefore an impetus for continuing the intercultural theatre debate. Noda Hideki has become very attentive to cultural differences since the dissolution of his theatre troupe The Dream Wanderers in 1992 and his subsequent study abroad. His recent productions are more political and engaging with social issues than before. I argue that The Bee and The Diver are works emblematic of the changes Noda’s style has undergone since the 1990s. Moreover, scrutinizing the particular creative process behind these plays will offer not only new insights into ongoing transformations in contemporary Japanese theatre, but will forge a better understanding of larger, current tendencies in the world of drama as well. To this end, this paper will draw upon the concept of “Postdramatic Theatre,” as theorized by Hans-Thies Lehmann.

4) Cody Poulton, University of Victoria From Puppet to Robot: Technology and the Human in Japanese Theatre This paper examines the use of technology in Japanese theatre by comparing the puppets of Bunraku (ningyô jôruri) with the robots of contemporary playwright Hirata Oriza in his plays I, Worker (Hataraku watakushi, 2008) and In the Depths of the Forest (Mori no Oku, revised 2010), and Sayonara (2010). I am chiefly interested in examining the role played by technology in mediating the message of a work of art. I see this as related to a larger issue concerning how Japanese theatre negotiates and articulates the relationship between the human and non-human. Japanese advances in both puppets and robotics reflects a fascination and sophisticated culture of animation and simulation that reaches back at least to the seventeenth century. The aim of the puppet theatre is to imbue lifeless pieces of wood with the semblance of life, relying on intense physical action from both puppeteers and puppets to create a sense of drama and verisimilitude. But, as Chikamatsu remarked, “art lies in the slender margin between the real and the unreal,” and too much realism only alienates the audience. Chikamatsu’s ideas anticipate those of Japanese roboticist Mori Masahiro on the "uncanny valley" (bukimi no tani) evoked by the human emotional response to inhuman, but humanlike entities, such as puppets, robots and zombies. Current discourse on the “posthuman” will be one theoretical framework for this paper. This paper would also address Roland Barthes’ famous remarks on the puppet

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Session 10: Room D-602

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Public Health Nutrition Discourses as Social Discourses: Understanding Japan through the Lens of Shokuiku Organizer/Chair: Melissa Melby, University of Delaware 1) Melissa Melby, University of Delaware Shokuiku Ideals and Realities: Lifestyle Constraints Influencing the Discordance between Ideal and Actual Eating Habits 2) Wakako Takeda, Australian National University The Role of Commensality (Meal Sharing) in Shokuiku 3) Aiko Kojima, University of Chicago Responsibility or Right to Eat Well?: The Food Education (Shokuiku) Campaign in Japan Discussant: Glenda Roberts, Waseda University

Public Health Nutrition Discourses as Social Discourses: Understanding Japan through the Lens of Shokuiku Organizer/Chair: Melissa Melby, University of Delaware In response to issues such as (1) lack of proper concern for food; (2) an increase in irregular and nutritionally unbalanced meals; (3) the rise in obesity and lifestyle-related diseases; (4) excessive desire to be slim, especially among young females; (5) a series of incidents related to food safety; (6) overdependence on food from abroad; and (7) loss of traditional food culture, Japan passed the Shokuiku Basic Act in 2005. The law was based on an interdisciplinary food/nutrition policy which aims to promote “comprehensive knowledge and practices” related to people’s dietary lives nationwide. Shokuiku (food and nutrition education) promotion takes many forms and ranges from national to local activities. The law is broad in scope, but its implementation tends to narrow the focus, which may not address the underlying issues. Analysis of dietary and shokuiku-related issues has been conducted at the policy level, marketing level, media level, and individual behavioral level. Shokuiku discourses touch on issues of nationalism, moral responsibility, rights to health, and work-life balance and sustainability. To attain a more complete understanding of Japan through the lens of Shokuiku, this panel evaluates public health nutrition discourses as social discourses from a variety of theoretical orientations and approaches including: anthropologically-informed studies involving cultural consensus analysis on ideal and actual eating habit; anthropologically-informed studies of commensality (meal sharing); and sociologically informed studies of rights and responsibilities involved in the shokuiku campaign.

1) Melissa Melby, University of Delaware Shokuiku ideals and realities: Lifestyle constraints influencing discordance between ideal and actual eating habits Shokuiku promotion continues Japan’s long history of using volunteers to enact policies for social management. The Shokuiku Basic law is broad in scope, but its implementation tends to narrowly focus on specific dietary recommendations, which may not address the underlying

29 ASCJ program 2012 social issues. Shokuiku often promotes consumption of the traditional Japanese diet, which has been declining in Japan. The rate of breakfast skipping is one outcome measure of interest in Shokuiku promotion. While Shokuiku promotion has included “Eat Breakfast” campaigns, our interviews suggest that breakfast skipping does not stem from lack of knowledge about its importance to health, but rather from lifestyle constraints. For example, men often return home and eat dinner late. They must then choose between waking up early enough to sit down to breakfast, or getting a little more sleep and grabbing something later. Additionally, they are often not hungry when they wake. Thus, campaigns such as “Eat Breakfast” seem meaningless at best, and patronizing at worst. This paper examines the discordance between “ideal” and “actual” eating habits among Japanese people, which shed light on the real-life social and work-life balance constraints that prevent people from implementing many Shokuiku recommendations. Diet-related health problems are often equated with poor nutritional choices and lack of nutritional education. However, on a more fundamental level, long working hours or commutes, family members’ schedule constraints, availability of unhealthy convenience foods, marketing campaigns, and economic and environmental factors may explain more of the variation in observed health patterns.

2) Wakako Takeda, Australian National University Role of commensality (meal sharing) in Shokuiku Transforming theory to praxis is a major challenge to policy implementation, particularly interdisciplinary policy like the Shokuiku Basic Act (SBA) of Japan. The SBA encounters a dilemma in this transformation process. The idea of Shokuiku (food and nutrition education) has been widely recognized by the public since the SBA was enacted in 2005, according to nationwide surveys from 2006-2011. However, the relationship between how deeply people understand the idea of Shokuiku and the extent to which they can implement it in their daily lives, homes, and communities remains unclear. This paper compares three different surveys, including a national survey, school-based survey and an in-depth interview-based community survey, about people’s understanding of Shokuiku and one example of Shokuiku praxis: sharing a meal with someone (SMS), analyzed by the respondents’ gender and age groups. Each survey presented the same question about Shokuiku knowledge and awareness differently, and that influenced the responses somewhat. Younger and older groups were less likely to have knowledge and awareness of Shokuiku compared to other groups, possibly because they do not have access to information about Shokuiku in their daily lives. Cultural differences in values surrounding commensality in Japan, Australia and Korea will be discussed.

3) Aiko Kojima, University of Chicago and Keio Research Institute at SFC Responsibility or Right to Eat Well?: Food Education (Shokuiku) Campaign in Japan Food activism in neo-liberalist economy is always in a tension between the need for collective action to reform the globalizing food system and the self-responsibility logic of consumerism. Whether it is a right or responsibility to eat well is, therefore, an indispensable question to consider the nature and direction of food activism today. I will explore this question through a

30 ASCJ program 2012 case analysis of Shokuiku Food Education campaign in recent Japan. Since the enactment of the Fundamental Law of Shokuiku Food Education in 2005, shokuiku has become the key concept for food movements in Japan. Although the law claims shokuiku to be a “national movement,”and indeed various collective attempts are conducted under the slogan, it is also notable that the shokuiku campaign most frequently emphasizes individuals’—particularly women’s—responsibility to be aware and knowledgeable about what they eat. The campaign also remarkably encourages the so-called “Japanese diet” by citing its nutritional merit, its contribution to improve the national self-sufficiency ratio, and its representation of the traditional culture. Under this campaign, therefore, a nutritionally conscious choice for an individual simultaneously signifies the politically and economically responsible choice for the Japanese nation. This paper will examine how the notion of a responsibility, not a right, to eat well mediates being a “wise consumer” and being a “good nation” at the same time.

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Session 11: Room D-302 Personal Choices during Radical Times Organizer: Zisu Liang, Huazhong Normal University Chair: Jenine Heaton, Kansai University 1) Zisu Liang, Huazhong Normal University Formation and Transformation of Shibusawa Eiichi’s Views of the World: From Shogunate Retainer to Meiji Government Official 2) Zhenzi Hu, Kansai University Pursuing Academic Neutrality in Turbulent Times: Kano Naoki and Japanese Sinology 3) Chen Yuan, Kansai University True to the Cause: Huang Xing and the 1911 Revolution 4) Dan Luo, Kansai University On the Final Life Choices of Qing Loyalist Zheng Xiaoxu, First Prime Minister of Manchukuo Discussants: Jian Zhao, Tokiwakai Gakuen University and Masato Kimura, Shibusawa Eiichi Memorial Foundation

Personal Choices during Radical Times Organizer: Zisu Liang, Huazhong Normal University Chair: Jenine Heaton, Kansai University The hundred-year span from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries was a tumultuous time of rapid modernization and political change in East Asia. No individual was left untouched by the waves of revolution; indeed, personal decisions had momentous impact on developments during the era. This panel treats four individuals – two Japanese and two Chinese – who were intimately involved in the drama of the time: Shibusawa Eiichi, Kano Naoki, Huang Xing, and Zheng Xiaoxu, and discusses the difficult choices they were compelled to make. Zisu Liang's paper presents Shibusawa Eiichi's notions of foreign relations during his term of office, beginning with his initial positions as Tokugawa retainer and Meiji modernizer to the end of his career. Zhenzi Hu discusses a famous Sinologist of modern Japan, Kano Naoki, by focusing on the academic excellence he maintained in spite of governmental interference in academic research on China in this highly politicized time. Chen Yuan's work treats an important revolutionary in China, Huang Xing, who was known for his adherence to traditional Confucian values during the 1911 Revolution, and examines the relationship between Huang's revolutionary ideals, decisions, and actions. Dan Luo analyzes the critical life choices of a Qing loyalist, Zheng Xiaoxu, who eventually became the first prime minister of Manchukuo. Taken together, the four individuals represent critical developments in foreign policy, economics, and academics during this epochal century.

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1) Zisu Liang, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan Formation and Transformation of Shibusawa Eiichi's Views of the World: From Shogunate Retainer to Meiji Government Official Shibusawa Eiichi (1840-1931), arguably the most famous entrepreneur of modern Japan, lived through four epochal periods of Japanese history: the end of the Tokugawa, the Meiji, Taisho, and first years of the Showa eras. Shibusawa played a decisive role in a number of fields in the modernization of Japan, including politics, economics, culture, and social welfare. In the wave of modernization that swept Asia in the early nineteenth century, Shibusawa served as retainer during the bakumatsu, as official in the Meiji government, businessman, philanthropist, and non-official diplomat. At the age of 24, Shibusawa began serving the last shogun of the Tokugawa, Hitotsubashi Yoshinobu (1837-1913), as retainer in 1864, thus initiating his nine-year term of service in the government. His ideas toward foreign diplomacy were formed during this time. Shibusawa was away in France when the bakufu was overthrown and did not personally witness the collapse of the old regime. After his return to Japan, the new Meiji government appointed him head of the Tax Bureau in spite of his having served the shogun Yoshinobu, an honor that deeply moved Shibusawa. During his term of office in the Meiji government from 1869 to 1873, he not only strove to modernize Japan's economic system, but offered suggestions from an economic perspective on foreign relations. This paper examines the development of Shibusawa's notions of foreign relations, from his initial position as Tokugawa retainer and Meiji modernizer until the end of his career.

2) Zhenzi Hu, Kansai University Pursuing Academic Neutrality in Turbulent Times: Kano Naoki and Japanese Sinology Kano Naoki (1868-1947), one of Japan's leading Sinologists, started the Kyoto school of Japanese Sinology. Sent as a student to Beijing in 1900, Kano experienced the Boxer Rebellion firsthand. Forced to cut short his stay, Kano returned to China the following year, where he remained until 1903. Shortly after his return to Japan, he was appointed professor to the Humanities Department at newly-established Kyoto University. During his tenure there, he traveled to France to study, where he interacted with the eminent French Sinologists, Paul Pelliot (1878-1945) and Édouard Chavannes (1865-1918). He had an understanding of China rare among his contemporaries, most of whom tended to relate their research on China to nationalistic politics even though their academic backgrounds were similar to those of Kano. Throughout his life, Kano showed deep respect for China and its culture, and approached Sinology with the objectivity of a true professional. During the Pacific War, Kano objected to the Japanese government's aggression in China; he chose to resign from the Kyoto Institute of the Academy of Oriental Culture to which the government had appointed him director rather than pursue a nationalistic agenda. Kano believed strongly in academic independence and freedom throughout his life. This paper examines the contributions that Kano made to Japanese Sinology, focusing in particular on the academic excellence Kano maintained in spite of governmental interference in academic research on China in the highly charged political climate of the time.

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3) Chen Yuan, Kansai University True to the Cause: Huang Xing and the 1911 Revolution Huang Xing (1874-1913), an important leader of China's 1911 Revolution, arguably implemented the ideals of Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) more thoroughly than did Sun himself. Sun had minimal exposure to the Chinese classics and tradition, having been educated during his formative years in the West. Huang, in contrast, was steeped in the Confucian tradition from childhood but also learned modern ideas from abroad. He passed the highest level of the national imperial examination (xiucai) before studying at the Kobun Institute in Japan. In Japan Huang was exposed to anti-Manchu ideas that converted him into a dedicated revolutionist. After Huang joined Sun's revolutionary Tongmenghui association, he became instrumental in averting crises within the movement by applying Confucian principles to the overall interests of the revolution and of the country. Even when Huang had a serious disagreement with Sun and wished to quit the Tongmenghui, he refrained from doing so. When Tao Chengzhang (1878-1912) and Zhang Binglin (1869-1936) established the Restoration Society in 1909 over an ideological conflict with Sun and his Tongmenghui, Huang Xing did his utmost to maintain Sun's leadership authority and solidarity among the revolutionaries. Huang also made many personal sacrifices for the revolution. Why did Huang have such a strong commitment to the revolution that he would sacrifice his own personal interests? What drove him to adhere to his ideals in every instance? This paper analyzes Huang Xing's personal decisions and the relationship between his revolutionary ideals and actions.

4) Dan Luo, Kansai University On the Final Life Choices of Qing Loyalist Zheng Xiaoxu, First Prime Minister of Manchukuo China's trajectory from a monarchic system to modern republicanism was dramatic and often turbulent. Zheng Xiaoxu (1860-1935), born in the late Qing dynasty, epitomizes the upheaval of the era. As a dedicated official for the Qing government, Zheng served in Chinese consulates in several cities in Japan between 1891 and 1894, and was well-acquainted with influential Japanese government officials. After the Sino-Japanese War forced his return to China, he worked with Chinese reformist Zhang Zhidong, devoting his energies to development of industry and education. As a Qing loyalist, Zheng was faced with two critical developments confronting the Qing government: the establishment of the Republic after the 1911 Revolution and the creation of Manchukuo. Influenced deeply by traditional Chinese ethics, Zheng was dedicated to the country as he had known it and refused to pledge loyalty to the new Republic, instead choosing to retire to a life of writing poetry and calligraphy. In 1931 Zheng made his second critical choice by playing an important role in helping to restore the Qing dynasty in Manchukuo and serving as the state's first prime minister. After the ambitions of the Kwangtung Army became clearer, however, Zheng again resigned from office. Zheng was later vilified and then erased from Chinese historical narratives for his collaboration with the Japanese. This paper aims to explore Zheng's pivotal choices in challenging times in a

34 ASCJ program 2012 milieu of complex international relations and intense domestic political rivalries.

Session 12: Room D-603 Individual Papers on Japan and the Avant-garde Chair: Angela Yiu, Sophia University 1) Ievgeniia Bogdanova, Heidelberg University Negotiating Art Borders: Between Avant-Garde Calligraphy and Abstract Painting 2) Noriko Manabe, Princeton University Representing Japan: Japanese Hip-Hop DJs, the Global Stage, and Defining a “‘National’ Style” 3) Paul McQuade, Sophia University x + ander = ? Tawada Yōko and Thirdspace Writing 4) Alejandro Morales Rama, Sophia University A Polyphonic Monogatari: A Study on the Process of Intertextuality in Nakagami Kenji’s “The Immortal” 5) Ryan Shaldjian Morrison, University of Tokyo A Portrait of the Artist as a Pan-Possessed Nympholeptic: A Close Reading of Ishikawa Jun’s “Kajin”

1) Ievgeniia Bogdanova, Heidelberg University Negotiating Art Borders: Between Avant-Garde Calligraphy and Abstract Painting My presentation focuses on the postwar avant-garde calligraphy group Bokujinkai and its activities directed toward the modernization of Japanese postwar calligraphy. The Bokujinkai group, founded in 1952 by Morita Shiryū, Inoue Yūichi eand others, saw its programmatic aim in the “modernizing” of the art of calligraphy and “opening up to the world” through bringing it to equal terms with contemporaneous art (mostly painting) from Europe and America via artistic dialogue between these cultural spheres. The aim of this talk will be to study and compare the positions towards the definition and role allotted to the Japanese calligraphy in the postwar world art, as well as understandings of calligraphy’s ways for “modernization” and “transformation,”as seen by key agents involved in the artistic dialogue between Japanese calligraphy and Euro-American painting in the postwar decades. I will be interested not only in the opinions of the Bokujinkai members (such as Morita, Inoue and Eguchi Sōgen), but also in those of the abstract painters from the United States (such as Franz Kline and Mark Tobey), Europe (such as Pierre Alechinski and Julius Bissier), and Japan (such as Hasegawa Saburō and Yoshihara Jirō). My goal is to disentangle the art discourses underlying the formation of the avant-garde calligraphy (as it is understood today) by singling out and analyzing individual voices and standpoints of interacting artists and art theoreticians who directly or indirectly participated in its configuration.

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2) Noriko Manabe, Princeton University Representing Japan: Japanese Hip-Hop DJs, the Global Stage, and Defining a “‘National’ Style’” Japanese musicians in Western genres have often felt the need to prove their originality and authenticity to non-Japanese―an issue with which Japanese hip-hop DJs and producers, who often perform overseas, have also wrestled. Based on interviews with the artists, this paper examines how Japanese DJ/producers distinguish themselves in the global marketplace in ways that reflect on Japan's two self-images: its impenetrable uniqueness and its adeptness at assimilating other cultures (cf. Ivy, Iwabuchi). Recalling the autoexoticist strategies of classical composer Toru Takemitsu and jazz artist Toshiko Akiyoshi, DJ Krush and Shing02 draw on Japanese uniqueness by integrating Japanese instruments (e.g., shakuhachi, shamisen, and taiko), genres (biwa narrative), and aesthetics (ma, sabi, heterophonic texture) into their works, as illustrated through musical analyses. In contrast, Evis Beats’ incorporation of shomyo (chant) and minyo (folk music) takes a parodic approach. On the other hand, Japanese DJs competing at the DMC World DJ Championships―the foremost turntablist competition in the world―have built their performances on eclecticism and originality in assimilating multiple genres in ways rarely seen among European competitors. However, since DJ Kentaro won the singles championship in 2002 with the highest score in the competition's history, Japanese DJs have been unable to recapture this title, perennially finishing in second or third place. While countering the stereotype of Japanese as imitators, the Japanese emphasis on (hyper-)originality may be placing contestants too far outside prevailing trends. Both strategies imply that Japanese artists encounter insinuations and anxieties regarding their authenticity, necessitating strategies to differentiate themselves.

3) Paul McQuade, Sophia University x + ander = ? Tawada Yōko and Thirdspace Writing This paper examines Tawada Yōko’s Das Bad (1989; The Bath, 2002) in terms of its destabilisation of Herderian concepts of culture, cohesive subject identities, and the mother tongue in order to synthesise a theoretical framework that combines the competing theories of exophony, post-monolingualism, and Thirdspace. It shows that Das Bad is an allegorical journey into an exophonic realm of Thirdspace beyond the national subject and the borders of culture, and argues that Tawada’s writing presents a move beyond the structures of the monolingual condition pushed to its limit. In analysing Das Bad, it also illustrates that the techniques used to do so can be transposed to other texts in order to examine them in new post-colonial light, further advancing Thirdspace theory as a method of studying Japanese literature in the context of world literature.

4) Alejandro Morales Rama, Sophia University A Polyphonic Monogatari: A Study on the Process of Intertextuality in Nakagami Kenji’s “The Immortal” Nakagami Kenji (1946-1992), winner of the 1975 Akutagawa Prize for his debut work Misaki,

36 ASCJ program 2012 was a novelist preoccupied with difference within a seemingly homogenous Japanese culture, in part due to his own background as part of the burakumin minority. He problematised the concept of monogatari not merely as a literary genre but as a discriminatory system perpetuating the illusion of a unified Japanese culture. This paper analyses the relationship between Nakagami's The Immortal (1980), Izumi Kyoka's The Holy Man of Mount Koya (1900) and Sakaguchi Ando's In the Forest, Under the Cherries in Full Bloom (1949), emphasising Nakagami's process of dialogue. Combining Bakhtin's concept of utterance and heteroglossia with Nakagami's own theories of monogatari, it creates a theoretical framework that allows us to see how Nakagami reweaves Kyoka's mythical archetypes with Sakaguchi's ideology as a method of deconstructing monogatari, and argues that Nakagami's literary legacy is the concept of a polyphonic monogatari - a mode of writing that connects the literary with the social, providing an epistemological alternative with which to overcome discrimination.

5) Ryan Shaldjian Morrison, University of Tokyo A Portrait of the Artist as a Pan-Possessed Nympholeptic: A Close Reading of Ishikawa Jun’s “Kajin” Ishikawa Jun’s debut work Kajin (1935) is an ironic, modernist self-portrait of an aspiring writer in the process of writing his debut work, which is the very work we are reading. This writer—or Watashi, as he refers to himself—longs to break free from the confines of his world and self and to be submerged into a kind of vaginal-shaped aperture (described as a “cavity” or “crack” or “split”) that leads from this shaba (“defiled, actual world”) to an imagined transcendent realm. This longing—or what I call his “transcendent impulse”—is produced and perpetuated by the two entities that “possess” him, the Greek god of desire Pan and a kind death-wish-inducing god of nothingness, which correspond roughly to Eros and Thanatos. Although these two entities have opposite aims—one strives toward life/sex and the other death/stillness—what they seek is ultimately the same thing, namely, the resolution of tension, the unification of self with something external to it, and the restoration of a state of quiescence and equilibrium. Watashi’s longing for this state leads him on a quest for that unspecified and obscure object of his desire, which is represented by the metaphors of the “nymphs” and the “kajin.” Ultimately, however, he is unable to locate anything other than a few surrogates or substitutes for this object, and the story ends with him still stuck within the confines of self and completely in the grip of his “possessor” Pan. The following paper will thus explore this theme of “possession”—which, despite being central to the work, has received little if any attention by previous critics—and its relation to Watashi’s failed quest for self- and world-transcendence.

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Session 13: Room X-106 Individual Papers on Premodern History, Religion and Society Chair: Sven Saaler, Sophia University 1) Jinhua Jia, University of Macau Female Religiosity in the Daoist Tradition of Tang China 2) Hsin-I Mei, University of California, Los Angeles The Divine Empyrean Movement in Jiangxi during the Song China (960–1279) 3) Matthew Mitchell, Duke University The Light of Japan – Nuns, Sites, and Semiofficial Patronage Networks in the Early Modern Period 4) Alexander Vesey, Meiji Gakuin University Temples, Timber, and Truculence: Clerical-Lay Tensions over Timber Resources in Early Modern Japan 5) Makiko Mori, Auburn University Religion or Philosophy: Popular Enlightenment in the Late Qing Reformist Discourse 6) Sun-Hee Yoon, Loyola Marymount University War, Fiction, and History

1) Jinhua Jia, University of Macau Female Religiosity in the Daoist Tradition of Tang China Daoist priestesses had a remarkable presence in the Tang dynasty, the “golden age” of Daoist tradition. Historical records show that about one third of Tang Daoist monasteries were convents, and women from all social strata were ordained as priestesses, ranging from imperial princesses to daughters of the poorest families. By dispelling unreliable sources such as the hagiographies from Du Guangting’s (850-933) Yongcheng jixian lu (Records of the Assembled Immortals of the Walled City) and utilizing a large amount of previously ignored sources, including more than twenty epitaphs written for the priestesses, the priestesses’ own writings, other Daoist texts, historical records, and literati works, this study attempts to undertake a comprehensive examination on the religious experiences and achievements of Tang Daoist priestesses. It will discuss their roles as religious leaders, mentors, preachers, practitioners, and even Daoist theorists, and explore their strong agency and subjectivity through their writings and activities.

2) Hsin-I Mei, University of California, Los Angeles The Divine Empyrean Movement in Jiangxi during the Song China (960–1279) The paper will center on a newly developed Daoist tradition named the Divine Empyrean (Shenxiao) of the Song China (960-1279 C.E.). The purpose is to explore the development of this new Daoist exorcistic liturgical tradition in Jiangxi region, its interaction, cooperation, and competition with other religious practices, and the social relations revealed in this religious movement. The Divine Empyrean movement was first promoted to the court of Emperor Huizong of Northern Song in 1116. The Divine Empyrean movement served a leading role in

38 ASCJ program 2012 the imperial ritual practices as well as the construction of nation-wide temple networks with the imperial support for a short period of time. Despite the loss of imperial favor, the Divine Empyrean continued to develop its theology, scriptures, and ritual practices. Its construction of the theological and liturgical foundations of thunder rites had tremendous influence across other contemporary religious traditions and the later Daoist rituals. Wang Wenqing, the founder of the Divine Empyrean, was a Jiangxi native, and his lineage continued to grow in this region throughout Song-Yuan period. Moreover, the Thunder Magic he promoted became prominent and essential to the Daoist ritual practice from the Song period onwards. As a result, through the examination of the Divine Empyrean’s scriptures and its construction of the religious transmission in Jiangxi, the paper will reflect the complexity of religious traditions and a new unprecedented religious culture developed in the Song period.

3) Matthew Mitchell, Duke University The Light of Japan – Nuns, Sites, and Semiofficial Patronage Networks in the Early Modern Period Many scholars have told the story of female monastics in Japan in terms of subservience to male religious figures and restriction of rights. The nuns of Daihongan, one of the head sub-temples of Zenkōji, have been depicted in a similar vein – made subordinate to the monks of a rival sub-temple, they were bereft of many benefits and responsibilities they had previously enjoyed. While this was true, it is not the whole story: I reexamine Daihongan’s nuns in the early modern period, moving away from a tale of loss to one which pays attention to the nuns’ utilization of myth, materiality, and space to generate funds and establish (or maintain) networks with common and elite laypersons. This reevaluation of the nuns’ position comes with a methodological shift as well: I move from a focus on a single site or icon to an examination of connections and networks. I demonstrate this through the case of Wakōji, a temple built by Daihongan’s nuns in 1699 near a pond in Osaka associated with Zenkōji’s origin story. By constructing this temple, the nuns created a new source of funds from rent and donations, a node for Zenkōji confraternities in Kansai with the abbess of Daihongan at its center, and a new means of connecting with warrior and court elite through displays in the women’s quarters in the shogun’s castle (Ōoku). This research points to the ways female religious practitioners generated and utilized semiofficial networks to remain vital elements in early modern Japan.

4) Alexander Vesey, Meiji Gakuin University Temples, Timber, and Truculence: Clerical-Lay Tensions over Timber Resources in Early Modern Japan Mt. Takao is a popular destination for day-trippers from Tokyo who seek relief from urban life by hiking through the quiet cedar groves of the Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park. Most trails converge on Yakuô-in, a Shingon temple with famous worship halls devoted to the deity Izuna gongen and tengu. Many visitors enjoy the present combination of nature and religion, but few realize the temple and surrounding farming villages engaged in bouts of

39 ASCJ program 2012 antagonistic litigation over the woods as they struggled to extract economic benefits from the mountain’s vegetation during the early modern period (1600-1868). This paper examines Yakuô-in’s archives to offer two new perspectives on the social, religious and environmental history of early modern Japan. First, there is extensive research on Buddhist temples as votive sites and the clergy’s religious activities, but less scholarly attention is paid to the Buddhist clergy’s role in non-religious economic and social processes. The presentation responds to this lacuna by highlighting the value of forest plantations to Yakuô-in, and the clergy’s efforts to manage Mt. Takao’s resources. Second, older scholarship stresses the clergy’s domination of the laity in daily life. Yakuô-in’s records, however, indicate the laity was actually far more resilient to clerical pressure. The paper uses these data to outline a different interpretation of clerical-lay social dynamics that highlights the counter-balanced and negotiated nature of temple-village relationships.

5) Makiko Mori, Auburn University Religion or Philosophy: Popular Enlightenment in the Late Qing Reformist Discourse The complexity of the late Qing intellectual transformation was inextricably entwined with the re-emergence of the people as a question, a question that implied, on the one hand, a renewed political investment in the concept as the ultimate panacea for China’s national crisis and, on the other, an unprecedented call for a new method of teaching that would tap into and channel the potential capacities of the people. This paper discusses the unfolding of the new question of the people in Liang Qichao’s (1873-1929) works between 1896 and 1902. It examines how Liang’s increasingly nationalist vision of the people was informed by and challenged the Confucian epistemic assumption of enculturation and reveals the particular significance of his ambivalent espousal of Buddhism and Confucianism in the year he launched “Xinmin shuo.”

6) Sun-Hee Yoon, Loyola Marymount University War, Fiction, and History Set in the seventeenth century around the Chosŏn-Manchu Wars (1627, 1636) and the Manchu conquest of the Ming China, the Story of Madame Pak and the Story of Kim Yŏngchŏl center on individuals who exemplify loyalism in the face of Manchu “barbarians.” Both stories are clearly immersed in the cultural politics of the Chosŏn yangban elite who aggressively promoted Ming loyalism and anti-Manchu sentiments. However, they also incorporate features that destabilize that dominant narrative. Unlike most official histories, panegyrics, and official biographies that tend to produce seamless narratives of resistance to the Manchus and loyalty to the dynasty and, in so doing, mask the changing relations of power, these stories present us with a rather disjointed set of stories that demonstrate the active participation and implication of those thought of as loyal heroes. The realism of these fictionalized narratives, including those fantastic and surreal elements, reveals a world of political contingency and moral ambivalence effectively written out of official records. This paper will build on these elements to examine the making of Ming loyalism, the dominant political ideology in late seventeenth-century Chosŏn Korea.

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Session 14: Room D-201 Print Matters: The Production and Circulation of the Printed Word in British Asia Organizer/Chair: Amelia Bonea, Heidelberg University 1) Dhrupadi Chattopadhyay, Heidelberg University Print and the Christian Religious Imaginary in Nineteenth-Century Bengal 2) Nitin Sinha, Zentrum Moderner Orient Between “Paiswa (Money)” and “Sawatiya (Second-wife”): Womanhood and Print in Late Colonial India 3) Mark Frost, University of Essex Pandora’s Post Box: The Information Revolution in British Asia, 1860–1920 Discussants: Toshie Awaya, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, and Riho Isaka, University of Tokyo

Print Matters: The Production and Circulation of the Printed Word in British Asia Organizer/Chair: Amelia Bonea, Heidelberg University The papers in this panel explore the multifarious life of print in British Asia, with a particular focus on newspapers, periodicals, pamphlets and various small-format prints which were produced and circulated in this region during the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The contributions highlight the dual character of print as a medium and a mediator. On one hand, the printed forms examined were products of identifiable socio-economic and political circumstances: their very existence was predicated upon the establishment of more or less extensive and cohesive human and technological networks which often extended beyond the confines of a particular geographic region. On the other hand, these printed forms were consumed in a variety of social spaces and represented important vehicles for the transmission and circulation of ideas. As such, they had the potential to transgress textual boundaries and move into the terrain of orality. The papers in this panel address these issues from local and translocal, as well as interdisciplinary perspectives. They examine the dynamic intersections of print, religion, gender, technology and nationalism and aim to open new avenues of investigation and comparison for scholars of the printed word in various parts of Asia.

1) Dhrupadi Chattopadhyay, Heidelberg University Print and the Christian Religious Imaginary in Nineteenth-Century Bengal This paper focuses on the most effective propaganda organ of most missionary enterprises in India, the print in the form of newspapers, pamphlets and periodicals that flooded the market in the nineteenth century. Most studies on Christianity in India tend to locate themselves around the proselytizing character of the religion. Missionaries, the most obvious agents of this enterprise, have consequently enjoyed attention. Unlike other parts of India, Christianity arrived at the shores of Bengal with colonizing powers. Largely owing to its late arrival, colonial Bengal’s understanding of Christianity in this regard was mediated to a large extent

41 ASCJ program 2012 by “print.” With the Danish missionaries in Sreerampore acting as pioneers in printing, most knowledge about Christianity was produced in “print.” Published both in London and India, in English and native Indian languages, this print travelled beyond the charted domain of the literate crowd. Padris or itinerant preachers orally took it to village market places, and zenana teachers took it into the inner quarters etc. In the literary marketplace of the day, the “onslaught of Christianity” was debated and consumed relentlessly. Christianity in the context of print in nineteenth-century Bengal was not a simple metaphysical or sociological category but a larger “performative” category, where religion emerged not merely as a socio-cultural denominator but, in a climate of political excess, constantly reproduced itself. The paper looks at some of the representative newspapers of the age, both in English and Bengali, to explore the nature of this performative religious imaginary.

2) Nitin Sinha, Zentrum Moderner Orient Between “Paiswa (Money)” and “Sawatiya (Second-wife)”: Womanhood and Print in Late Colonial India This paper explores the dialogical relationship between print and idealized notions of conjugality and domesticity in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century colonial north and east India. This phase was conspicuously marked by Hindu reform movements that established a new discourse on domesticity and conjugality. Much of this institutional “investment” in religious and social reform was directed against and posed in response to the “modernist” impulse of colonial rule, but it was also directed against the “barbaric and lecherous” gaze of the Muslim male other. This paper goes beyond the framework of community or religiosity into understanding the emerging notions of idealized womanhood and conjugality at a more popular level of lower caste/class migration from the regions of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh to places such as Calcutta. The popular recollections, texts, and folksongs from this region make two points clear: first, it was the men who travelled afar, but for the poets and writers women became the centre of narration, implying that immobility was integral to the ways mobility was represented. Second, the world of print (intersected by orality) did not only reflect social conditions of separated conjugal lives but also constructed the norms and boundaries of womanhood. The wives left behind in the villages were either portrayed as “victims” of male gaze or potentially acquiring sexual “freedom.” Mobility induced anxieties, and therefore, for the male poets and writers, it became necessary to set a moral discourse on ideal women, who would “long” for their husbands.

3) Mark Frost, University of Essex Pandora’s Post Box: The Information Revolution in British Asia, 1860-1920 This paper examines the nineteenth century revolution in maritime communications as it affected British territories in the Indian Ocean world. It argues that the massive increase in the number of letters, books, postcards, pamphlets and periodicals circulated across the region constituted an information explosion. Out of such heighted interconnections, multilingual Asian literati created transnational publics which transformed the way some people thought

42 ASCJ program 2012 about knowledge, community, modernity and the future of the British Empire. Can we argue that this era witnessed the birth of a bourgeois colonial public sphere and even “Asian enlightenment”? If so, how does such a story intersect with the great meta-narrative of the rise of Asian nationalism?

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Session 15: Room D-301 Cultures of Silent Film: Preservation, Reassessment, Digital Reproduction, and Contemporary Performance Organizer/Chair: Kyoko Omori, Hamilton College 1) Joanne Bernardi, University of Rochester Re-envisioning Japan in Silent Travel and Educational Films 2) Kae Ishihara, Film Preservation Society and Gakushuin University Playing “Musical Chairs” with Japanese Silent Films: Can Our Films be Properly Screened? 3) Kyoko Omori, Hamilton College What Can Digital Humanities Do for the Study of Silent Cinema and Benshi Narration? Discussant: Hidenori Okada, The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo

Cultures of Silent Film: Preservation, Reassessment, Digital Reproduction, and Contemporary Performance Organizer/Chair: Kyoko Omori, Hamilton College This panel takes the “cultures” of silent film in a broad sense and examines the encompassing methods of production, as well as contemporary technology for screening and dissemination/reproduction of silent film experience. Until recently, silent film was mostly examined as a visual phenomenon, whether artistic or commercial. This panel goes beyond more established approaches to silent film by studying amateur and educational films, as well as the dynamic and productive interactions between benshi live performers and film in different cultural and historical contexts. Speakers also take up contemporary issues of preservation and screening of such old movies. As a whole, we seek to discuss silent film from various perspectives such as the materiality of production, soundscape vs. visuality, narrativity, gender/sexuality, and digital reproduction.

1) Joanne Bernardi, University of Rochester Re-envisioning Japan in Silent Travel and Educational Films Amateur and other ephemeral films (films not intended to be works of art or commercial entertainment) have become a special focus of moving image scholarship since the 1980s. Predominantly small gauge (8mm and 16mm) formats, these films survive in large numbers despite their previous marginalization by academic and archival communities. In this paper I focus on specific amateur travelogues of Japan made during the 1920s and 1930s, and small format educational films about Japan that were available by rental for home viewing, a popular practice at the time. With their shared focus on everyday life, these films are unique records of an unofficial, unconscious history of their contemporary context. As material culture—tangible objects carrying evidence of their own production and the history of their use—they are useful case studies for a broader inquiry into the ways in which Japan has defined itself and been defined by others, and the complex relationship between images, objects, and the people who use them. This presentation is part of a larger project on Japan’s portrayal as a foreign

44 ASCJ program 2012 destination in 20th century visual and material culture.

2) Kae Ishihara, Film Preservation Society and Gakushuin University Playing “Musical Chairs” with Japanese silent films: Can our films be properly screened? As a non-profit organization, the Film Preservation Society has undertaken a project of discovery, inspection and research, fund-raising, as well as screenings of long lost Japanese films, to ensure long-term preservation and access and to give more hands-on experience to people who are interested in film preservation. Through this project, called Adopt-a-Film, FPS restored six silent films originally made in the 1920s-30s and mostly sold for family use in a small-gauge digest version after theatrical release. Amongst other problems and difficulties that emerged, this paper especially focuses on the proper conditions for screenings where a restored print is to be reunited with an audience after a gap of over 80 years. Though FIAF recommends that a film should be restored and screened in a state as close as possible to when it was premiered, given the reality of the digitized projection booth and the financial situation of film festivals, the ideal conditions for a 35mm restored print (such as projection with English subtitles at the right projection speed with live benshi performance and musical accompaniment) are getting harder to achieve. The atmosphere of the theatre is totally different - even the light source for the projector is not the same - but to what extent can we compromise? For research reasons, is watching the content on YouTube enough? Or should we still seek to re-experience the art of silent films in the closest form to what people saw on the screen in the silent era? This paper also introduces cultural roles and struggles of present-day performers connected with silent films, such as Midori Sawato, Mie Yanashita, and Ichiro Kataoka.

3) Kyoko Omori, Hamilton College What Can Digital Humanities do for the Study of Silent Cinema and Benshi Narration? This paper will discuss my Digital Humanities approach in a project that examines the audience experience in silent film theatres from the 1920s up to the present. Stemming out of my research on modernist literature, this study explores cultural production associated with different sensory modalities, especially the auditory sense, with particular focus on benshi. During the silent cinema era, the term benshi referred specifically to live performers who stood adjacent to a movie screen and performed three distinct auditory roles: plot narration, character dialogue, and impromptu commentary on the movie, actors, and story. In analyzing the dynamic relationship between filmic image and the auditory performances of benshi narrators using their original scripts, I seek to take the first step toward a mapping of the relationship between (new) media and personhood in modernity. Toward this goal, as a core member of Digital Humanities Initiative (DHi) at Hamilton College (http://dhinitiative.org/projects/japanesefilm/), I recently began developing an interactive silent film interface as an accompanying website to my book project. I would like to show the preliminary interface design of the site and explain what new possibilities DH might bring to the analysis of cinema as a modern and postmodern experience. In particular, I will

45 ASCJ program 2012 demonstrate the syncing of silent film scenes and benshi audio files, quantifications of the benshi performance (e.g., pitches, pauses, speeds, etc.) and images, combined with my analysis of existing discourse on benshi performances that are seen in essays, newspapers, advertisements and posters from the early twentieth century to the present.

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Session 16: Room D-302 “Post-Bubble” Contemporary Art in Japan: Towards an Art History of the 1990s and After Organizer/Chair: Adrian Favell, Sciences Po, Paris 1) Adrian Favell, Sciences Po, Paris The Struggle for a Page in Art History: The Global and National Ambitions of Japanese Contemporary Artists from the 1990s 2) Kiyoko Mitsuyama-Wdowiak, Independent Art Historian, London Continuities and New Affinities in the Exhibition of Japanese Contemporary Art in the West before and after 1990 3) Matthew Larking, Doshisha University Nihonga Beside Itself: Contemporary Japanese Art’s Engagement with the Position and Meaning of a Modern Painting Tradition 4) Kirstin Ringelberg, Elon University Little Sister, Big Girl: Tabaimo and the Gendering of Japanese Contemporary Art Discussant: Rachel DiNitto, College of William and Mary

“Post-Bubble” Contemporary Art in Japan: Towards an Art History of the 1990s and After Organizer/Chair: Adrian Favell, Sciences Po, Paris With 2011 another turning point for Japanese society and culture, it is perhaps time to re-assess the impact and legacy of "post-Bubble" contemporary art, as a contribution to an emergent art history of the period 1990-2010. Moreover, developments in contemporary art parallel discussions in other creative fields such as literature and popular culture, and the visual arts more generally. In contemporary art, international understanding has been dominated by Murakami Takashi's Superflat and Matsui Midori's Micropop: presentations as seductive as they were selective and distorting. The panel's intersecting papers propose alternative framings of the period along four dimensions: the national sources and international dynamics of artists who emerged out of the creative explosion of the immediate "post-Bubble" period; the selectivity of international representations of this Japanese art; the rise of neo-nihonga and its re-working of classical Edo-era aesthetics as a national movement; and the rise of women artists in the subsequent "zero zero generation" who came of age during the “lost decade.” One focal point will be the significance of several landmark museum shows, including the latest new readings of the recent past: Zipangu (in Tokyo, and touring) and Bye Bye Kitty!!! (in New York). Our discussant will link the analyses presented with the wider implications of "post-Bubble" culture across the arts, encouraging open debate among the participants that intends to deepen and extend our reflections already begun at AAS in Toronto, with interests spanning art history, sociology, literary studies, art journalism and curatorship.

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1) Adrian Favell, Sciences Po, Paris The Struggle for a Page in Art History: The Global and National Ambitions of Japanese Contemporary Artists from the 1990s Success as a “global artist” is how artists’ careers are evaluated today, yet it is striking how much a national reference still matters to the generation of artists who emerged as the first wave of properly globalised Japanese contemporary art in the late 80s/early 90s. Even the most globally successful of all, Murakami Takashi, in the end apparently only really cares about securing his page in the Japanese art history textbooks. It is also striking how as yet undecided this struggle is from the point of view of Japanese art history and art criticism. With mention of six key mid-career artists, all born between 1959 and 1965, now at the height of their powers and each with a claim to this prize – Murakami Takashi, Nara Yoshitomo, Nakamura Masato, Yanagi Yukinori, Aida Makoto and Ozawa Tsuyoshi – I contrast the different role that internationalization has played in their careers. Each of them has “gone home” in one way another. Will there continue to be the need, as Murakami has repeatedly argued, for the classic strategy of international mobility plus gaisen koen (“triumphant return performance”), to etch their name in history? Or will this prove in fact to be Murakami's biggest liability? Will market evaluation, curatorial discourse, critical prestige, academic influence, museum popularity, or social/community impact decide the contest? And how much of this art historical struggle is still contained within the internal national art system, and how much of it is truly global (and regional) in its dynamics?

2) Kiyoko Mitsuyama-Wdowiak, Independent Art Historian, London Continuities and New Affinities in the Exhibition of Japanese Contemporary Art in the West before and after 1990 Since the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the dissonance of two driving forces – Western art and the country’s traditional aesthetics – has created an ongoing dilemma for Japanese artists in terms of their development and identity. This persisted after World War II, with Western audiences often regarding post-war Japanese art as “derivative” and “provincial.” For example, the first major exhibition of post-war art, New Japanese Painting and Sculpture at MOMA, New York in 1966, was unsuccessful and reinforced the West’s long held negative view. However, a significant alteration in Western perception occurred in the 1980s, and more recent generations of Japanese artists now appear to be celebrating globalisation in their art and culture. Their creations seemingly ignore the dichotomy between Japan and the West, freely crossing the boundaries between the different cultures and producing both “high” and “low” art that merges traditional aesthetics into a contemporary expression. The reception in the West of certain "post-bubble" Japanese art is indicative of strong international affinities with these new developments. Using as a background my recently published book in Japanese about the period before 1990, Contemporary Japanese Art Across The Sea – which examined essential features of the Western criteria regarding post-war Japanese art – I will extend its analysis to post-1990s art. In doing so, it will examine the characteristics of contemporary Japanese artists: What have they retained of the legacies from previous generations and/or what have

48 ASCJ program 2012 they emancipated themselves from?

3) Matthew Larking, Doshisha University, Kyoto Nihonga Beside Itself: Contemporary Japanese Art’s Engagement with the Position and Meaning of a Modern Painting Tradition Nihonga as a revitalized Japanese contemporary art was resurgent from the mid-1980s, buoyed by a new dealer-gallery system which enabled individual talents and a flourishing of new directions unrestricted by conventional juried exhibiting institutions of the Nitten, Inten and other long established groups. Whether these developments in Japanese painting can be truly considered as nihonga has been the subject of controversy among artists, curators and commentators. These discussions have introduced a slew of alternative terms, announcing, in part artists’ proximity to nihonga, their connections or disassociations. Several nihonga or nihonga-related artists, however, are deeply concerned with defining their artistic practices in relation to past traditions of art and have created historical lineages for their present artistic concerns. The present paper deals with several artists related to Mizuma (Tokyo) and Imura (Kyoto) galleries who were featured in the 2011 exhibition titled Zipangu. Of particular concern are those artists dealing with issues relating to contemporary nihonga who have created their own art histories in relation to their present practices, addressing certain kinds of aesthetics (Tenmyouya Hisashi), antagonisms (Aida Makoto), elisions (Yamamoto Taro), and renunciations and reconciliations (Mise Natsunosuke) in regard to nihonga. An examination of these painters will engage Sato Doshin’s claim that the definition of nihonga was intentionally left vague. In recent art, artists have declared their varied relation to nihonga definitions in highly specific ways that may in fact be instructive in understanding the origins of the doctrinal definition of nihonga.

4) Kirstin Ringelberg, Elon University Little Sister, Big Girl: Tabaimo and the Gendering of Japanese Contemporary Art Contemporary Japanese art may have had its most prominent American staging at the Little Boy exhibition of 2005 at the Japan Society in New York, but this presentation of Japanese popular culture and contemporary art articulated and reinforced a binary gendered view of both the country and its culture. This is a view challenged by the work of Tabaimo, one of the leading artists of the generation born in the 1970s. In her video installations, Tabaimo – Tabata Ayako, whose nickname is a shortening of tabata no imoto or “Tabata’s little sister” – creates art that invokes a wide variety of gendered issues, including domesticity, consumption, voyeurism and agency. As with other Japanese artists, Tabaimo presents these issues through the lens of popular Japanese culture: recurring motifs include sushi and ramen, uniformed schoolgirls, salary men, video games, and ukiyo-e-based tattoo designs, and her installations occasionally place the viewer in a tatami-matted, shoji-screened, Japanese-flagged space. Yet, while she acknowledges her own complicity in a generational animania, she provides a more complex view of the operations of gender in Japanese art and culture than viewers in the West are typically presented — or perhaps are even willing to accommodate. In the wake of

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Murakami's presentation, Japanese artists as much as Euro-American critics, curators and audiences have been willing to exoticize Japanese art and culture in binary terms. Tabaimo's work poses the question of whether the Japanese art of the last 20 years can be addressed without these simplistic gendered assumptions.

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Session 17: Room D-402 Education in a Transnational Context: The Case of Newcomers in Japan Chair and Organizer: Lucia E. Yamamoto, Shizuoka University 1) Hyunsuk Park, Tohoku University Lifelong Education in a Multicultural Family 2) Ana Sueyoshi, Utsunomiya University The Education Environment of Returnee Nikkei Peruvian Children in Peru and Japan 3) Lucia E. Yamamoto, Shizuoka University Brazilian Migrant Children’s Education in a Transnational Context Discussant: Edson I. Urano, Tsukuba University

Education in a Transnational Context: The Case of Newcomers in Japan Chair and Organizer: Lucia E. Yamamoto, Shizuoka University According to the Japan Immigration Association statistics around 2 million foreign nationals are living in Japan, and among them, 43% are living on permanent basis. And over the past ten years, the permanent visa’s earnings have grown considerably. However, this new movement is restricted to a portion of the foreign population. Data indicates that newcomers continue to move between their home country and Japan. In this session we discuss how the new movement influences migrant education, including adult and children’s education. We focus on the Brazilian, Peruvians and Koreans families who are moving across transnational spaces and are connecting countries as geographically distant as Japan and their home countries. Questions related to special inclusion education for migrant families, children education and family strategies are discussed.

1) Hyunsuk Park, Tohoku University Lifelong Education in a Multicultural Family Starting with the establishment and enforcement of the Multi-Cultural Family Support Act of 2008, support programs not only for marriage migrants themselves, but for their families as well have begun to make progress in South Korea. Furthermore, through the revision of the Multi-Cultural Family Support Act in April, 2011, the act has gained more legal force, and regional level support has increased for multi-cultural families. In addition, while up until now the act was only applicable to marriages between Koreans and foreign citizens, by expanding the coverage to marriages between foreign students, foreign workers, and defectors from North Korea, it can be said that South Korea is building a strong foundation for the realization of a multicultural society. In comparison, support programs for female marriage migrants in Japan often focus solely on the migrants themselves, and approaches which bring the receiving family into consideration as well have not been adequately explored. Support programs such as the Multi-Cultural Family Support Act in South Korea, which extend to the receiving family, are rare in Japan; however such approaches deserve evaluation since they help marriage migrants and their families adapt to Japanese society. The purpose of this study is to explore both the significance and issues concerning family support for international households from

51 ASCJ program 2012 the viewpoint of social inclusion through a case study of education through home visits in South Korea.

2) Ana Sueyoshi, Utsunomiya University The Education Environment of Returnee Nikkei Peruvian Children in Peru and Japan The number of “Nikkei” Latin American workers in Japan has steadily increased since the late eighties. According to the Japanese Ministry of Justice, there are approximately less than 60 thousand Peruvians living in Japan. This is the second largest Latin American population after the Brazilians, and the fifth among all foreign residents. The migration of “Nikkei” Peruvian to Japan or “dekasegi” that was initially a household emergency strategy to face an adverse temporary economic scenario has changed to a permanent residence in Japan. In the last 15 years family reunification process has brought a new agenda of topics. One of them is related to the education of Latin American children, basically Brazilians and Peruvians, who have unique educational needs related to their parents’ work mobility, their own family responsibilities, language acquisition, discrimination, marginalization, among others. Since Japanese public schools cannot cope with these needs, an increasing number of Peruvian migrant workers in Japan have decided to take their children back to Peru, in the hope of finding a proper education environment there. This paper, based on surveys conducted in Peru and Japan, attempts to assess the changes in the education of Peruvian children back to Peru, and its positive effects on their future careers.

3) Lucia E. Yamamoto, Shizuoka University Brazilian Migrant Children’s Education in a Transnational Context In this article we analyzed how the transnational families’ strategies challenge existing family structures and to what extent does the strategies influence their children’s school education. To explain the relationship between family strategies and their children’s education, we focused on the Brazilian families who are moving across transnational spaces and are connecting countries as geographically distant as Japan and Brazil. Our research results indicate that the frequent children changes school due to the family coming and going from Brazil to Japan makes maintaining a stable education a difficult task to pursue. Frequent moving from one place to another influence not only the children’s learning process but it also makes teaching those children a difficult task. Moreover, many Brazilian families are making an effort to educate their children in one education system; i.e., Japanese (public school) or Brazilian (private school), although they are not sure yet if they are settling down in Japan or are going back to Brazil. The instability those choices bring give a new direction to the family plans. Even if Brazilian parents are not willing to stay longer in Japan, their children are being educated in the Japanese school system, and they are building their own strong relationships with the school and local community. More often than not, these children do not want to move again.

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Session 18: Room D-501 Serious Games amidst Casual Chats: The Social Uses of Poetry in Song Dynasty Miscellanies Organizer/Chair: Benjamin Ridgway, Valparaiso University 1) Benjamin Ridgway, Valparaiso University Status and Style: Poetry Composition and Literati Identity in Ye Mengde’s “A Record of Chats to Beat the Heat” 2) Meghan Cai, Arizona State University There’s a Poem about That: Poetry as Documentary Evidence in Old Stories from the Bend of [River] Wei 3) Gang Liu, Carnegie Mellon University The “Poelitics” of a Drinking Game: Jia Sidao and Southern Song Politics in the Anecdotes of Qiantang Discussant: Jeffrey Moser, Zhejiang University

Serious Games Amidst Casual Chats: The Social Uses of Poetry in Song Dynasty Miscellanies Organizer/Chair: Benjamin Ridgway, Valparaiso University The Song dynasty saw an explosive growth in the production of the prose genre known as the miscellany or random-note collection by prominent literati authors. Modern scholars have defined the miscellany genre by the apparent random nature of their organization and the increasingly “casual” nature of their contents. More than ever before, Song dynasty miscellanies focused on the quotidian aspects of the everyday lives of literati, offering chatty observations on the details of the scholarship, literary works, and social lives of the literati and even beyond that to the broader society as a whole. Yet the seemingly casual nature of these works and their titles are belied by their broad circulation and the serious social functions that miscellanies and, in particular, their stories about poetry played. This panel features three case studies that explore the serious games at the heart of these casual chats. First, Benjamin Ridgway explores how the ability to compose poetry in certain genres came to be considered a key social skill and index of literati identity in the early Southern Song miscellany of Ye Mengde (1077-1159). Meghan Cai, in turn, considers the miscellany of Zhu Bian (d.1144), which, written while in captivity in the north, identified poetry’s importance not in its display of skill and talent, but in its documentary power. Finally, Gang Liu investigates the underlying political use of poetry in an anecdote about the seemingly most casual of affairs, a drinking game at a banquet from the late Southern Song miscellany Anecdotes of Qiantang (ca.1300) by Liu Yiqing.

1) Benjamin Ridgway, Valparaiso University Status and Style: Poetry Composition and Literati Identity in Ye Mengde’s A Record of Chats to Beat the Heat The ability to compose poetry in specific genres helped to define the social identity of the

53 ASCJ program 2012 newly-risen literati class from the mid to the late Northern Song. The many anecdotes found in the miscellany collections of this period collectively show that poetry had the potential to make or break a man’s identity and reputation as a member of the literati class (shidaifu 士大 夫). In this paper I will examine one such collection entitled A Record of Chats to Beat the Heat (Bishu luhua 避暑錄話). Composed by Ye Mengde (1077-1159) from his hometown of Suzhou during a period of retirement in 1135, this work is largely a retrospective account of a wide range of cultural practices that Ye thought best defined literati identity. On the one hand, Ye offered cautionary tales about the damage which could be wrought to a literati’s status by gaining a reputation for writing the wrong kind of poetry: banquet song lyrics or ci. On the other hand, Ye lamented the decline in literati skill in composing shi poetry, especially during the reign Huizong (reigned 1101-1125) when shi poetry composition in the official examination system was abolished. For Ye the resulting decline in shi poetry skills during this time of factional politics dealt a blow to the literati class as a whole. Thus, enthusiasm for or avoidance of different genres of poetry was a game with serious consequences in the never-ending task of upholding literati status through politically troubled times.

2) Meghan Cai, Arizona State University There’s a Poem about That: Poetry as Documentary Evidence in Old Stories from the Bend of [River] Wei Many Song dynasty miscellany expressed anxiety over the inaccuracy or non-comprehensiveness of history. Authors addressed this fear, in part, by investigating the accuracy of historical accounts and recording anecdotes about key figures, locales, and events in recent cultural memory using a variety of primary materials, including poetry, artifacts, gossip, and personal observation. This paper examines several instances in which Zhu Bian 朱弁 (d. 1144) uses poetry as documentary evidence in his Old Stories from the Bend of [River] Wei (Quwei jiuwen 曲洧舊 聞), written during his captivity by the Jurchens in Yunzhong 雲中 (modern Datong, Shanxi province). As the title suggests, this work consists of memories of conversations with his father-in-law, Chao Yuezhi 晁說之 (1059–1129), friends, and other relatives while living and traveling in the Wei River region. In Poetry Talks from Wind and Moon Hall (Fengyuetang shihua 風月堂詩話), another memoir about the Wei River region also written during his captivity, Zhu places special emphasis on poetry inspired by personal experiences of the poet, and assumes a degree of truth at the heart of these poetic works. It is this kernel of fact that Zhu shucks from its original poetic body to provide supporting evidence in Old Stories, and in the process, relegates poetic artistry to a position of secondary importance to documentary value.

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3) Gang Liu, Carnegie Mellon University The “Poelitics” of a Drinking Game: Jia Sidao and Southern Song Politics in the Anecdotes of Qiantang In China, poetry has long been regarded as an indivisible part of politics. Not only did scholar-officials write poems to comment on government policy and social event, but they also used poems that were otherwise non-political to announce their political stand or negotiate in political dispute. Through close reading of an anecdote in Liu Yiqing’s Anecdotes of Qiantang (ca. 1300), this paper examines how poetry was used by scholar-officials in the Southern Song to deal with political contention at the time. This anecdote describes a drinking game hosted by Jia Sidao (1213–1275), a notorious figure in Southern Song politics, in his lakeshore mansion with his two political rivals, Ma Tingluan (1222-1289) and Ye Mengding (1200-1279). In the game, each of the three persons was asked to quote a poem as a prelude to drinking. Although none of the poems was political in nature, the way their literary and cultural connotation had been played out in the game made them nothing but political in the end. The three persons’ poetic interlocution thus becomes a telling representation of their political contention in reality. The fusion of poetry and political message also invites us to ponder upon the “gaming” nature of the politics at the time: Though often disguised in a playful form, political contention was never treated frivolously, for the symbolic victory or defeat in the “game” always bears weight in real life.

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Session 19: Room D-502 “Sino-Japanese” Beyond China and Japan (1895–1938) Organizer/Chair: Seiji Shirane, Princeton University 1) Seiji Shirane, Princeton University Chinese and Taiwanese Migration in Japan’s Southern Frontier, 1895–1936 2) Andrew Leong, Northwestern University Japanese American Anti-Sinification after the Asian Exclusion Act of 1924 3) Evelyn Shih, East Asian Languages and Cultures, University of California, Berkeley Nearing Nanjing 1938: Travel Writing, Imperial Positionality, and the Human Remainder Discussant: Shin Kawashima, University of Tokyo

“Sino-Japanese” Beyond China and Japan (1895–1938) Organizer/Chair: Seiji Shirane, Princeton University Scholarship on modern "Sino-Japanese" relations has often leaned upon the schema of mutual otherization, where the integrity of one monolithic nation is defined through its resistance, exclusion, assimilation, or domination of the other. This panel seeks to push the concept of “Sino-Japanese” beyond “China and Japan,” examining Sino-Japanese encounters where the boundaries between what, or who, is “Chinese” or “Japanese” become fluid or undone. Through analyses of consular reports, newspapers, serial novels, and travelogues, we trace how moments of Sino-Japanese encounter produce gaps, loopholes, excesses, and remainders that cannot be fully contained by the nation. Seiji Shirane begins by examining Japan's colonial governance of citizens and territory following the First Sino-Japanese War. Shirane argues that Taiwanese subjects who migrated to Southern China found loopholes in nationhood, forging linguistic and kinship ties in Fujian while enjoying extraterritorial rights as Japanese nationals. Andrew Leong turns across the Pacific, examining the moral panic of Japanese American writers who attributed white anti-Japanese sentiment to the “Sinification” of Japanese immigrants succumbing to “Chinese vices.” While Shirane and Leong examine encounters through migration, Evelyn Shih concludes by turning to the effects of far more violent contact: the massacre of civilians in total war. By examining the travel essays of Japanese and Taiwanese writers approaching Nanjing in early 1938, Shih poses a question for the panel as a whole: How does one represent the “human remainders,” or the “gaps” that exceed and subtend the violent formation of national identity?

1) Seiji Shirane, Princeton University Chinese and Taiwanese Migration in Japan's Southern Frontier, 1895-19366 This paper examines cross-straits migration between colonial Taiwan and Fujian province from 1895 to 1936. Upon acquiring Taiwan from China in the aftermath of the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95), the Japanese government viewed Fujian both as a target for further southern expansion and as a security threat to their first overseas colony. With fierce resistance by local

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Taiwanese during the early stages of Japanese rule, colonial officials feared of anti-Japanese rebels taking refuge in Fujian and exporting arms back into Taiwan. The Japanese thus adopted passports, labor permits, and family registration systems in an attempt to limit Chinese migration to Taiwan to coolies and seasonal tea workers. At the same time, thousands of overseas Taiwanese came to reside in Fujian by 1936. As Japanese nationals, the Taiwanese had the dual advantage of enjoying extraterritorial rights (such as tax exemption and Japanese consular protection) while having the linguistic and kinship ties to conduct business with local Chinese. Although the Japanese sought to utilize the overseas Taiwanese as “sub-imperialists” to promote economic and political interests in Fujian, oftentimes it was the Taiwanese and Chinese instead who took advantage of loopholes in Japan's “mechanisms of surveillance” – passports--passports, police, and consular systems--for their own benefit. Drawing on consular reports, colonial newspapers, and travelogues, I will compare the multivalent experience of migrants on both sides of the Taiwan Straits as perceived by contemporary Japanese, Chinese, Taiwanese, British, and American observers.

2) Andrew Leong, University of California Berkeley Japanese American Anti-Sinification after the Asian Exclusion Act of 1924 In the years prior to the Asian Exclusion Act of 1924, many Japanese immigrant leaders and reformers framed the struggle against exclusion in racialist terms as a struggle against the “Sinification” of the Japanese in the United States. Under the logic of anti-Sinification, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was a natural consequence of the national and racial inferiority of the Chinese. Japanese immigrant leaders portrayed social vices such as gambling, prostitution, and alcoholism as “Chinese” epidemics that threatened the survival of the Japanese community in the United States. This paper examines the afterlife of the discourse of Anti-Sinification through an analysis of vernacular fiction produced by Japanese American writers in the immediate aftermath of the Exclusion Act of 1924. Through close readings of the portrayal of “Chinese vice” in Lament in the Night (Yoru ni nageku, 1925) and The Tale of Osato (Osato-san, 1925-1926), I argue that the figure of the failed Chinese immigrant continues to haunt the imagination of Japanese American writing even after the expiration of its usefulness as a scapegoat for anti-Exclusion.

3) Evelyn Shih, East Asian Languages and Cultures, UC Berkeley Nearing Nanjing 1938: Travel Writing, Imperial Positionality and the Human Remainder In the aftermath of the Japanese takeover of Nanjing in December 1937, two non-military, non-journalistic observers shared very similar routes to the fallen Chinese capital. Literary critic Kobayashi Hideo and poet-activist Chen Fengyuan both entered China through Shanghai and followed strikingly similar itineraries once reaching the Nanjing. One Japanese and one Taiwanese, they moved within the circuitry of the Japanese imperialism, but they brought vastly different imperial gazes upon the storied city. This point becomes particularly acute when considering the ethics of representing—with the danger of aestheticizing—the remnants of massive war violence. What is it that one sees in Nanjing in early 1938, and what does that

57 ASCJ program 2012 imaginary reflect upon imperial subjecthood? What textual forms rise to the occasion in a multi-lingual colonial discourse, and how does the question of genre play into the problems of representing the human remainder? This paper will attempt to answer these questions in a comparative mode, employing not only essays by Kobayashi and Chen, but also by way of contrast Journey to a War by W. H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood, who traveled to China in 1938 as amateur correspondents. Their trajectory follows the confines of Chinese controlled territory and British imperial networks, and they never reach Nanjing. The difference of their account, however, draws in to sharp relief shared questions: Is the travel writer during wartime always already an imperial writer? Can there be degrees of intimacy between the language of representation and the language of the described object?

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Session 20: Room D-602 The Global and the Local in the “Supirichuaru” (Spiritual) of 21st Century Japan Organizer: Ioannis Gaitanidis, White Rose East Asia Center Chair: Norichika Horie, University of the Sacred Heart 1) Mizuho Hashisako, Rikkyo University SPI-CON: A Case Study of “Kawaii” (Cute) “Supirichuaru” 2) Aki Murakami, University of Tsukuba Japanese Shamanistic Traditions and the “Supirichuaru” 3) Ioannis Gaitanidis, White Rose East Asia Center Globalization of the New Age Movement? The Case of a Latecomer New Ager in Japan 4) Naoko Hirano, Waseda University The Global and the Local in REIKI: Countermodern Discourse in “Reijutsu” New Age and the “Supirichuaru” Discussants: Norichika Horie, University of the Sacred Heart and Yasushi Koike, Rikkyo University

The Global and the Local in the “Supirichuaru” (Spiritual) of 21st Century Japan Organizer: Ioannis Gaitanidis, White Rose East Asia Center Chair: Norichika Horie, University of the Sacred Heart The word “supirichuaru” written in katakana has since the beginning of the twenty-first century become a buzzword in the media and in the writings of intellectuals for discussing themes related to the personal sphere of religion in Japan. The popularization of the word has been attributed to the television personality and self-proclaimed “spiritual counselor” Ehara Hiroyuki whose publications and live séances recently launched a phenomenon often referred to as “spiritual boom”. Today the “supirichuaru” remains an ambiguous concept with strong New Age undertones, and has rather positive connotations compared to “religion” (shūkyō), which, since the 1995 terrorist attack by the new religious group Aum Shinrikyō in the Tokyo underground, has taken on a derogative sense that evokes religious fundamentalism. Through a detailed analysis of specific beliefs and practices belonging to this culture of the “supirichuaru,” our panel seeks to explore the amalgamation of global and local elements that underpin the contemporary usage of the concept in Japan. Using cases that take up “localized” versions of New Age fairs and the direct importation of Western esoteric ideas, as well as studies of how a vernacular shamanistic tradition has been transformed and a century-old Japanese therapy (reiki) been influenced by this “supirichuaru” climate, our presentations, enriched by the comments of our two discussants, will provide ample opportunities to scrutinize Japanese culture and society of the 21st century. Keywords: contemporary religiosity, alternative therapies, globalization of esotericism, commodification of transcendental experiences.

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1) Mizuho Hashisako, Rikkyo University SPI-CON: A Case Study of “Kawaii” (Cute) “Supirichuaru” As one of the most popular events of the recent “spiritual boom” in Japan, SPI-CON (a contraction of the two English words "spiritual" and "convention") can be thought of as the Japanese version of New Age fairs, such as the Mind Body Spirit Festival held twice a year in London. Visitors of SPI-CON are invited to try out several therapies or healing sessions, talk and exchange information about “supirichuaru” subjects with other visitors or the staff working at the event, and buy goods that are inspired not only by the New Age movement, but also, for example, by the established religious traditions of Buddhism and Christianity. However, what probably sets SPI-CON apart from Western fairs is the “kawaii (cute)” colors and illustrations that decorate the goods on display. This culture of cuteness has, since the 1980s, become a dominant socio-cultural phenomenon in Japan and has even spread internationally through, for example, the Sanrio characters (Hello Kitty). Furthermore, the culture of “kawaii” plays an important role in defining the identity of contemporary Japanese women and, as a result, their leisure activities and styles of communication. Considering that most of the visitors of SPI-CON are women, my analysis will demonstrate that cuteness functions as a symbol that allows them to transform an intangible spirituality into a tangible object that they then consume as “supirichuaru.” It is, therefore, in this amalgamation of “supirichuaru” and “kawaii” elements, that this paper seeks the opportunity to examine the localization of the New Age Movement in Japan.

2) Aki Murakami, University of Tsukuba Japanese Shamanistic Traditions and the “Supirichuaru” This paper explores the transformation of a shamanistic practice in northern Ibaraki prefecture (which is located north of Tokyo, Japan) through an in-depth analysis of the activities of a locally born and raised magico-religious practitioner, who today goes by the professional name of “supirichuaru caunserā” (a phonetic transcription of the English words “spiritual counselor”). By paying attention to the similarities and differences between the practice of this spiritual counselor and earlier forms of shamanistic practitioners that have been observed in the same area, I seek to evaluate the extent to which Japanese shamanistic traditions have been transformed under the influence of recent social changes and the globalization of a “spiritual but not religious” cultural climate. According to local sources, shamans, called “waka”, were active in the northern parts of Ibaraki prefecture until the decade leading to the Tokyo Olympic Games (1955-1965). Soon after, the practitioners who were believed capable of communicating with transcendental beings and were thus functioning as advisors to the local community came to be known as “ogamiya” (literally “a person who prays”). Today, however, the appellation “spiritual counselor” has replaced the older term of “ogamiya”. My in-depth interview with a spiritual counselor revealed that, despite certain similarities with older traditions, contemporary “shamans” have no knowledge of their predecessors’ activities, such as their initiation process or their rituals. Hence, today’s spiritual counselors compensate this

60 ASCJ program 2012 loss of traditional vocabularies and practice by using new words like “spiritual,” “counselor” or “aura.”

3) Ioannis Gaitanidis, White Rose East Asia Center Globalization of the New Age Movement? The Case of a Latecomer New Ager in Japan In 2001, one of the world's leading scholars of Western esotericism and the New Age Movement, Wouter J. Hanegraaff, claimed that a globalization of New Age spirituality would not only be impossible to realize, but also dangerous, for it would mean the enforcement of American values on non-American cultures. Today, although studies of the New Age Movement have become scarce, the subject of postmodern religiosity discussed in publications such as Ulrich Beck's A God of One's Own, still fuels debates over a perceived individualization of religion in the twenty-first century. People who hold this contemporary stance regarding religion are usually referred to as “spiritual, but not religious” and their number is said to have been increasing even outside the Western-American cultural sphere. This paper, by focusing on the case of a New Ager who has recently started conducting annual seminars in Tokyo, seeks to explore the extent to which it is still correct to talk today of a globalization of New Age spirituality. In other terms, my analysis will clarify the reasons for which New Age ideas and explanations that are presumably meant to reach a Western audience, when translated into the Japanese language, still manage to attract the Japanese public. I shall argue that we should avoid talking of a globalization of the New Age Movement. It is rather more appropriate and meaningful to debate the degree to which the localization of New Age ideas in Japan still allows room for the importation of new non-localized concepts.

3) Naoko Hirano, Waseda University The Global and the Local in REIKI’s History: Countermodern Discourse in “Reijutsu,” New Age and the “Supirichuaru” The New Age Movement has been closely related to the popularization of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). CAM users tend to criticize the harmful aspects of a modern way of life and the rational reductionism of modern science and technology. They, instead, promote beliefs and practices that they consider to be characteristic of the premodern period or of non-Western cultures. It is true that many of CAM practices predate the New Age Movement and originate in non-Western countries. Furthermore, some of them had become popular during the first wave of globalization, from the mid-nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century, when they already adhered to countermodern ideals. REIKI is a typical example of such CAMs. It is a hands-on healing technique invented in 1922 by a Japanese therapist, Usui Mikao. REIKI was one of the “spiritual techniques (reijutsu, 霊術),” a type of folk therapies that gained prominence with the advent of Japanese Spiritualism in the 1920s and 1930s. However, just before World War II, REIKI was exported to Hawaii and would have probably fallen into oblivion if it were not for the New Agers who re-popularized the practice in the 1980s. Since then, REIKI has returned to its country of birth as a foreign import that Japanese therapists are trying to integrate with “native” healing techniques. This paper will

61 ASCJ program 2012 explore the countermodern discourse that has surrounded since the 1930s the transmission of REIKI from Japan to the West and back to Japan.

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Session 21: Room D-603 History and Reconciliation in East Asia: An International Comparison Organizer: Lionel Babicz, University of Sydney Chair: Nobuko Kosuge, Yamanashi Gakuin University 1) Junichiro Shoji, The National Institute for Defense Studies Japan-China versus Germany-Poland 2) Lionel Babicz, University of Sydney Japan-Korea versus France-Algeria 3) Fumitaka Kurosawa, Tokyo Woman’s Christian University From “Politicization” of “History” to “Historicization” of “History” Discussant: Nobuko Kosuge, Yamanashi Gakuin University

History and Reconciliation in East Asia: An International Comparison Organizer: Lionel Babicz, University of Sydney Chair: Nobuko Kosuge, Yamanashi Gakuin University History, peace, and reconciliation: a growing quantity of research on these topics has been carried out in the past decade in both East Asia and Europe. Nevertheless, very few of these works have attempted to compare these two areas. This panel is comprised of contributors to the book History and Reconciliation (Rekishi to wakai, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 2011), which was recently published in Japanese under the direction of Fumitaka Kurosawa and Ian Nish. The papers presented will focus on comparisons of various reconciliation processes (Japan-China versus Germany-Poland, Japan-Korea versus France-Algeria), showing how the specifics of each case shed light on similar situations in other parts of the world, and helping to draw common lessons for the future.

1) Junichiro Shoji, The National Institute for Defense Studies History and Reconciliation: Japan-China versus Germany-Poland Germany is often presented as a model for Japan in terms of reconciliation. While Germany has certainly achieved a great deal of success in establishing a reconciled relationship with its former adversaries and victims, the characteristics of the Sino-Japanese connection should also be taken into account when drawing such a comparison:  In both countries, the war has exacerbated ambivalent feelings of superiority and inferiority stemming from the traditional “Huayi Order.”  A strong “politicization” of history has taken place inside both countries. In Japan, a “Civil Cold War” has given rise to opposite views of history, which have become an obstacle to reconciliation. In China, the results of the Cold War and the progress of the economic reforms have brought about the emergence of an “Enlightened Patriotism,” exacerbated by the territorial dispute with Japan.  The fact that the war did not end with a clear-cut victory for either side and the ambiguity of the post-war settlements have also constituted an obstacle to reconciliation. A common characteristic of both the Sino-Japanese and German-Polish cases is that neither apologies nor historical dialogues seem to have played a very significant role. Reconciliation,

63 ASCJ program 2012 when it happened, has rather been facilitated by factors such as security and economics. Beyond the debate on the contribution of idealistic and moral approaches to reconciliation, the presentation will stress the necessity of a “forward-looking realism” in East Asian reconciliation processes.

2) Lionel Babicz, The University of Sydney History and Reconciliation: Japan-Korea versus France-Algeria This paper draws a comparison between two former colonial “couples” that have never been confronted with regard to processes of reconciliation, Japan-Korea and France-Algeria. Actually, Japan’s attitude toward war memories is often compared to that of Germany. Of course, a comparison between Japan and Germany is legitimate. After all, the two countries were allied during World War II, and there were many similarities in their prewar and wartime conditions. And after the war, both were occupied and demilitarized before enjoying a swift economic recovery. Nevertheless, to focus solely on a Japan-Germany comparison is also misleading. Japan’s modern history until 1945 was not only a history of war, but also of colonialism. Japanese colonialism in Korea was motivated by ideas similar to the policy implemented by the French in Algeria. Both Korea and Algeria were an integral part of the national territory, and the fate of the two provinces was to be total assimilation. Therefore, while focusing on reconciliation, this paper also studies and compares colonial situations, decolonization processes, and postcolonial relations. Japan and South Korea have gradually developed a close relationship, and the two countries seem in many ways more reconciled today than are France and Algeria. Could East Asia offer a colonial reconciliation model to Europe?

3) Fumitaka Kurosawa, Tokyo Woman’s Christian University From “Politicization” of “History” to “Historicization” of “History” There is no uniformity in the process and forms of reconciliation, either in Asia or elsewhere. The steps involved and the nature of each reconciliatory process depend on the particular historical, geographical, political, economic, and security backgrounds of the countries and peoples concerned. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to argue that, through examination of those processes and the drawing of comparisons internationally, some commonalities will be elucidated:  Reconciliation cannot be achieved unless both parties are willing and ready to engage in a process of reconciliation.  Reconciliation cannot automatically guarantee permanent peace.  Reconciliation requires reciprocity and cannot be one-sided or unilateral.  Each party must listen to what is being said by the other side and try to understand the other viewpoint. Each party must also re-examine his own attitude and views and seek mutual understanding while avoiding taking the moral high ground. This is particularly vital for resolving the “historical issue.”

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 If history is used to fuel reconciliation, it must be dealt with in a sincere and straightforward manner, and this involves a commitment to convey historical facts to the next generation. This is why “historicizing” history where there has been conflict is so important. It is incumbent upon historians not to leave the “past” forever “lingering,” and to consider how changeable and open historical interpretation actually is.

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Session 22: Room X-202 Individual Papers on Culinary and Social Change in Asia Chair: Gavin Whitelaw, International Christian University 1) Alexis Agliano Sanborn, Harvard University Flavoring the Nation: The Role of School Lunch in Modern Japanese Society 2) Rie Fuse, University of Tampere Seeking for “Richness” in Finnish Lifestyle: Analysis of the “Finland Boom” in Japanese Media 3) Andres Perez Riobo, Ritsumeikan University Eating Meat and Caring for Lepers: The Formation of a Despised Image of Christianity in the Early Edo Period 4) Shuk-wah Poon, Lingnan University When Chinese Dogs Meet British Colonialism: Animal Welfare and the Contested Ban on Eating Dogs in Colonial Hong Kong 5) Giancarla Unser-Schutz, Hitotsubashi University The Social Implications of New Japanese Names

1) Alexis Agliano Sanborn, Harvard University Flavoring the Nation: The Role of School Lunch in Modern Japanese Society School lunch, or kyūshoku, is a nationwide system in place in elementary schools and most middle schools in Japan. The goal is to provide healthy, satisfying meals to children regardless of socio-economic backgrounds while helping to regulate healthy human growth. For roughly one hundred years kyūshoku has adapted to a constantly transforming tableau, reflecting the food of the times as well as food the government believes ought to be served. Japanese citizens may see school lunches merely as an accepted rite of passage one is subjected to during primary education; however the political and social nature of food and its distribution is often overlooked. The nationally monitored school lunch system contributes to establishing expected modes of societal conduct while subtly molding national food preferences. Essentially school lunches foster a “national diet.” This paper will examine the creation and structural transformation of the school lunch system; how and why it was established, what alterations and adaptations it has seen, and what nutritional and dietary standards of both past and present it has mandated. Secondly, the societal role and “appropriate” behavior that kyūshoku promotes for students, as well as the external participation of the broader community, will be discussed. Finally, the use of ingredients and dietary transformation and possible impact of kyūshoku on Japanese citizens’ dietary preferences and indifferences will be conducted. In analyzing these three aspects of kyūshoku (system, people and food) the often overlooked yet subversive nature of kyūshoku’s political power and great impact on Japan itself will be made clear.

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2) Rie Fuse, University of Tampere Seeking for “Richness” in Finnish Lifestyle: a Discourse Analysis of the “Finland Boom” in Japanese Media “Foreign culture boom (kaigai bumu)” is a social phenomenon in which a particular foreign country’s culture becomes popular in Japan, such as “Italian culture boom (Italia bumu)” and “South Korean culture boom (Hanryu bumu).” The booms have produced certain representations of each country’s culture, and they could be interpreted as a mirror of Japanese cultural values. “Finnish culture boom / Finland boom (Finrando bumu)” from around 2006, was stimulated by the popularity of a Japanese film, Kamome Shokudo (Kamome Diner 2006). The film tells about cross-culture understanding between a Japanese woman, who opens a small Japanese style restaurant in Helsinki, and local people. During the Finland boom, the Finnish culture has often been described as the ideal lifestyle for Japanese. The media have admired the style and encouraged to apply it into Japanese culture. The vague term “Finnish richness” was one of the most essential keywords in those discourses. This study analyses discourses of Finland boom in Japanese media. How does Finland boom fuel the construction of Finnishness? What do the representations of Finnishness mean as a cultural value for Japanese? Based on texts from traditional media as well as social media, my object is to identify how the discourses of the Finland boom have stimulated the construction of an idea of Finnishness in Japanese media as an ideal model for the reconstruction of Japaneseness. Focusing on the representations of “Finnish richness” allows understanding the construction of the representations of Finnishness and the notion of “richness” in the Japanese cultural context.

3) Andres Perez Riobo, Ritsumeikan University Eating Meat and Caring for Lepers: The Formation of a Despised Image of Christianity in the Early Edo Period The image of Christianity in early modern Japan mixed elements of fear, contempt and heresy. These elements have been related with the politics of the sakoku era, the Shimabara rebellion, and of course the persecution itself. I propose a complementary vision that has to do with more physical reasons related with the missionaries’´ habit of eating meat and their caring for lepers. These activities, disgusting in sixteenth century Japan, led to widespread rumours concerning the canibalism of the newcomers and actually were used to create an image of Christians as mean and dirty people. This kind of discourse was used by the rulers themselves along with the edicts of expelling the missionaries and banning Christianity. These rumors, or symbolic violence, paved the way and supported the real violence of the persecution of Christians that took place from 1614 on. Through a genealogical approach, I try to uncover the beginnings, development and use of these discourses in sixteenth and seventeenth century Japan.

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4) Shuk-wah Poon, Lingnan University When Chinese Dogs Meet British Colonialism: Animal Welfare and the Contested Ban on Eating Dogs in Colonial Hong Kong If British colonial rule in Hong Kong can be described as one of benevolence, it benefited not only the colonized Chinese population, but also the animals. This paper examines how the concept of animal welfare introduced by British colonists was contested and received in Hong Kong, and eventually changed the human-animal relationship among the Hong Kong Chinese. Particular attention is given to dogs, whose unique place in human society subsequently contributed to the passing of the legislation against eating dog meat in 1950. The paper also compares the responses of Hong Kong Chinese and Koreans towards Western people’s criticism of dog-eating, and explains the reason why Hong Kong Chinese society, in contrast to Korea, failed to work out a cultural discourse in defense of their dog-eating habits vis-a-vis the “animal welfare” discourse.

5) Giancarla Unser-Schutz, Hitotsubashi University The Social Implications of New Japanese Names Recently, Japanese children’s names seem to be undergoing dramatic changes, with traditional forms such as the girls' name suffix ko in decreasing use, with new names widely perceived as being “difficult” (Sato, 2007). Given the inherent social functions of names, this paper seeks to address some of the social implications of unusual names, picking up on research started in (2011), where I demonstrated that new names were typified by their use of non-standard, mixed kanji Chinese-character readings, and further introducing data from a survey conducted on the difficulty of reading names. As the data will indicate, assumptions about the difficulty of recent names appear to be accurate, and as Sato (2007) notes, there are legitimate questions concerning how difficult names are able to function socially. However, while such names are popularly criticized for being “ignorant” in their use of kanji, I would argue that they follow similar trends towards manipulating kanji readings for creative purposes, such as with unusual gloss-furigana readings (Wilkerson and Wilkerson, 2000). They also seem to follow a wider “universal” trend towards uniqueness in names expressed in both the use of unusual orthography and phonetic forms (Twenge, Abedel and Campbell, 2010). With this in mind, I will discuss how trends in naming patterns suggest changes in Japanese parents’ desires for (overt) individuality in their children, a point reflected both in sense of the names’ actual uniqueness in form, and in the burden that they place upon the society that must process them.

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Session 23: RoomD-201 Can I Eat That? Food, Drink, and Disaster Organizers: Paul Christensen, Union College, and Nicolas Sternsdorff, Harvard University Chair: Paul Christensen, Union College 1) Nicolas Sternsdorff, Harvard University Searching for Safe Food in Post-Fukushima Japan 2) Paul Christensen, Union College TEPCO, You Have a Problem: The Fukushima Meltdown through an Alcoholic Lens 3) Satsuki Takahashi, Princeton University Safety in Numbers: Radiation, Guidelines, and Food Security in Post-Fukushima Japan Discussant: Andrew Littlejohn, Harvard University

Can I Eat That? Food, Drink, and Disaster Organizers: Paul Christensen, Union College, and Nicolas Sternsdorff, Harvard University Chair: Paul Christensen, Union College Lingering consequences of the tragic events at the Fukushima nuclear reactor following the earthquake and tsunami of March 11, 2011 are questions about the safety of food and drink in Japan. News reports within Japan and internationally stoked fears of unsafe and radioactive consumables finding their way onto supermarket shelves and into the bodies of Japan’s citizenry. While many of these reports adopted a sensationalistic tone, the underlying issue of food safety, particularly as it pertains to fears of radiation exposure, persists in Japan at a heightened level of public discourse. It is a conversation that takes on greater significance when we consider the already prominent attention given anzen (safety) within Japan’s agriculture and brewing industries coupled with prominent pre-disaster concerns and controversies regarding tainted food. A further layer of nuance comes from the acute need for food during moments of crisis and the rejection of foodstuff from areas thought contaminated by radiation. This panel looks at the ways in which understandings of food and drink have shifted in Japan following the disastrous events of March 11, 2011. We are interested in located the dramatic changes brought about through disaster within established dialogue on the safety of consumable items. As anthropologists we are interested in a conversation that looks at how the meanings given to food and drink have changed since the disaster, as well as how those changes are being integrated with already established positions.

1) Nicolas Sternsdorff Cisterna Searching for Safe Food in Post-Fukushima Japan On March 11, 2011, Japan was hit by the great Tohoku earthquake, which was followed by a tsunami, and the meltdown at the Fukushima nuclear plant that contaminated surrounding areas. In the wake of the nuclear accident, food has become a major source of anxiety. Many consumers are concerned about the safety of their foods. Producers in the affected areas must walk a tight rope between maintaining their livelihoods, but also not distributing products that

69 ASCJ program 2012 they consider dangerous. Distributors must also assuage the concerns of consumers, while standing behind the safety of their products and working with their suppliers. In this paper, I consider how notions of what is safe to eat are constituted in post-Fukushima Japan. Based on 10 months of fieldwork, I argue that the meaning of safety is in flux, which has caused great uncertainty about the reliability of food supplies. When describing food safety in Japanese, the words anzen and anshin are often used together. Anzen points to the measurable and scientific ways of assessing food safety, while anshin refers to the peace of mind that one gets from safe foods. I show how the meanings of anzen and anshin have been destabilized after the accident, and how people on all ends of food supply chains develop new practices that allow them to render foods as safe or unsafe. Splitting food safety along these two axes is a powerful analytical tool to understand how people deal with uncertain foods in times of risk.

2) Paul Christensen TEPCO, You Have a Problem: The Fukushima Meltdown through an Alcoholic Lens This paper frames the conduct of the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) following the meltdown at the Fukushima nuclear power plant as those of an alcoholic still searching for their “bottom.” The actions and legal contortions of TEPCO are coupled with my fieldwork among Tokyo’s sobriety groups, using the definitional apparatus of alcoholism and recovery to better make sense of events at Fukushima. The notion of “hitting bottom,” that an alcoholic must loss everything before change is possible, allows for an understanding of TEPCO’s response to the Fukushima crisis as one mired in an untenable desire to control a chaotic situation.

3) Satsuki Takahashi Safety in Numbers: Radiation, Guidelines, and Food Security in Post-Fukushima Japan Devastated by the March 2011 catastrophe in northeastern coastal Japan, fishers in the southern part of the disaster zone describe the disaster as fourfold: earthquake, tsunami, radiation contamination, and deadly rumor. They encounter not only wreckage caused by the quake and the tsunami and not even the actual contamination of fish by radiation released from the crippled Fukushima nuclear power plant. Rumors about radiation risk and the concomitant fear of related toxins among consumers have made fishers unable to sell even those fish species that have cleared the government’s radiation safety standards. They have also produced heated scientific, political, media, and public debates over an “acceptable” radiation standard in food. One year after the disaster, the rebuilding of the infrastructure caused by the earthquake and tsunami has been slowly but gradually moving forward. At the same time, the effects of the radiation seem to be only becoming grimmer. While radiation contamination as well as people’s fears about radiation accumulate, we can only sense the invisible risk through the numbers displayed on radiation detectors. Interpretations of these numbers, however, vary, as do judgments about levels of danger; the distinction between safe and risky is thus highly ambiguous. This distinction is under negotiation even at the policy level.

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The government first established a tentative radiation safety standard in April 2011, but a year later, it revised the standard to make it stricter. My presentation explores the contested terrain of radiation safety debates and the role of numbers in post 3.11 Japan.

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Session 24: Room D-301 Visual Representations of the Japanese from a Cross-cultural Perspective, 1930-45 Organizer/Chair: Asako Nobuoka, Toyo University 1) Asako Nobuoka, Toyo University Enigma of the Beautiful Enemy Land: Photographic Representations of Japan in National Geographic Magazine 2) Masako Oomori, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies The Image of the Japanese in Soviet Media Culture from the Late 1930s to 1945 3) Shiho Maeshima, Hosei University, University of British Columbia The Dream of a Multicultural Empire: Representation of the “Japanese” in 1930s Popular-Magazine Photo Stories 4) Hana Washitani, Waseda University Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum Eroticized Masculine Body as “Fake Foreigner” in Wartime Japanese Popular Culture: Focusing on Hasegawa Kazuo in Forward! Flag of Independence (1943) Discussants: Yumi Tanaka, Japan Women’s University, and Eriko Kosaka, Kyoritsu Women’s University

Visual Representations of the Japanese from a Cross-cultural Perspective, 1930-45 Organizer/Chair: Asako Nobuoka, Toyo University Before and during World War II, the international political position of Japan was unstable and difficult. The epoch-making victory in the Japanese-Russo war inflated Japan’s confidence, and this overconfidence, to some extent, is said to have caused Japan’s catastrophic defeat at the end of World War II. Japanese nationalism, which a U.S. intellectual described as “fanatic,” was inflated particularly by propaganda circulated through domestic mass media in the form of newspaper and magazine articles, and also news films and story films, which exclusively portrayed the great success of Japanese soldiers in foreign territories. When considering a broad deployment of media culture in the world, however, it should be recognized that there were a larger variety of media representations portraying Japanese people and culture, both concurrently within an international and domestic context. In the Soviet Union and in the United States, for instance, popular magazines and newspapers represented the Japanese as their common war enemy, however, in quite different manners. Moreover, such gazes from the outside both perceptibly and imperceptibly affected Japanese self-perception and -expression. Given this idea, through specifically focusing on visual representations of the Japanese appearing in popular mass media including photographic illustrations of magazines, newspapers, and story films, this panel aims to explore the interactive connection between diverse foreign/domestic gazes directed toward the Japanese in the 1930s and 1940s from a comparative-study perspective.

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1) Asako Nobuoka, Toyo University Enigma of the Beautiful Enemy Land: Photographic Representations of Japan in National Geographic Magazine As Catherine A. Lutz and Jane L. Collins indicate, National Geographic Magazine, which was founded in 1888, has contributed to constructing a particular vision of the non-Western world, specifically images of peoples and cultures of the third world of American readers, in the history of popular imagination of the United States. In the construction of these images, photography played a significant role. One of typical strategies adopted by NGM was juxtaposing articles on the United States with article on the non-Western world such as New Guinea, which included numerous photographs, in order to make an obvious contrast between the dominating power of modernized American industry and primitive societies outside the United States. This strategy of NGM, however, did not work well when describing the people and society in Japan, another country of the non-Western world. As a nation that rapidly underwent “Westernization,” partly through the enormous support of the U.S. economy and its intellectuals, Japan, compared to China and other Asian regions, maintained an ambivalent, awkward position in NGM’s narrative structure. Particularly, when Japan transformed into the US’s official war enemy during the Pacific War, the representation of Japan became increasingly more awkward and complex. By exploring the chronological shift of the photographic representation of the Japanese from this perspective, this paper articulates the characteristics of how NGM represented the Japanese people and society and considers the ideology behind NGM’s gaze toward the Oriental “others.”

2) Masako Oomori, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies The Image of the Japanese in Soviet Media Culture from the Late 1930s to 1945 This presentation examines the image of the Japanese in Soviet media culture through the analysis of caricatures and photographs in Soviet newspapers (“Pravda” and “Izvestija”)and magazines that catered to Soviet soldiers(“Krasnoarmeets”) and the general public (“Krokodil”) published from the late 1930s to 1945. In the second half of the 1930s, Soviet-Japanese military conflict occurred frequently at the borders. The most severe wars took place in July-August 1938 at Lake Khasan and in May-September 1939 at Khalhin-Gol River on the Manchurian and Mongolian border. The territorial ambitions of the Japanese were a great menace to the Soviet Union during this period. The caricatures and photographs in the newspapers and magazines played an important role in the construction of the enemy’s image among soldiers and the people. The visual representation of the Japanese as an enemy disappeared temporarily during the Soviet-Japanese Neutral Pact (1941-1945), but reappeared in the Soviet media since the Soviet Union declared war on Japan on August 9, 1945. Taking into consideration of international trends and war propaganda in other countries during this period, I examine the formation of Japanese images through Soviet caricatures and photographs and articulate the significance of their coexistence in Soviet newspapers and magazines. Especially, by observing photographic objects and captions which have been never

73 ASCJ program 2012 examined before, I would like to reveal a unique variation of orientalism in Soviet media.

3) Shiho Maeshima, Hosei University, University of British Columbia The Dream of a Multicultural Empire: Representation of the “Japanese” in the 1930s Popular-Magazine Photo Stories 1930s Japan observed an increasing occurrence of photo articles in mass-market periodicals. Unlike the cases in Europe and North America, in Japan, the distribution of pictorial magazines or newspapers was never widespread. It was instead the photo sections of popular women’s magazines, which were then the most popular magazine genre in Japan, read by both women and men that provided readers of Japanese periodicals with large bodies of photo articles. Besides bringing about a major change in the Japanese position of photographic images in Japanese periodicals and contributing to pictorialization of the Japanese periodicals, mass-marketed women’s magazines including Shufu no tomo (The Housewife’s Friend) developed and popularized new photo article genres in the 1920s and the 1930s. Of all the different types, a sort of photo reportage dubbed “life pictorial” depicting the lives of various people in the Japanese territories was one of the most popular in terms of content. Through a selection of examples from popular women’s magazines, this paper will discuss the kind of imagined community of “Japan” they offered. Examining both visual and written texts, I will consider who was featured and how they were represented in these articles. This analysis will elucidate the way in which these photo stories managed to present “Japan” as a multicultural utopian empire via conflicting means, such as suppressing hierarchy among the Japanese and implying multiculturalism, while at the same time emphasizing unity as a nation.

4) Hana Washitani, Waseda University Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum Eroticized Masculine Body as “Fake Foreigner” in Wartime Japanese Popular Culture: Focusing on Hasegawa Kazuo in Forward! Flag of Independence (1943) Japanese cinema was incorporated into the wartime national mobilization system around 1937. As a component of the wartime national propaganda system, Japanese cinema had dual functions. For the domestic audience, it was obliged to incite nationalism towards Imperial Japan through the “national cinema (kokumin eiga).” But for the audiences in “the Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere” (Daitōa Kyōeiken), it was obliged to propagate a “pan-Asian value” and agitate hostility towards Western colonialism through the “Greater East Asian cinema (Daitōa eiga).” In this presentation, I would like to examine the images of foreigners performed by Japanese actors in wartime Japanese cinema focusing on the film Forward! Flag of Independence (1943). This film was produced to honor the Greater East Asia Conference (Daitōa kaigi) which was held in Tokyo to promote the independence of component states of the Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere. Although this film depicts the Indian independence movement against British colonialists, the cast are all Japanese. Hasegawa Kazuo who was known as a beautiful matinee idol with a huge female following played an

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Indian hero Prince Narin in this film. The official purpose of this film was to promote and advocate independence of the Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere under the leadership of Japan. However, its tacit purpose was to display the star Hasegawa Kazuo in an exotic costume for the sake of his domestic female fans. In analyzing this film, I would like to reveal irredeemable conflicts between the “national cinema” and the “Greater East Asian cinema,” propaganda value and commercial or entertainment value within wartime Japanese cinema.

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Session 25: Room D-302 Constructing Networks of Power: Process of Electrification in Late 20th-Century South Korea Organizer/Chair: Tae Gyun Park 1) Seong-Jun Kim, Seoul National University Who Rules the Atom? Controversies Surrounding the Nuclear Power Plant Management System in South Korea during the 1950s and 1960s 2) Yeonhee Kim, Seoul National University The New Village Movement (Saemaeul Undong) and the Rural Electrifying Project 3) Jin Hee Park, Dongguk University The Rise and Fall of Solar Energy in Korea 1973–1985 Discussants: Sungook Hong, Seoul National University, and Yuka Tsuchiya, Ehime University

Constructing Networks of Power: Process of Electrification in Late 20th-Century South Korea Organizer/Chair: Tae Gyun Park During the Cold War era, the Republic of Korea [ROK] government tried to improve its electricity capability for rapid and effective economic growth. From the 1950s, plans by the ROK government, on the one hand, were conducted consistently with American assistance policy, while also trying to develop the plans self-sufficiently. The projects designed by the ROK government played a role as a symbol of innovative policy during the Cold War era. The plans for nuclear power plant and solar energy system are the representative cases that were closely connected with the oil shocks. Although the projects for energy development were conducted without social consensus, the results changed ROK society significantly. The transition in rural areas in the 1970s by the New Village Movement was triggered by the diffusion of electricity. In particular, household electric appliances decisively changed not only productivity but also the lifestyle of Korean people. The transition in rural area let Korean people hope for more chances to develop other energy, including nuclear and solar power system.

1) Seong-Jun Kim, Seoul National University Who Rules the Atom? Controversies Surrounding the Nuclear Power Plant Management System in South Korea during the 1950s and 1960s Two decisions made by the South Korean government, in 1958 and 1968, greatly impacted the history of South Korean nuclear policy. These decisions created controversies as to which government organization would be in charge of the construction and management of the expected nuclear power plant. Initially, the South Korean government placed these responsibilities in the hands of the Ministry of Education (MOE) in 1958 (and later, upon its establishment in 1967, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) assumed some functions of MOE.) In 1968, the government reversed its decision and empowered the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MCI) to manage the nuclear power plant project.

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This dispute did not just reflect the different opinions on whether a specialty in electricity in general could cover management of a nuclear power plant, but rather showed the different viewpoints concerning industrialization. The MOE / MOST represented scientists who hoped that their indigenous technology could contribute to manage a nuclear power plant and to enhance the country’s industrialization. The electric company, represented by the MCI, had more interests in energy development to contribute to the country’s industrialization rather than pursue the long-term plan of scientists. This case demonstrates that, although various viewpoints regarding the industrialization process existed in South Korea in the 1960s, the eventual selection of the government decision overwhelmed viable alternative routes in the industrialization process.

2) Yeonhee Kim, Seoul National University The New Village Movement (Saemaeul Undong) and the Rural Electrifying Project It was only in the 1970s that rural communities were provided with access to electricity in Korea. Although the electrifying project initially began in the 1960s as one of Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO)’s major projects, it was carried out on a larger scale in the 1970s through Saemaeul Undong or, New Village Movement. The Saemaeul Undong was introduced by then president Park Jung Hee to better advance life in rural areas and it was directed by all government departments. Many changes took place after the introduction of electricity to rural areas. Compared to the past, rural areas were considered as a better place to live as both cities and countryside could turn on lights and TV. This great convenience, however, did not come as a free lunch. Rural towns had to show a certain level of progress in ongoing projects and had to be selected as a Saemaeul Self-Supporting Town in order to be eligible to apply for the electrifying project. Electrifying projects brought about great changes to everyday life in rural areas. It narrowed the gap of information between the city and the country by reducing the amount of time for the information to reach rural towns. It was a great turning point for rural areas where they were previously excluded from the cultural news and activities. As a result, the rural electrifying project is now remembered as one of the most successful projects carried out by the Saemaeul Undong.

3) Jin Hee Park, Dongguk University The Rise and Fall of Solar Energy in Korea 1973–1985 The first oil crisis brought a great shock to the Korean society which had planned to drive industrial development on the basis of oil. Being confronted with the energy problem, the government started to pay attention to renewable energy sources, especially solar energy. With regards to the solar energy, the first practical actions were taken in the national research institutes: in 1974, The Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute started the project of solar cooling system; the Korean Military Academy worked on the development and testing of solar thermal collector. During the second half of 1970s the research objects included not only solar

77 ASCJ program 2012 thermal energy, but also solar power. Furthermore, a new solar energy research institute was established in 1978. Parallel to those research works, a future plan for solar energy using was prepared by the government. The long term plan of solar energy technologies was announced on March 15, 1978. According to the plan, the government expected that some portion of electricity production would be attained from solar cells power plants from 1992 to 2000. In this way, the Korean society could expect a coming of solar era. However, by the middle of 1980s, the enthusiastic plan of solar energy remained only on paper. The institute was dissolved, and the planned research was terminated. In this paper, the contexts for the social expectation of solar energy will be analyzed and the social shaping of the short solar era in Korea will be followed.

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Session 26: Room D-401 Overcoming Vicissitudes: The Tohoku Region in Modern Japan Organizer/Chair: M. William Steele, International Christian University 1) Hiraku Shimoda, Waseda University “The Treasure of Our Country”: Meiji Developmentalism in Fukushima 2) M. William Steele, International Christian University The Great Northern Famine of 1905–06: Two Sides of International Aid 3) Patricia Sippel, Toyo Eiwa University The 1909 Akita Tour and the Formation of a Positive Modern Identity Discussant: Hidemichi Kawanishi, Hiroshima University

Overcoming Vicissitudes: The Tohoku Region in Modern Japan Organizer/Chair: M. William Steele, International Christian University Japan’s rapid modern transformation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century did not confer benefits equally. In particular, the six prefectures of far northeastern Japan that came to be known as the Tōhoku region witnessed a series of vicissitudes that continue, even today, to invite comparison with other areas of Japan thought to be more economically advanced and culturally dynamic. Beginning with its humiliating defeat in the 1868 Boshin Civil War, the Tōhoku region faced economic, political, and ecological challenges sufficiently daunting that outside commentators began to speak of a particular “Tōhoku Problem.” Shimoda examines attempts by central government authorities in the 1880s to encourage economic development in Fukushima, but at the same time confer backward status upon the region. Steele looks at the terrible famine that struck Miyagi, Iwate, and Fukushima prefectures in 1905-06, an event that was widely reported overseas, resulting in one of the world’s first instances of massive international humanitarian aid, sometimes with unintended consequences. Finally, Sippel shows that Akita residents sought to correct images of backwardness by inviting journalists to tour the region in 1909 and make known the region’s positive participation in Japan’s modernity. All three presentations demonstrate a complex interplay of local, national and international attempts to overcome vicissitudes that characterized the modern transformation of the Tōhoku region and invite comparisons with the present day.

1) Hiraku Shimoda, Waseda University School of Law “The Treasure of Our Country”: Meiji Developmentalism in Fukushima This presentation will discuss Meiji policies toward developing provincial areas, especially in northeastern Japan (Tōhoku). It will focus on the reclamation of Asaka, a vast plain in central Fukushima, in the 1880s. The ostensible aims of this national project were to increase agricultural productivity and help urban former samurai (shizoku) to prosper in self-sufficient agricultural settlements. But these policies also effected a new modern relationship between Tokyo and the provinces through a web of money and patronage. The presentation will consider the ways in which Meiji developmental policies imagined Tōhoku as a needy, subject space, and will suggest some points of comparison with present-day nuclear siting issues.

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2) M. William Steele, International Christian University The Great Northern Famine of 1905-06: Two Sides of International Aid A series of bad harvests peaking in 1905 resulted in one of the worst famines to strike the Tōhoku region in modern times. The famine, which followed news of Japan’s victory in the Russo-Japanese War, received significant foreign media attention. The New York Times, for example, ran a series of reports that highlighted the sufferings of the people of Miyagi, Fukushima, and Iwate prefectures, claiming that thousands were on the verge of starvation, forced to live on roots, tree bark, and acorns. Christian missionaries set up relief stations and solicited donations. In an appeal to the American people in February 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt requested that contributions for famine relief be sent to the American Red Cross for transfer to the Japanese Red Cross. This presentation will examine international dimensions of Japan’s Great Northern Famine. While the extensive media coverage produced an outpouring of foreign and domestic sympathy, it also, ironically, highlighted the needy, even shameful, circumstances of Northern Japan and helped to confirm negative perceptions of the Tōhoku region.

Patricia Sippel, Toyo Eiwa University The 1909 Akita Tour and the Formation of a Positive Modern Identity In 1909 three newspapers based in Akita Prefecture invited a group of nationally active journalists and writers to join a tour of Akita’s major cities, economic centers, and places of national beauty. They offered the outsiders an opportunity to observe, and then communicate to their readers, Akita’s accomplishments, especially in industry and culture. Following the tour, the Akita hosts republished the reports of their guests in a book that they entitled Shiraretaru Akita to reflect their optimistic conclusion that Akita had changed from being an “unknown” (shirarezaru) to a “known” (shiraretaru) place for the guests and their readers nationwide. Why did prominent people in Akita prefecture prepare what was, even by Tokyo standards, a luxury tour for outside opinion makers? And why did some of the guests feel able to offer advice or criticism as part of their travel stories? This presentation locates the 1909 tour within a national discourse on the Tōhoku region in the late Meiji era. It argues that the tour was an attempt to replace the negative knowledge of Akita as part of a problem region by a positive knowledge of Akita as a place of progress, culture, and beauty.

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Session 27: Room D-501 Making a Statement: Fashion, Film, and Folk in the Shaping of Japanese Popular Culture of the 1960s Organizer: Michael Furmanovsky, Ryukoku University Chair: James Dorsey, Dartmouth University 1) Mikiko Tachi, Chiba University The Ivy Fashion, Folk Music, and the Japanese Imagination of America in the 1960s 2) Michael Furmanovsky, Ryukoku University Pop Culture and the Europeanization of Japanese Women’s Fashion, 1955–65 3) James Dorsey, Dartmouth College Bringing It All Back Home: Constructing an Indigenous “Folk” for Japanese Folk Music Discussant: Sheila Cliffe, Jumonji Gakuen Women’s University / University of Leeds

Making a Statement: Fashion, Film, and Folk in the Shaping of Japanese Popular Culture of the 1960s Organizer: Michael Furmanovsky, Ryukoku University Chair: James Dorsey, Dartmouth University This panel will explore dimensions of Japan’s “Cultural Sixties” with an emphasis on its engagement with the broad cultural and social revolution that took place in the United States between 1963-69. The panelists will focus on both popular and alternative manifestations of cultural change and ferment in the areas of music (commercial pop and politically oriented folk) and fashion (mainstream and street-styles). Mikiko Tachi will look at how young Japanese students interpreted the American folk music subculture as a symbol of an idyllic collegiate life built around preppy clothes and a notion of the white upper middleclass lifestyle. She will examine the role of clothing companies and men’s magazines that encouraged Japanese customers to emulate their American contemporaries. Michael Furmanovsky looks at how post-war American popular-culture influences during the late 1950s competed to shape the fashion styles adopted by middle-class Japanese women in the early 1960s. The paper focuses on 1950s western and Japanese movies, fashion magazines and the mass media images of early-1960s female pop icons. James Dorsey examines how folk music in Japan evolved from just another imported genre of fashionable commercial music to become a politically and ideologically motivated musical movement. Narumi Hiroshi uses the notion of “subcultural bricolage” to examine how Japanese youth developed their street style in the 1960s under the influence of American and European youth culture. His focus will be on Roppongi-zoku, Miyuki-zoku, Harajuku-zoku, Futenzoku and Bôsô-zoku.

1) Mikiko Tachi Chiba University The Ivy Fashion, Folk Music, and the Japanese Imagination of America in the 1960s This paper examines the “Ivy [League]” fashion that went hand in hand with the popularity of American folk music in Japan during the 1960s. In contrast to the way American fans of folk

81 ASCJ program 2012 music celebrated the music’s ethnic, proletarian, and otherwise marginal roots and qualities, the Japanese audience (during the early induction period of American folk music to Japan) associated the music with the image of the idyllic collegiate life in the U.S. Preppy clothes and folk music provided young Japanese with tools to experience the affluent, middle-class, white American culture. My paper focuses on Japanese businesses that were responsible for such perception: VAN Jacket, Inc., a Japanese clothing company that produced the “Ivy” line of clothing that replicated preppy clothes modeled on such brands as Brooks Brothers and J Press and Heibon Punch, the first magazine in Japan that specifically targeted young male audience and was the major source from which the Japanese learned about American culture including fashion and folk music. Both businesses created and cashed in on Japanese fantasies about American collegiate culture. Van Jacket, in particular, perpetuated the myth about the Ivy League as the breeding ground of the WASP American elite and encouraged their Japanese customers to emulate them. With a particular focus on the memoirs and testimonies of (and about) the founders of these businesses, together with advertisements and articles from the magazine, my paper demonstrates the ways in which they interpreted, utilized, and represented American culture to the Japanese audience.

2) Michael Furmanovsky Ryukoku University Pop Culture and the Europeanization of Japanese Women’s Fashion, 1955–65 Popular culture had a major influence on the development of mainstream women’s fashion in the Showa 30s (1955-65). During these years, significant elements among the ranks of urbanized upper middle-class women, had, like their male counterparts, looked to Europe, and especially Paris and London, as the source of all that was modern and sophisticated. Attention is given to the manner in which pre-war European cultural preferences and postwar American popular-culture influences, as well as domestic economic and socio-cultural movements during the late 1950s, acted to shape the fashion styles adopted by middle-class Japanese women in the 1960s. This is done by an examination of the impact of 1950s western and Japanese movies; fashion magazines, dress-making schools and the mass media images of early-1960s female pop icons managed by the all-powerful Watanabe production company. By so doing, the presenter hopes to give insight into the manner in which the aspirational female-driven consumer boom of the early 1960s allowed Japan’s post-war fashion industry to emerge from American cultural domination and develop a European-focused fashion sensibility that would contribute to its emergence as a worldwide style-maker.

3) James Dorsey, Dartmouth College Bringing It All Back Home: Constructing an Indigenous “Folk” for Japanese Folk Music The modern folk music movement in the United States defined itself in opposition to established, homogenous, commercial music. It sought instead an authenticity in musical traditions untouched by that world of polished professional entertainers. Ironically, modern folk music first arrived in Japan as just another genre of fashionable commercial music.

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Established singer Yukimura Izumi released a Japanese language version of “Where Have All the Flowers Gone” (1964) and pops composer Hamaguchi Kuranosuke composed the first Japanese original modern folk hit, “Bara ga saita” (A rose blooms, 1966). Around 1967, however, the genre was adopted by the labor and student movements, which deployed the music for community building. Here an authentic indigenous “folk” needed to be foregrounded in the music. This presentation examines the construction of a “folk” for this politically and ideologically motivated musical movement. The key component was language. Most importantly, these new folk singers sang in Japanese while earlier amateur college groups had sung in English. Secondly, while the lyrics of popular music were mostly in standard Japanese, some folk singers sang in dialect. This choice differentiated them from the generic urban individual, creating instead an aura of authentic “ordinary folk” rooted in organic communities. Adding to this impression was the practice of singing lines with too many syllables to fit neatly with the melody, a practice that would have appalled a professional composer. Finally, the aura of “the folk” was buttressed by the quality of the performance; singers too polished in their delivery were sometimes scorned.

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Session 28: Room D-502 Tokyo Now and Then: A Profile of the Changing City Organizer: Titanilla Mátrai, Waseda University Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum Chair: Shelley Brunt, RMIT University 1) Titanilla Mátrai, Waseda University Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum Tokyo Through the Eyes of Foreign Filmmakers 2) Magali Bugne, University of Strasbourg / Centre européen d’études japonaises d’Alsace Tokyo’s Experiment: A Portrait of the City through the Writing of Paul Claudel, Nicolas Bouvier and Marcel Giuglaris 3) Shelley Brunt, RMIT University Interactive Intimacy: The Role of the Audience in Tokyo’s Annual Televised Kohaku Utagassen (Red and White Song Contest) 4) Yusuke Suzumura, Hosei University Figures of Foreigners in Tokyo: The Case of the Cartoon Sazae-san Discussant: John Clammer (United Nations University)

Tokyo Now and Then: A Profile of the Changing City Organizer: Titanilla Mátrai, Waseda University Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum Chair: Shelley Brunt, RMIT University From the mundane daily routines to the unique customs associated with special occasions, Tokyo life presents a mix of traditional culture, invented traditions and modern habits. Many of these aspects are captured in the visual, written and performing arts—creative responses to the fluidity of life in the city. This panel explores the theme of artistic responses to cultural and social changes in Tokyo, and uses film, fiction, popular music, and manga as case studies. Collectively, our papers consider the following questions: How have social events transformed the way Tokyo is represented in the arts? How is Tokyo imagined via international perspectives of these creative endeavours? How do cultural differences influence perceptions of Tokyo? In order to address these questions, the panelists employ a variety of textual and ethnographic methodologies. The first paper analyses how films which are set in Tokyo and are directed by foreign filmmakers, serve to create meaning for Tokyo as an urban locale. The second paper critiques the views of selected French authors before and after they visit Tokyo, and by this comparison, identifies the benefits of lived experience for authorship. The third paper looks at the annual televised music programme, Kouhaku utagassen (Red and White Song Contest), and evaluates Tokyoites’ changing cultural practices of viewing the programme. The fourth paper investigates how Japanese attitudes towards foreigners in Tokyo are formed and depicted in a story comic. In doing so, these papers shed new light on the shifting visions of identities, representations, and experiences of Tokyo.

1) Titanilla Mátrai, Waseda University Tokyo Through the Eyes of Foreign Filmmakers Tokyo has been the setting for several films made in Japan and internationally. In all of these

84 ASCJ program 2012 films Tokyo is portrayed as a symbol of modernity, standing in contrast to the traditional cityscape of the same city in its early modern incarnation under the name Edo. “While Edo was imagined as a timeless space of pre-modern Japan, Tokyo quickly became the pre-eminent site of the fantasy and modernity.” (Russell 2002: 215) In my presentation, I will talk about four films made by six non-Japanese directors in the first decade of the 21st century: the world famous Lost in Translation (2003) about two Americans who can hardly get over their cultural shock; Tokyo! (2008), which consists of three short episodes that take place in the contemporary city, but draw on traditional ghost stories of Japan; Map of the Sounds of Tokyo (2009) by a Spanish director about a young hit-woman who falls in love with her own future target, and Enter the Void (2009), in which we see the story through the eyes of a murdered man. Although all of these films are set in Tokyo, the presence of the city is different in each. I will analyse how the filmmakers portray this modern metropolis through their visual representation of Tokyo, their use of Japanese and non-Japanese characters, and their use and understanding of the Japanese language. I will show that in some cases the city is no more than a backdrop to the story, while in other cases Tokyo is a protagonist of the story alongside the human characters.

Magali Bugne, University of Strasbourg / Centre européen d'études japonaises d'Alsace Tokyo's Experiment: Portrait of the City through the Writing of Paul Claudel, Nicolas Bouvier and Marcel Giuglaris There is something special about Tôkyô. Last bastion of Orientalism, Japan remained for a long time a land of fantasy to Westerners who knew it only from the representations conveyed through Cabinets of Curiosities or through other travel books. But these last representations of which we could call an “extreme orientalism” often came and died in Tôkyô. Through the eyes of three French scientists having tried out the life in Tôkyô during the twentieth century – Paul Claudel, Nicolas Bouvier and Marcel Giuglaris, we will draw up a picture of the city and its citizens. Paul Claudel dreamed about Tôkyô but first worked in China, Marcel Giuglaris came in Tôkyô after the death of his wife and Nicolas Bouvier traveled across Asia before arriving in Japan. The three of them wasn’t meant to be in Tokyo but still they experiment the city and feel the need to write about it in a very different way by using articles, letters or diaries. Our concern is to analyze Tokyo’s experiment, as both as a discourse and an experimental playground, in the wider context of each writer personal background. We will deal with the relationship between these men and the town and the difference between their previsions and the reality of the city will be our main concern. Through their hopes and disappointments, we will draw up an urban and literary picture of a city that was able to stir up passions and to pull down the myth of the Far East.

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Shelley Brunt, University of Otago Interactive Intimacy: The Role of the Audience in Tokyo’s Annual Televised Kōhaku Utagassen (Red and White Song Contest) There are many ways to celebrate the auspicious occasion of New Year’s Eve in Japan, from dancing at a club, to visiting a Buddhist temple to cast out impurities for the coming year. This paper examines the New Year’s Eve tradition of viewing Kōhaku Utagassen (The Red and White Song Contest): a highly anticipated event which features the cream of Japan’s popular music stars. Since its humble beginning in 1951 as a post-war NHK radio show, the contest has expanded into an extravagant, televised gala held at Tokyo’s famed NHK Hall. For Tokyoites in particular, the development of the contest has opened up a variety of viewing possibilities, which include watching the contest live in the Hall, seeing a special broadcast in the neighbouring theatre, or viewing it on a giant outdoor screen in the adjacent boulevard. Audiences can also use digital television at home to interact with the singers, vote in the contest, and ultimately affect its outcome. Drawing on first-hand fieldwork at NHK Hall in 2010 and 2011, this study looks at the mechanisms employed by the broadcaster to encourage fandom activities within Tokyo, and how these serve to create a sense of unity between audiences and singers. In doing to, I adopt a fan-based perspective, using selected interview data to evaluate the shift from quasi-intimate (Painter 1996) to intimate interaction in Japanese popular music, as part of a broader goal of creating a sense of city-wide—and ultimately nation-wide—sense of collective belonging.

Yusuke Suzumura, Hosei University Figures of Foreigners in Tokyo: The Case of the Cartoon Sazae-san In a shopping mall, a train, or a café, it is not extraordinary experience for Japanese living in Tokyo to meet foreigners. We might rather say that not seeing foreigners in the daily life is an exceptional case. In this meaning, we can also say that foreigners are not strange people in the present Tokyo. However, during the last few decades foreigners were still rare, they were object of strong interest and concern for many people in Japan, even in Tokyo. This presentation investigates the process of the ordinary Japanese’s attitude towards foreigners in Tokyo using descriptions in a cartoon. Source materials of the investigation is the four-frame story comic Sazae-san (1946-1974) written by Machiko Hasegawa (1920-1992). This comic was originally serialized in the Fukunichi Shimbun, a local newspaper in Fukuoka prefecture and later moved to the Asahi Shimbun, one of the leading national newspapers in Japan. After this displacement, the setting of the story was moved to Tokyo and Sazae-san, the heroin of this comic and her family lived and enjoyed a Tokyo life for over 25 years. For a long term serialization they, a typical and standard Japanese family of the time met a considerable number of foreigners in Tokyo. I will check scenes of Sazae-san describing foreigners and analyze their recognition and attitude toward foreigners. Then I will examine the process of their view about foreigners in Tokyo to clear the average notion of ordinary Japanese in an age “unfamiliar to foreigners.”

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Session 29: Room D-402 Individual Papers on Premodern Literature, Poetry, and Theater Chair: Robert Eskildsen, J. F. Oberlin University 1) Loredana Cesarino, Sapienza University of Rome Poems by Courtesans in the Quan Tangshi (全唐诗): Some Cases of Doubtful Authorship 2) Eno Compton, Princeton University Figurative Love Affairs and Erotic Wordplay: Rereading Heian Waka Alongside Six Dynasties Poetry 3) John Christopher Kern, Ohio State University A Conversation with Shunzei – An Example of Kamakura-era Genji Studies 4) Ashton Lazarus, Yale University Scenarios of Agricultural Performance: Commoner Crowds and Elite Identifications in Dengaku 5) Yoshitaka Yamamoto, University of Tokyo Flowers, Letters, and Politics: Yamamoto Hokuzan’s Engagement with Classical Chinese Literature and Minor Arts in Edo Period Japan

1) Loredana Cesarino, Sapienza University of Rome Poems by Courtesans in the Quan Tangshi (全唐诗): Some Cases of Doubtful Authorship Tang courtesans were among the freest and most cultivated women of their time. Many of them, apart from being well trained in the art of seduction, were also distinguished artists endowed with literary talent. Through the centuries a fair number of poems written by them have been preserved in sources of different nature (especially collections of anecdotes, poetry anthologies and biji) and, in the early eighteenth century, have been included in the Quan

Tangshi 全唐诗 (hereafter QTS) , thus becoming part of the Tang poetical canon. Actually, recent researches on the QTS have started to call into question the reliability of many poetic attributions contained in this anthology which, for several hundred years, was considered the best source of Tang poetry (see Su Zhecong 1991; Chen Shangjun 1992, 1997 and 2010; Zhao Weiping 2010). In line with these studies, this paper will examine the cases of doubtful authorship that concern some poems attributed to courtesans in the scroll 802nd of the QTS and will focus mainly on those that involve Guan Panpan 关盼盼 and Liu Caichun 刘采春. The analysis will be carried out using the data extracted from the original sources used by the very compilers of

QTS – such as the “Yunxi Youyi” 云溪友议 by Fan Shu (Tang dinasty), the “Tangshi Jishi”

唐诗纪事 by Ji Yougong (Song dynasty), the “Tang Caizi zhuan” 唐才子传 by Xin Wenfang

(Yuan dinasty) and the “Tangyin Tongqian” 唐音统签 by Hu Zhenheng (Ming dynasty), just

87 ASCJ program 2012 to name a few – as well as through the lens of the most recent theories and researches on QTS. In particular, the author will discuss the manipulations carried out on the original sources by tracing back the steps of that long process that led to the creation of these women’s poetic identities which are as fascinating as questionable. 2) Eno Compton, Princeton University Figurative Love Affairs and Erotic Wordplay: Rereading Heian Waka Alongside Six Dynasties Poetry Compiled during the Heian period (794-1185), the Kokinwakashū 古今和歌集 is one of the most important anthologies of Japanese poetry. In the past 50 years, both Konishi Jin’ichi and Kojima Noriyuki, two well-known scholars of Heian literature, have made major contributions to the field by identifying a significant role played by classical Chinese poetry, and especially Six Dynasties poetry, in the formation of the Kokinshū style. Following in the footsteps of Konishi and Kojima, subsequent scholars have sought ways to explore the complicated and numerous connections between waka and classical Chinese poetry, often identifying similar phrasing between poems or common tropes. Rarely, however, are there examples in such scholarship of considering how we must reread waka in light of their relationship to Chinese poetry. In the paper here, I build on the extensive scholarship connecting waka to Six Dynasties poetry and present a shared yet largely overlooked use of figural language which conceals love affairs through erotic wordplay on natural imagery. I offer a close reading of several poems from the 6th century Yutai xinyong 玉台新詠 and then a rereading of several waka from the Kokinshū based on the common wordplay

3) John Christopher Kern, Ohio State University A Conversation with Shunzei – An Example of Kamakura-era Genji Studies The textual criticism of the 11th-century Tale of Genji has traditionally been dominated by the Aobyōshi (“blue covers”) textual line, supposedly descending from the scholar Fujiwara no Teika (1162–1241). Recent scholarship has begun to challenge the alleged superiority of the Aobyōshi texts, and new collations and facsimiles of non-Aobyōshi texts have been published. In this connection, I will examine one of the earliest examples of Genji textual criticism. Found in the commentary Genchū saihishō (1364), it purports to be a record of a visit by Minamoto no Chikayuki to Fujiwara no Shunzei (Teika's father, 1114–1204) concerning a textual issue in the first chapter (“Kiritsubo”). The conversation is fascinating not only because it discusses the textual issue in detail, but also because it provides an interesting look at one way that studies of the Genji were done in the Kamakura period. Examining this note not only increases our knowledge of early Genji studies but also reminds us of the instability of the received assumptions that underlie our current understanding of the Genji text. In addition, it provides some tantalizing hints as to the Genji-related activities of two major poetic figures of the time—Fujiwara no Shunzei and the woman known as Shunzei’s daughter.

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4) Ashton Lazarus, Yale University Scenarios of Agricultural Performance: Commoner Crowds and Elite Identifications in Dengaku Dengaku (“field music”) first emerged in agricultural communities as the sounds and rhythms to accompany manual labor and appeal to divine favor for an abundant harvest. As with many forms of rural culture, dengaku eventually appeared in the capital—albeit in unsanctioned capacities that disturbed elite spectators, who criticized it as violent and boisterous. By the end of the eleventh century, unruly dengaku crowds had penetrated the capital’s real and discursive spaces, constituting one of several “others” through and against which elite identifications took place. During the Great Dengaku of 1096, performances spread quickly and contagiously, from rural farmers to low-ranking attendants, all the way up to courtiers, senior nobles, and members of the royal family. Contemporary scholars have discussed this event mostly in terms of (failed) popular protest and the assimilation of commoner culture by court elites. However, I detect a more subtle and ambiguous process of identification at work, one in which elites are faced with coinciding desires to both repel and appropriate the embodied actions of these socially peripheral yet symbolically central others. I explore this play of desire in two particular accounts of the event: Ōe no Masafusa’s Rakuyō dengaku ki and relevant entries from Fujiwara no Munetada’s diary Chūyūki. Although different types of writing, both are marked by the mixing of attraction and repulsion that dengaku activated through its perceived strangeness and excess.

5) Yoshitaka Yamamoto, University of Tokyo Flowers, Letters, and Politics: Yamamoto Hokuzan’s Engagement with Classical Chinese Literature and Minor Arts in Edo Period Japan Yamamoto Hokuzan (1752-1812) was a scholar of Confucian texts and Classical Chinese literature in the latter half of Edo-period Japan. While he achieved fame as a critic of Classical Chinese prose and poetry, he considered himself foremost as a political thinker. This meant he saw literature not as an end in itself, but as a means for building a stable and just society. Meanwhile, recent scholarship has portrayed Hokuzan as having helped institute a new era of Japanese Classical Chinese poetry that allowed the poet’s subjectivity to liberate itself from tradition, thereby preempting the “modernization” of Japanese literature. Yet neither subjectivity nor liberation forms even a small part of Hokuzan’s vocabulary. The misinterpretations seem to have stemmed from forcibly modernist readings of Yuan Hongdao (1568-1610), the Ming Chinese author and poet whose writings Hokuzan widely quotes. What Hokuzan actually argues for in his writings, particularly in response to the Japanese Confucianist Ogyu Sorai (1666-1728), is more conservative: a tightening of rules and a miniaturization of literature, with the ultimate goal of elevating the status of minutiae, in order to create a socio-political climate grounded in solid details rather than in vapid ideals. To prove his point, Hokuzan explains how the minor art of flower arrangement, like poetry, can aid a politically minded person in playing an active role in the improvement of society. If

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Hokuzan’s theories on literature and the arts are in any way proto-modern, it is due to his calls for political engagement, not poetic subjectivity.

Session 30: Room D-201 The Winter of Neoliberal Discontent: Critical Perspectives (Roundtable) Organizer: Mustapha Kamal Pasha, University of Aberdeen Chair: Hiroyuki Tosa, Kobe University 1) Anna Agathangelou, York University 2) Giorgio Shani, International Christian University 3) Yoshihiro Nakano, International Christian University

The recent financial meltdown in the United States and Europe has provoked wide-ranging discussion amongst scholars, state managers and opinion-makers over the viability and limits of global neoliberalism. Street protests, notably the “Occupy” movement, have also buttressed mistrust concerning neoliberal social engineering, rising global inequality and the “democratic deficit” of financial institutions. In large parts of Asia, however, the winter of neoliberal discontent appears muted, at least in public consciousness. Rather, attention has been given to the putative rise of China or India (or conversely the deepening malaise afflicting the Japanese political economy requiring radical surgery, especially after the March 2011 Great Eastern Earthquake). In sum, the Asian scene presents a striking contrast to perceived spectres facing the neoliberal model in the West, instituted against the shadow of the so-called Washington Consensus. This roundtable probes the career of contemporary neoliberalism in Asia, particularly in the aftermath of the 2008 financial meltdown and the ongoing Euro crisis. Specifically, the roundtable engages the silences and erasures of extant thinking regarding the underside of Asian forms of capitalism. In this endeavour, the roundtable participants also seek to probe the character of social discontent occluded in celebratory accounts. Implicit in this proposal is the suspicion that the apparent absence of discontent against neoliberalism is misleading. While the nature of neoliberalism and its forms are different, Asian neoliberalism is fraught with deep social antinomies. The principal task is is to provide alternate frames of capture these antinomies. This would also entail recognition of alternate registers of discontent in Asia, including its visible and invisible instantiations.

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Session 31: Room D-301 Modern Visions: Identity, Media, and the City Organizer/Chair: Yu Kishi, International Christian University 1) Daiki Amanai, University of Tokyo Identity in Mirror: Architects’ Arguments in Interwar Japan 2) Yu Kishi, International Christian University The Photo-modern in Japan 3) Norio Yoshimoto, Tokyo Institute of Technology Gazes of Intellectuals and Non-intellectuals on the City: Urban Images of Modern Osaka Discussant: Ken Oshima, University of Washington

Modern Visions: Identity, Media, and the City Organizer/Chair: Yu Kishi, International Christian University This panel focuses on the social experience of intellectuals in interwar Japan. In the 1920s and 1930s Japan confronted the reality of “modern life. ” During this time, a culture of consumption developed, new institutions of higher education were established, and the media and journalism spread widely, causing numerous cultural and social changes. These changes inevitably led to growing disparities in education and gaps between the rich and poor. In the making of “modern life,” gaps also emerged between the intellectual class and the so-called “middle class.” The vision of modernity differed according to class. Each absorbed different information and knowledge from different media sources. The social experiences of intellectuals was closely related these sorts of social changes, including new ideas about urban design and architectural design which served to localize modernity. This panel will examine three examples of intellectual activity during this time. Daiki Amanai’s paper studies early 20th century Japanese architects’ national identity, and focuses especially on the Bunri-ha group. Yu Kishi’s paper examines the influence of visual images toward to modern architecture, by analyzing architectural magazines. Norio Yoshimoto’s paper shows the conflicts of city planning between administrative and citizens in the quest to transform Osaka into a modern city.

1) Daiki Amani, University of Tokyo Identity in Mirror: Architects' Argument in Interwar Japan The presenter reviews the arguments on true Japaneseness in architecture developed by the typical “Taisho architects" of the Buniha Kenchiku Kai (Secessionist Architectural Group) from the middle of the 1920s through the 1930s. As claimed by somewhat simplistic postwar criticism still influential today, the name of the Taisho reign period (1912-1925) indicates the 91 ASCJ program 2012 rebellious and abortive spirit of that time, and if it modifies fine arts in those days, it contained a nuance of art for art's sake. Certainly, the Bunriha were expressionists in their thoughts and designs, and they gathered in 1920 soon after their graduation to compete with the mainstream faction in Japanese architecture which relegated the artistic side of architecture to the side compared with the nation’s urgent problems of earthquake-resistant construction or government spending. However, this fact is not relevant to the matter in question: we cannot place them as apolitical or unproductive in Japanese society. Their consideration for the architect’s self and conceptual escape from the city was connected to their recognition of Japanese national identity, especially when each of them travelled Europe, though this tendency was suggested in their first writings in 1920. Even from the political point of view, we can regard their arguments as having foretold the infamous discussion of “Overcoming modernity in 1942. The image of “Taisho architects” in postwar admirations misled their effect on the accumulation of Japanese architectural discussion.

2)Yu Kishi, International Christian University The Photo-modern in Japan This presentation discusses the relationship between modern architecture and media, focusing on architectural journals and magazines. Journals and magazines had a strong influence on communications about modern architecture. Rather, many of the objects of the modern movement built during the 1920s and 1930s had a primary function as representation, or as the generative source of representation. It connected with the modern movement of photography, the “new way of seeing.” In short, modern architectural photography was tied closely to the rise of the visual representation of modern architecture. In Japan, it contained two dimensions: introducing architectural discourse and showing visual images of modern architecture in Europe and America. In this presentation, I will introduce two influential Japanese architectural magazines, Shin kenchiku（新建築）and Kokusai kenchiku（国際建築）. Kokusai kenchiku was published in 1928 and Shin kenchiku was published in 1925. Generally speaking, Modern History of Architecture often said that the modern movement had some achievements in 1920s. For example, those of Le Corbisier. Ti was published in 1923, Weissenhof Settlement was held in 1927, and Mies's the Barcelona Pavilion was completed in 1929. Shin-Kenchiku and Kokusai Kenchiku reported these events simultaneously. For most of Japanese architects, such information reported by these magazines was necessary to catch up with he architectural trend and to inspire their architectural imagination. Comparing the two two magazines, we show how visual images operated within magazines.

3) Norio Yoshimoto, Tokyo Institute of Technology Gazes of Intellectuals and Non-intellectuals on the City: Urban Images of Modern Osaka. In modern Osaka, urban planning projects had been practiced by administrative officers. Especially, in 1925, Osaka city became the biggest city in Japan in population and area after the second expansion of the city area. In addition, since 1921, urban infrastructure like the road network and transportation had been maintained by the first city planning project. As a

92 ASCJ program 2012 result, physical urban space in Osaka city had been changed. Moreover, It can be thought that the urban images held by residents of Osaka had changed with such changes of the physical urban environment. Administrative officers who practiced these urban planning projects had studied western urban planning. In other words, they were not only administrative officers but also intellectuals who had knowledge of western urban planning. Hajime Seki (1873-1935), who was mayor of Osaka Mayor from 1923 to1935, led officials as intellectuals of urban planning and wrote many papers about urban planning and urban problems. On the other hand, the majority of people who lived in the city were non-intellectuals of urban planning. We can think that these two types of people such as intellectuals and non-intellectuals had gazed at the city differently because they had each different knowledge and information. In this paper, I regard the 1920s and 1930s as the turning point in our images of the modern city will try to clarify urban images at that time.

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Session 32: Room D-302 Female Archetypes: Images of Women in Japanese Art and Literature Organizer/Chair Karen Fraser, Santa Clara University 1) Caroline Hirasawa, Sophia University Multiple Identities of the Tateyama Goddess Ubason 2) David Gundry, University of California, Davis The Figure of the Deceptive Prostitute in Ihara Saikaku’s The Life of an Amorous Man 3) Miri Nakamura, Wesleyan University Whispering Out Loud: Maids in Meiji Japan 4) Karen Fraser, Santa Clara University Paragons of Patriotism: Images of Motherhood in the late Meiji Period Discussant: Janine Beichman, Daito Bunka University

Female Archetypes: Images of Women in Japanese Art and Literature Organizer/Chair Karen Fraser, Santa Clara University This panel examines diverse representations of women in Japanese art and literature from the 17th through the early 20th centuries. Goddesses, mothers, whores, servants: each of these archetypal figures has been a recurring character in the Japanese cultural sphere. Apart from their “iconic” nature as representative symbols, these figures might appear to have little in common, but within the range of contexts presented here, all function as manifestations of transformation. The female deity Ubason is transformed by multiple and shifting identities. The prostitute in Saikaku’s The Life of an Amorous Man mediates the protagonist’s identity in one of the formative texts of Edo period popular fiction while serving as a plot device that transforms the boundaries between high and low literary forms. The maid’s role in modern literature helps to negotiate and transform modern ideas of sexuality and gender, while new depictions of patriotic motherhood in Meiji-era art helped visualize Japan’s transformation into a militaristic, modernized nation.

1) Caroline Hirasawa, Sophia University Multiple Identities of the Tateyama Goddess Ubason The female deity Ubason held a unique place in a cult that centered around the mountain Tateyama in Toyama Prefecture. She was rendered in wooden sculpture, the oldest surviving example dating back to 1375, and in Edo-period (1603-1868) paintings referred to as Tateyama mandara. Her character as a local mountain kami was enhanced by multiple identities or doubles that ranged from Datsueba (the clothes-snatching hag) to Dainichi and Fudō myōō. Some of these associations trace to a century-long conflict during the mid-Edo

94 ASCJ program 2012 period between priests from two towns in Tateyama’s foothills, Ashikuraji and Iwakuraji. Resolution of the dispute resulted in a division of religious jurisdiction. Iwakuraji priests managed structures on the mountain itself, guided pilgrims through its wilderness, and promoted the Tateyama gongen and its honji Amida. The activities of Ashikuraji priests in the Tateyama area were confined to the foothills where they recreated a rite to Ubason, but they were also free to promote Tateyama’s efficacy far from the mountain. These campaigns throughout Japan appealed to male and female parishioners of many different religious affiliations and affinities. Ashikuraji priests also strongly advocated cult services for the salvation of women. In order to compete with the claims and prerogatives of Iwakuraji priests, Ashikuraji priests drew on traditional characterizations of the deity Ubason, and elevated her status and powers with complex layers of identity. This paper will explore their repositioning of this goddess in text, ritual, and image.

2) David Gundry, University of California, Davis The Figure of the Deceptive Prostitute in Ihara Saikaku’s The Life of an Amorous Man Although its protagonist, Yonosuke, also pursues love affairs that are not based on the exchange of cash, Ihara Saikaku’s bestselling The Life of an Amorous Man (1682) is primarily a novel about prostitution, and although it typically portrays Yonosuke’s liaisons with women of the metropolitan pleasure quarters as suffused with refined sentiment, Amorous Man also features occasional reminders that the prostitutes whom Yonosuke patronizes, including those with whom he has exchanged pledges of love, are in this line of work because their families’ poverty has forced them into it, and that therefore, despite all of the prostitution industry’s efforts to produce an illusion of desire and free will on the part of these women, their professions of love can never be assumed to be true. Yonosuke of course already knows this, and this knowledge implicitly threatens his pride in his looks, charm, and sexual technique, seemingly more so as he gets older. This presentation will examine the figure of the deceptive prostitute that emerges over the course of Amorous Man, both as a confirmer of Yonosuke’s desirability when she cuckolds paying clients while enjoying unpaid trysts with Yonosuke, and as a would-be swindler of Yonosuke himself. It will also analyze this figure’s role in Amorous Man’s playful blurring of the lines between truth and illusion, sincerity and pretense, irony and sentiment, which mirror the shifts between high and low diction and between reverent and irreverent literary allusion that made it the founding text of the ukiyozōshi genre.

3) Miri Nakamura, Wesleyan University Whispering Out Loud: Maids in Meiji Japan Maids are a ubiquitous presence in modern Japanese literature and culture. Their voices are audible everywhere—whispering in the corridors, griping about their masters, fluttering about the house. In Natsume Sōseki’s (1867-1916) Botchan (Botchan, 1906), the protagonist confesses his deep feelings towards his older maid. Enchi Fumiko (1905-1986) captured the conflict between the various ranks of maids in Onnazaka (Female slope, also known as The

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Waiting years, 1957), and Kōda Aya’s (1904-1990) Rika in Nagareru (Flowing, 1955) observed the secret lives of the geisha while serving as their domestic servant. Often depicted as intimate members of the household, they frequently transcend their official status as employees or servants. Sometimes victims of their masters’ rage and sexuality, sometimes their mistresses’ confidants and bearers of dark secrets, maids often appear in literature as figures that unveil the hidden histories of the family they serve. This paper examines the figure of the maid in Meiji women writers’ works, especially in Higuchi Ichiyō’s last published work, Warekara (Split shell, 1896). The text was commonly perceived to be a “failure” and “immoral” for its treatment of the theme of adulthood. I contend rather that the text allows us to investigate the intersections of gender, class, and narrative theory. I will offer a brief history of the female domestic service in Meiji Japan, focusing on their relationship to the figure of the housewife. I will analyze the voices and the roles of the maids in the text to show how this historical relationship comes to be marked by a queering of sorts in the story.

4) Karen Fraser, Santa Clara University Paragons of Patriotism: Images of Motherhood in the late Meiji Period First articulated in the 1870s and eventually promoted by the Japanese state, the concept of ryōsai kenbo (“Good Wife, Wise Mother”) blended elements from traditional Confucian notions about women’s roles with contemporary western concepts of the domestic sphere. The resulting ideology envisioned a model of femininity in which women could best serve the national interest through selflessly fulfilling their duties in the home. Their most important role was to produce children, especially boys, who would in turn support the state through serving in Japan’s newly modernized military (helping to actualize another key government slogan, fukoku kyōhei, “Rich Country, Strong Army”). This paper analyzes images of motherhood during the last decade of the Meiji era in the context of ryōsai kenbo ideology. Coinciding with Japan’s watershed victory over a Western military power in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), a new iconography of motherhood developed at this time, one that politicized images of women in ways directly tied to the state agenda. This new iconography appeared in media ranging from popular culture (prints and postcards) to high art (oil painting) to the personal (studio portrait photography). Such images featured attractive women depicted with their young male progeny (often dressed in sailor suits, thus functioning as miniaturized soldiers and foreshadowing their own future service to the state). This talk traces the emergence of the theme as a distinctive subgenre in the visual arts in the years spanning the Russo-Japanese War.

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Session 33: Room D-401 Coping with Disaster: Field Reports from Tōhoku Panel 1: Coping with Death, Destruction and Radiation: Life in the Disaster Zone Organizer/Chair: Tom Gill, Meiji Gakuin University 1) Yoko Ikeda, Independent scholar The Social Construction of Risk after the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident 2) Rika Morioka, Johns Hopkins University Women as Mediators between a Passive Populace and a Paralyzed Government in Miyagi 3) Nathan Peterson, University of Iowa Adapting Religious Practice to Disaster Areas in Iwate Prefecture Discussant: Michael Shackleton, Osaka Gakuin University This double panel features members of an international project team that has been conducting ethnographic fieldwork on life after the March 11, 2011 earthquake/tsunami/nuclear disaster in Northeast Japan. It is a determined attempt to understand the human dimension of this terrible disaster by carefully listening to the people who have actually experienced the disasters and shared their experiences, feelings and thoughts about the disaster. Panel 1 focuses on the lives of communities affected by the disaster, with one paper each looking at Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures, and the varying challenges posed by the tsunami and nuclear meltdown. Panel 2 looks at encounters between victims of the disaster and the many kinds of outsider who have been drawn to the disaster zone to assist, observe and record the events unfolding in Tohoku. We hope that fieldwork by a team of trained researchers will give a sense of ground-level reality that single authors could not hope to achieve. Our main aim is to bring readers and listeners into the field and show them what it is really like.

1) Yoko Ikeda, Independent scholar The Social Construction of Risk after the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident Fukushima prefecture has received worldwide attention since the nuclear disaster of March 2011. Fear of the spread of unseen radiation has triggered social constructions of risk through media, cyberspace, and social space. While the boundaries between “safe” and “contaminated” remain elusive, the consequences of drawing the boundaries are real as it leads to the collapse of communities in affected areas and the emergence of new forms of discrimination against affected people, land, and products. My research will explore how physical and imaginary boundaries are drawn to separate those who are "safe" from the contaminated Other, and the consequences of boundary making.

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2) Rika Morioka, Johns Hopkins University Women as Mediators between a Passive Populace and a Paralyzed Government This paper explores what happens when the passivity of earthquake victims meets the paralysis of government. People of Tohoku embody the Japanese value of perseverance in the face of difficulty. However, the fact is that central and local government has been far too slow to provide the assistance people need. In the face of frustration, many people fall back on a strategy of denial. The silence of people in Sendai about their fear of radiation is a telling example. Yet one group of people is demanding information on radiation. They are mothers concerned with health hazards to their children. Housewives and mothers have often been a hidden and sometimes not-so-hidden driving force for social change in Japan. Here in Tohoku too, women seem to be taking personal initiatives to protect their families. The protective maternal instinct is one of the few psychological counters to the conspiracy of inertia between government and people that I have observed.

3) Nathan Peterson, University of Iowa Adapting Religious Practice to Disaster Areas in Iwate Prefecture According to Robert A. Stallings, disasters can provide “opportunities to examine aspects of social structures and processes that are hidden in everyday affairs.” My research examines how residents from communities in Iwate Prefecture are commemorating the disaster despite the destruction of local religious centers. They are coping by unearthing relics from the debris, imbuing objects like stuffed animals and crockery with as much symbolism as votive sculptures and amulets. Aesthetics are influencing them during the recovery because, as Arnold Berleant argues that “personal involvement adds to the perceptual intensity of such situations.” The disaster areas have become revered sites visited by people accessing these intimate spaces in order to give offerings. The aftermath of the tsunami reveals how religious culture, in this part of Japan at least, is both malleable and unconventional.

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Session 34: Room D-501 From “Futei Senjin” to “Zainichi Korean”: (Re)signifying Korean Identity within the Japanese Empire and Post-Colonial Japan Organizer/Chair: Deborah Solomon, Otterbein University 1) Andre Haag, Stanford University Re-signifying Korean Resistance: Contests over the Language of Colonialism and Rebellion in Interwar Japan 2) Deborah Solomon, Otterbein University Student Activism and the Language of “Total War”: Power and Protest in 1940s Colonial Korea 3) Su Yun Kim, Doshisha University “Harmony in Difference”: Korean-Japanese Love and Family in Late Colonial Period Films 4) Christopher D. Scott, Nihon University/Macalester College Monstrous Masculinity: Rikidōzan and the Spectacle of the Zainichi Korean Male Body in 1950s Japan Discussant: Ryuta Itagaki, Doshisha University

From “Futei Senjin” to “Zainichi Korean”: (Re)signifying Korean Identity within the Japanese Empire and Post-Colonial Japan Organizer/Chair: Deborah Solomon, Otterbein University Throughout Japanese rule of the Korean peninsula, both fiction and non-fiction portrayed Koreans as occupying a destabilizing role within the Japanese empire. Consistencies in how Koreans have been represented over time in official rhetoric, journalistic texts, literature and film have masked the complexities present within and among these representations. In our panel, each panelist demonstrates how representations of Koreans as dubious, threatening and even monstrous emerged in response to very specific and immediate social and political concerns in Korea and Japan during and after colonization. Andre Haag analyzes debates on Korean identity in Japanese newspapers and magazines just after the 1919 March First Movement, revealing how resistance to Japanese colonization on the Korean peninsula provoked contested characterizations of Koreans as unstable and dangerous within the Japanese islands. Deborah Solomon studies anti-Japanese student protest manifestoes on the Korean peninsula and the critiques they engendered throughout the Japanese Empire during World War Two, arguing that the very dominant narratives that sought to mobilize Koreans for total war could instead be subverted into a new language of anti-Japanese dissent. Su Yun Kim focuses on how intimate relationships and affect between Japanese and Koreans represented in late colonial film both reinforce and blur boundaries between Japanese and

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Korean identity in ways different from official Japanese rhetoric. Christopher Scott shows how the representation of pro wrestler Rikidōzan within several different post-colonial feature films contradicts accepted narratives surrounding his identity—namely, that any traces of his “Korean-ness” had to be kept hidden during his lifetime.

1) Andre Haag, Stanford University Re-signifying Korean Resistance: Contests over the Language of Colonialism and Rebellion in Interwar Japan The massive independence demonstrations that swept the Korean peninsula in the spring of 1919 marked a shocking challenge to the legitimacy of Japanese colonial rule and announced a new phase in anti-colonial resistance. The threat of Korean resistance engendered changes in the official and popular language of Japanese colonial discourse in the early 1920s, which came to demonize Koreans who opposed Japanese rule as “futei Senjin,” i.e. Korean terrorists and traitors who were to be feared and excluded from the imperial body. Sensational narratives of Korean rebellion circulated by the Japanese imperial state and tabloid journalism worked to control the language of colonialism and resistance, marginalize critical voices, and authoritatively “fix” the boundaries of subject-hood. Against master narratives that spread fear of the rebellious colonized, writers in Japan—ranging from prominent metropolitan intellectuals to anonymous Japanese and Korean newspaper contributors—questioned the new language of subject-hood and resistance, and exposed the ethnic stereotypes and hypocrisy implicit therein. This paper explores the terms in which colonialism and rebellion were discussed and contested within Taisho Japan and Japanese, the language of the colonizers, through readings of newspapers, the new magazines Ajia Kōron and Futei Senjin (太い鮮人), and select literary texts. Here, new spaces were opened to re-narrate center-periphery relations and Korean identities beyond the framework of futei Senjin—and even reclaim the colonizer’s language through acts of radical re-signification—though these counter-narrations were significantly limited in their ability to effectively contest hegemonic language backed by state power and censorship regimes.

2) Deborah Solomon, Otterbein University Student Activism and the Language of “Total War”: Power and Protest in 1940s Colonial Korea In the early 1940s, Japanese officials and others in the public sphere debated with increasing fervor how to most effectively mobilize Korean students for the war effort. At the same time, incidents of student resistance and unrest began to rise in colonial Korea for the first time since the late 1920s. This presentation focuses on a series of covert student resistance activities that began in southwestern Korea in the early 1940s and culminated in acts of public protest by 1943. By analyzing the fervent debates being waged among officials in conjunction with Korean student protest manifestoes, police interrogation logs and court records from this period, I argue that the increasingly war-focused educational policies and language of the Japanese colonial state and the rise of student protest in the 1940s were mutually constitutive

100 ASCJ program 2012 phenomena. I compare and contrast this 1940s resistance with the more widespread and widely studied protests of the early years of Japanese rule and trace the rise of the language of total war both in dominant discourse and in protest narratives. By doing so, I demonstrate that the very claims that colonial officials put forth in this period—such that Korean students were vital to the Japanese empire and represented an insufficiently tapped resource of martial strength—could in turn be used to bolster Korean counter-narratives of resistance to Japanese colonization itself.

3) Su Yun Kim, Doshisha University “Harmony in Difference”: Korean-Japanese Love and Family in Late Colonial Period Films This presentation discusses Korean film texts from the late colonial era (the 1940s) that featured intimate and familiar relationships between Koreans and Japanese. In Korean literature, particularly from the late 1930s to the mid-1940s, there were many works of fiction highlighting inter-ethnic romance between Koreans and Japanese. Korean-Japanese inter-ethnic marriage was promoted by the Japanese authorities in Korea at the time, and Korean writers incorporated this policy in their works. However, the filmic representations of intimacy between Koreans and Japanese differed from most literary texts. Most notably, the topic of “becoming Japanese” was more carefully dealt with in films than in literary texts. While literary texts could create an illusion of complete assimilation, movies had to use various filmic devices to show this same process. In films, visual and sound markers (such as language) were planted with caution to demonstrate appropriate “Koreanness” and “Japaneseness.” Therefore, evoking the “affect” in romantic and familiar relationships emphasized “harmony in difference,” rather than complete assimilation. Among few remaining Korean films from the colonial era, this presentation pays attention to You and I (1941), Spring of Korean Peninsula (1941), and Love and Oath (1945). These films show the complicated process of assimilation and passing of Koreans in the Japanese Empire through “affect” and family narratives.

4) Christopher D. Scott, Nihon University/Macalester College Monstrous Masculinity: Rikidōzan and the Spectacle of the Zainichi Korean Male Body in 1950s Japan The professional wrestler Rikidōzan (1923-1963) was one of the most famous figures in postwar Japan—second only to the emperor, as the saying went. And yet Rikidōzan was not Japanese; he was born in Korea. How and why did Rikidōzan become such a national hero? According to the standard narrative, he kept his origins a secret until after his death, when he was “outed” as Korean in a series of exposés published from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. The real story of Rikidōzan, however, is a bit more complicated. This paper reexamines Rikidōzan’s carefully crafted public persona, suggesting that his ethnoracial identity was more of an open secret during his lifetime than previously thought. In particular, I look at four largely forgotten biopics from the 1950s in which Rikidōzan is coded as both hypervisible (i.e.,

101 ASCJ program 2012 racially and ethnically marked) and hypermasculine (i.e., violent and macho). I argue that his monstrous masculinity not only reflected the remasculinization of Japan, as many scholars have noted, but also revealed anxieties about zainichi Koreans (Korean residents of Japan) as invisible and emasculated. Although Rikidōzan was technically not zainichi Korean, having naturalized as Japanese in 1951, his larger-than-life persona can be understood as an attempt to overcome or battle the dominant image of zainichi Koreans as neither “real Japanese” nor “real men.” In other words, the spectacle of Rikidōzan—his signature karate chops, bulging muscles, and black tights—was the spectacle of the zainichi Korean male subject wrestling with its own racialized masculinity.

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Session 35: Room D-502 Engendering the Self on Screen and off Screen: Women’s Consumption and the Media in Japan Organizer: Alexandra Hambleton, University of Tokyo Chair: Jason Karlin, University of Tokyo 1) Akiko Takeyama, University of Kansas The Futuristic Romance and the Feminine Self in Millennial Japan 2) Elizabeth Rodwell Marks, Rice University Producer as Consumer: Woman as Object of and For Japanese Television 3) Michelle Hui Shan Ho, University of Tokyo The Woman in Distress: The Woman in Distress: Voyeuristic Pleasures in Sensational “Wide-Show” Crime News 4) Alexandra Hambleton The Individualized Sexual Self: Media, Women and Sexuality in Japan Discussant: Jason Karlin, University of Tokyo

Engendering the Self on Screen and off Screen: Women’s Consumption and the Media in Japan Organizer: Alexandra Hambleton, University of Tokyo Chair: Jason Karlin, University of Tokyo This panel examines the lives, dreams and desires of contemporary Japanese women from multiple perspectives. In her paper on the discourses surrounding romantic love and female Japanese consumers, Akiko Takeyama discusses the concept of the “affective self” – a performative and manipulative subject – as a newly idealized way of being in Japan’s reformation era. Elizabeth Rodwell Marks examines jōhō programming, a television genre in which the producers are overwhelmingly male, and the three dominant roles women are usually consigned to – as image, as narrative device, and as production secretaries – utilizing observations made through fieldwork to understand women in their production roles and the manner of their on-screen inscription and objecthood. Michelle Ho also undertakes a study of television in her paper, in which she explores the appeal of crime news narratives to female audiences, and how elements of both the wide-show and sensation novel genres inform the social identity of mother and wife in a textual analysis of one morning wide-show program, Sukkiri!!. Finally, Alexandra Hambleton compares contemporary mainstream media and online media depictions of women’s sexuality, arguing that while magazines and television purport to provide women with ways in which to become fully authentic, individualized selves through

103 ASCJ program 2012 the consumption of goods, online media instead offers the potential for women to contest the prescriptive nature of the limited sexual identities provided by the mainstream media.

1) Akiko Takeyama, University of Kansas The Futuristic Romance and the Feminine Self in Millennial Japan This paper examines the close relationship that exists between discourses on idealized romance and Japan’s recent socioeconomic restructuring, an association that is embedded in the neoliberal market logic of individual freedom, entrepreneurial creativity, and results-oriented competitiveness. By analyzing discourses and practices surrounding romantic love among Japanese female consumers, I contend that romance in Japan has been promoted as a means to cultivate a “self-producing” subject. The self-producing subject is not merely a performatively self-producing subject (who constructs a desirable self through repetitive signification of ideal femininity and symbolism of romance). It is also a master self who transforms one’s bodily capacities to skillfully maneuver the self and the other(s) so as to achieve personal goals. I call this performative and manipulative subject the “affective self” — a newly idealized way of being in Japan’s reformation era. The affective self is a self-producing subject but is neither a free agent nor a reflection of an ideology. The affective self is always already affected by, as well as affecting, one’s own and other’s conducts, social norms, and national agendas. Indeed, there is nothing new about such a “self” as the self has been theorized to be relational and shift from one context to another. Nonetheless, the specific ways that the affective self is imagined, I argue, manifest the intimate social field of desire, agency, and capital in contemporary Japan.

2) Elizabeth Rodwell Marks, Rice University Producer as Consumer: Woman as Object of and For Japanese Television Television in Japan has been preoccupied with young women as ratings continue to decline. Considered the most desirable consumer demographic, commercial networks have disproportionately constructed their programming to appeal to the perceived preferences of this group. In the case of morning jōhō programming, as with many other genres, the producers are overwhelmingly male and assisted by young women whose work rather than being creative is principally supportive. Contemporary Japanese television has apparently consigned women to three different roles, commensurate in their boundedness: woman as image, the woman as narrative device or conduit, and woman as production secretary. The paucity of these dominant types is evident in women’s increasing disinclination to watch television, joining their male peers for whom these tropes no longer carry a seductive capacity. In this paper, I compare women in their production roles as observed through fieldwork to the manner of their on-screen inscription and objecthood. As each category of televisual performance demands specialized training, their overlap on-screen provides a moment in which the uses television has for each type of professional woman is emergent. On jōhō

104 ASCJ program 2012 television, where women’s roles never acquire particular depth, their statuses are particularly complementary.

3) Michelle Hui Shan Ho, University of Tokyo The Woman in Distress: Voyeuristic Pleasures in Sensational ‘Wide-Show’ Crime News Sexual assault, murder, violence, and fraud occurring in the ordinary, familiar and domestic space of the home have become commonplace in crimes news reported in jōhō ‘wide-show’ programs on Japanese morning television. Yet, do these ‘sensational’ narratives represent reality? How are women often portrayed as victims and sometimes as perpetrators? How do these representations inform the women watching about their social identities as “good wives, wise mothers”? Drawing from elements of the “sensation novel” literary genre, ‘wide-show’ crime news has metamorphosed into highly ‘sensational’ content. I argue that representations of women in these narratives present a means of questioning established social values for its target audience, identified as mainly housewives. However, this is complicated on two levels. Firstly, the primary crime setting of the home becomes the site of voyeurism, thereby displacing traditional values surrounding it, such as the nuclear family. Secondly, the housewife sanctions these very social values at the same time that she finds pleasure in watching crime narratives. These narratives also feed her thirst for gossip and capitalize on her sympathy in the form of what John Langer calls the “good victim.” Characterized as helpless and vulnerable, the latter is a central trope of these narratives in driving the plot, and in establishing a sense of identification for the housewife. In the context of crime narratives reported on morning jōhō “wide-show” Sukkiri!! this paper examines representations of women as victims and perpetrators of crime, and how they might appeal to the housewife and inform her social identity.

4) Alexandra Hambleton, University of Tokyo The Individualized Sexual Self: Media, Women and Sexuality in Japan As the Japanese population begins to decline, the birth rate reaches record lows and the media reports feverishly about the increase of “sexlessness” amongst married couples, paradoxically media aimed at women and focusing on sex has increased. Beginning with women’s magazine anan in the 1970s and 1980s, books and television programs increasingly have sold the idea that in order to reach personal and sexual fulfillment, as well as satisfy their partners’ needs, women must engage in the consumption of a wide range of products and services geared towards providing a “happy sex life.” At the same time, online media has developed at a rapid pace, offering an alternative space in which to explore issues of sexuality, discuss difficult topics, and share ideas with like-minded people. This research focuses on the gap between

105 ASCJ program 2012 mainstream depictions of “normalized” female sexuality, and those seen in online media. While magazines and television purport to offer women ways in which to become fully authentic, individualized selves through the consumption of goods, online media instead offers the potential for women to acknowledge the difficulties involved in finding one’s truly authentic sexual self, the complexities of women’s multiple sexualities, and contest the prescriptive nature of the limited sexual identities on offer in the mainstream media.

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Session 36: Room D-402 Individual Papers in Social and Intellectual History Chair: James Baxter, J. F. Oberlin University 1) Anatoliy Anshin, Russian State University for the Humanities Yamaoka Tesshū’s Memoirs of the Bloodless Surrender of Edo Castle 2) Liya Fan, University of Tokyo Laurence Binyon and Arthur Waley: Two Different Types of British Oriental Scholars 3) Judit Erika Magyar, Waseda University Mizuno Hironori’s “The Next Battle”: A Historical Snapshot of the Japanese Navy in 1913 4) Rachel Payne, University of Canterbury Mrs Otake Buhicrosan: An Unlikely Advocate of Meiji Japan’s Radical Westernization 5) Massimiliano Tomasi, Western Washington University Christianity and the Modern: A Metanarrative of the Life of Jesus Christ in Meiji and Taisho Literature 6) Olivier Baible, Peking University / EHESS Language Purification in South Korea: Toward a New Perspective on Sino-Japanese Words (Wasei Kango)

1) Anatoliy Anshin, Russian State University for the Humanities Yamaoka Tesshū’s Memoirs of the Bloodless Surrender of Edo Cast The stereotype of the “bellicose samurai” has been recycled in popular culture in Japan and the West for more than a century. Furthermore, it has often been strengthened by contemporary scholarship. Perhaps due to the preconceived notion that aggression and violence are at the heart of the warrior’s profession, scholars have generally overlooked the question of what peace meant for the Japanese warriors; what made them choose either to surrender, negotiate or fight to the bitter end; and how they valued human life. Many academic interpretations of the thought of the Japanese warrior class have tended to underemphasize its intellectual diversity, and attribute to it characteristics and motives which would be applicable only to particular groups or individuals at certain periods. A writing by shogun’s retainer, Yamaoka Tesshū (1836-1888), on the bloodless surrender of Edo Castle (March-April of 1868) is an example of a war memoir that has not received much attention due to the absence of any description of dramatic violence and the insistence by its author on the importance of peaceful reconciliation and the spirit of self-sacrifice for the sake of saving human lives. This is in spite of the fact that the bloodless surrender of Edo Castle allowed to avoid a catastrophic civil war in 19th century Japan and brought about the final outcome of the Meiji Restoration. Neither the fact that Yamaoka, as a swordsman driven

107 ASCJ program 2012 primarily by the philosophy of the “life-giving sword,” played a key role in this seminal event is widely acknowledged.

2) Liya Fan, University of Tokyo Laurence Binyon and Arthur Waley: Two Different Types of British Oriental Scholars This paper aims to examine the crucial role of two members of the British elite, Laurence Binyon (1869-1943) and Arthur Waley (1889-1966) during the 1935-36 International Exhibition of Chinese Art in London and how their literary activities affected the English reading public’s understanding toward China and traditional Chinese culture. During the exhibition, over 780 national treasures sent by the Chinese Government were on display along with an additional 1,294 pieces from more than 240 collections in various countries. The exhibition provided a powerful stimulus to the study of Chinese art and revolutionized the art historical study of Chinese artifacts. Being a gifted poet, art critic and the chief at the Sub-Department of the British Museum, Binyon played a central role in making the exhibition a great success by giving numerous lectures and publishing many books about Chinese art. He and Waley are regarded as among the most talented, distinguished Oriental scholars in twentieth-century Britain. However, belonging to the older generation of Orientalists who were not competent in both Chinese and Japanese languages, Binyon’s interpretation of Chinese art was very much dependent on Japanese resources, and naturally his sense of Chinese art and culture was strongly colored by Japanese scholars’ interpretations. The younger Waley, on the other hand, had not only mastered both languages, but also had built broader friendships with eminent Chinese and Japanese scholars, such as Xu Zhimu (徐志摩 1897-1931), Hu Shi (胡適 1891-1962), and Yashiro Yukio (矢代幸雄 1890-1975), all of whom left an indelible impression on his intellectual formation and his attitude toward Oriental art and culture. Consequently, there were marked differences between Binyon and Waley’s informed approaches toward Chinese art. Critical reading of their literary works published before and after the London Exhibition will make evident these two types of British Oriental scholars and their respective interpretations of Chinese art and culture.

3) Judit Erika Magyar, Waseda University Mizuno Hironori’s “The Next Battle”: A Historical Snapshot of the Japanese Navy in 1913 Mizuno Hironori’s work on the Russo-Japanese War - commissioned by the Japanese Navy - elevated him to the rank of “a man of letters” among ordinary folk and his navy colleagues: “This Battle” (此一戦, Kono issen) was published in 1911 and became an instant bestseller. He made repeated good use of his navy commander background as the author of “The Next Battle” (次の一戦, Tsugi no issen) in 1913 - published in 1914 - that described an imaginary battle between the United States and Japan, predicting the loss of the latter. Mizuno’s utopian story detailed problems such as the perceived lack of support for the navy by the government and pointed toward a future whereas Japan was to fare much worse in battles than she did in

108 ASCJ program 2012 the Sino-Japanese or Russo-Japanese wars. With clear insight, Mizuno’s political diatribe emphasized that the world was about to change and providing for the security of Japan in an increasingly hostile international environment needed a concentrated national effort. “The Next Battle” is all the more interesting since its author was to become a supporter of pacifism in only a few years. The final and most focal aim of the current presentation is to highlight how in-/accurately Mizuno predicted the future role and fate of his country on the international stage.

4) Rachel Payne, University of Canterbury Mrs Otake Buhicrosan: An Unlikely Advocate of Meiji Japan’s Radical Westernization In 1869 a Japanese woman called Otake Buhicrosan came to London with her husband Tannaker, who was of mixed Dutch and Japanese descent. She was a shamisen accompanist and he was the manager of a Japanese acrobatic troupe and, later, proprietor of the hugely popular Japanese Village in Knightsbridge. This exhibition fuelled Britain’s craze for japonisme, as reflected in the operetta The Mikado (1885), with which it was closely connected. Otake, or Otakesan, as she was also known, authored the 160-page English guide to the events and crafts on show at the Village. This work relies heavily on other contemporary sources, but, with detailed study, we can identify with some certainty the author's own interpretation of a wide range of Japanese historical, social, political and cultural matters. My paper introduces this remarkable woman's opinions on controversial topics such as family law, women's rights and the role of Christianity in the modernisation of Meiji Japan. We meet a fierce patriot who firmly believed that the only way Japan could achieve parity with and respect from the West was to conduct intense westernisation of key social institutions. This rare work deserves our attention not only for the views expressed therein, but also because it is arguably the first work written in English by a Japanese woman, and one of the earliest accounts of Japan written by a Japanese national for a Western readership.

5) Massimiliano Tomasi, Western Washington University Christianity and the Modern: A Metanarrative of the Life of Jesus Christ in Meiji and Taisho Literature The process of Westernization that accompanied the Meiji Restoration affected all sectors of human knowledge, including literature. The younger generation of writers began to delve deeply into the nature of literature and its definition, borrowing copiously from the Western tradition and its literary heritage. Exposure to the Western world also led to increased contact with Christianity. As a result, a large number of writers across the Meiji and Taisho literary spectrum were either baptized, or embraced the Christian faith at some point early in their lives. Although virtually all of these writers later recanted their faith, their early religious experiences often determined how they would rationalize the internal conflicts surrounding the construction of the modern self and its relationship to nature and the universe. Scholars have acknowledged the role of Christianity in the development of modern Japanese literary discourse, but they have clearly dismissed the strictly theological inquiry that drove

109 ASCJ program 2012 these young intellectuals to probe into the meaning of existence and t possibilities of the Christian faith. Kitamura Tōkoku, Masamune Hakuchō, Kunikida Doppo, the Shirakaba group and, later, Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, were among the many authors who sought to answer questions regarding the nature of sin, the theory of predestination, and Jesus Christ. This paper analyses the figure of Jesus in these authors’ works, unraveling the existence of a powerful metanarrative of his life that will shed light on Meiji and Taisho understanding of Christianity and its influence on the development of the modern self.

6) Olivier Baible, Peking University / EHESS Language Purification in South Korea: Toward a New Perspective on Sino-Japanese Words (Wasei Kango) Korean lexicon is characterized by containing many foreign elements, which, combined together, have gradually formed the essential part of the language. In the past nearly two decades, many new foreign words, especially English words were added to the Korean language. Scholars from many universities are against such excessive use of foreign words, and oppose the loss of the intrinsic nature of Korean in a short term. South Korean Government has also realized the seriousness of the situation, so it finally determined to launch an activity to “purify” its national language in 2008. Distinguishing the common elements from foreign ones in a language is a major problem in comparative linguistics. Despite some uncertainties, many scholars hold that Korean borrowed words from Chinese in two specific stages. The first stage lasted from the 5th century to the 19th century, during which Chinese was introduced into Korean. The second stage featured the introduction of the second-generation Chinese loan words called wasei kango, or Sino-Japanese words, Chinese words created by Japanese people. The wasei kango were the most distinguishable, since its history lasted for less than 200 years. This study examines attempts to moderate the overexposure to English lexicology, which the language spoken in South Korea is currently facing. Contrary to appearances and perceived notions, we will see that Sino-Japanese words are returning to the forefront of language borrowing.

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Session 37: Room D-601 Individual Papers on Bureaucracy and Politics in Asia Chair: Curtis Gayle, Japan Women’s University 1) Binti Singh, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay New Civil Societies in Contemporary Urban India 2) Zhiqun Zhu, Bucknell University The Chinese Communist Party at 90: Many Happy Returns? 3) Robert Winstanley-Chesters, University of Leeds “Landscape as Political Project?” – North Korean Environmental Management and New Strategies in the Field of Coastal Land Reclamation 4) Miriam Kaminishi, National University of Singapore Multiple Monetary System in Manchuria: An Approach on the Role of Japanese Currencies in the Soybean Marketing During the 1920s 5) Minkyu Kim, Northeast Asian History Foundation The Treaty for Japanese Annexation of Korea and the Transmutation of the East Asian Interstate Order

1) Binti Singh, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay New Civil Societies in Contemporary Urban India This paper explores the emergence of new forms of Civil Societies Organizations(CSOs)in contemporary urban India facilitated by the changed political scenario of the post 1990s. Economic liberalization redefined the role of the state, constitutional changes like the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, stressed on decentralization and and urban reforms like the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission,2005, stressed on increased role of CSOs and good governance. Inefficiency in governance, corruption in public life and a distrust for elected representatives provided impetus for the proliferation of new CSOs across cities of India. This paper based on an empirical study in Mumbai, argues that articulate use of media, networks and newly acquired legal tools like Right to Information and Public Interest Litigations have greatly empowered these CSOs to acquire accountability from government. The amount of enthusiasm CSO activists could create at a national level surrounding the Lokpal Bill is ample proof of the success of citizens' movement and activism in contemporary urban India. Middle class citizens have, in particular, used civil society as new political strategies to make things work in their favour. Whether to reclaim urban spaces or negotiate with municipal officials for better services, CSOs of middle class citizens like the Advanced Locality Management (ALM) groups and the NGO Council in Mumbai have facilitated middle class politics in ways unknown earlier.This space of new CSOs is however fragmented by particular histories, social networks, power equations, advantages of locations which in turn 111 ASCJ program 2012 determine outcomes.

2) Zhiqun Zhu, Bucknell University The Chinese Communist Party at 90: Many Happy Returns? The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) celebrated its 90th birthday in 2011. One of the longest ruling parties in the world, the CCP has presided over the tumultuous movements and immense transformations of the People’s Republic since 1949. Conventional wisdom posits that the CCP’s staying power is due to its tight control of the Chinese society as well as China’s economic growth. Such simplistic views both over-estimate the power of control especially in the era of booming social media and under-estimate the CCP’s governing capacity beyond economic affairs and its ability to adjust to changing international and domestic conditions. This study attempts to examine the underlying causes for the CCP’s longevity by looking at specific policies and strategies the Party has adopted especially in the post-Mao era. I argue that the CCP has packaged itself as an institution that best represents the interests of the Chinese people and has been successful in recruiting the best and brightest in the society such as college graduates and “red capitalists” as its members. The Party has been flexible in coping with changing conditions by learning from the West and borrowing from the past and keeping the “ti (Chinese essence)” and “yong (practical learning from the West)” debate alive. The collective leadership and inner-party factional rivalry have also contributed to the effective decision-making in the absence of formal democratic institutions. Whether the CCP can continue to rule the PRC largely depends on how it can continue to adjust to new conditions and challenges and how it can constantly reform itself to garner the support of key forces in the Chinese society.

3) Robert Winstanley-Chesters, University of Leeds “Landscape as Political Project?” – North Korean Environmental Management and New Strategies in the Field of Coastal Land Reclamation The reclamation of coastal land and strategies relating to it have always been an important part of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) approach to what might be described as a “revolutionary” or “Juché orientated” strategy for environmental management. Historically hydrological engineering in the DPRK focused upon the reclamation of coastal land and has been connected to wider strategies of productive increase or technological capacity building. Projects such as the “West Sea Barrage” or the “Taegyedo Tidal Reclamation Area” have been demonstrative of this impulse. However since the collapse of the wider Soviet Bloc, and the famine period of the mid 1990’s it has been possible to determine a change in policies relating to the management of the environment in the DPRK. Recently the DPRK has begun in a general sense to respond to themes developing within the “western” environmental movement, such as “conservation” and “preservation”. This paper builds on my previous research identifying historical narratives relating to environmental management within the DPRK (specifically those relating to coastal reclamation and forestry

112 ASCJ program 2012 management), and the routes through which DPRK institutions translate ideological or philosophical development into practical policy direction; it investigates the extent to which the DPRK utilises strategies inspired by “western” conservation-focused theory in the field of land reclamation, identifying the development of new projects such as those at Punjiman and Sindo which demonstrate practical examples of this utilisation and analyses what these developments might mean for practical and theoretical policy within a wider DPRK context.

4) Miriam Kaminishi, National University of Singapore Multiple Monetary Systems in Manchuria: An Approach to the Role of Japanese Currencies in the Soybean Market during the 1920s This essay aims to broaden the discussion on the role of Japanese currencies in Manchuria during the 1920s, by describing its function in the process of soybean marketing (the principal economic activity). Manchuria adopted a multiple monetary system considered “confusing” and often “chaotic” by foreigners. This monetary system was composed of a variety of currencies, including foreign (Japanese), national, regional and local levels, based on gold, silver and copper, issued by public and private institutions, as well as by individuals. The Japanese currencies were issued by two banks: the Yokohama Specie Bank (YSB), which issued banknotes based on silver, and the Bank of Chosen with banknotes backed by gold. At first, it seems that the currencies of the monetary system of Manchuria were in conflict with the Japanese currencies issued by the YSB and the Bank of Chosen. However, by analyzing primary statistical data on the exchange rate and the issuance of major currencies published by the South Manchuria Railway Company, one can see that Japanese currencies played a major role in negotiating soybeans between Chinese grain dealers and international traders. The Japanese currencies remained fairly stable against the currencies of Manchuria, since the currencies of the region were constantly influenced by the political and military conflicts among warlords.

5) Minkyu Kim, Northeast Asian History Foundation The Treaty for Japanese Annexation of Korea and the Transmutation of the East Asian Interstate Order There seem to be two prominent views of the “Treaty for Japanese Annexation of Korea.” The first view defines the treaty as Japan’s self-defense strategy against the threat posed by western powers, especially Russia. It is argued that in order to defend their country from the threat of invasion Japan had no other choice but to annex Korea with the consent of the Korean Empire, thus the need to conclude a treaty. Such a treaty would pose no problems in terms of international law. The other view regards the treaty as one of the products of Japan’s forcible attempts, including overseas territorial expansion and colonization, to solve its domestic problems which arose from the social changes in Meiji Japan. This view believes that the “annexation” was compulsorily executed against the will of the subjects of the Korean Empire, violating international law, and therefore was invalid. This presentation departs from the conventional framework of international law and

113 ASCJ program 2012 reconsiders the “Treaty for Japanese Annexation of Korea” from the perspective of the traditional East Asian interstate order. It seeks to clarify the link between the treaty and the construction of the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere, the process in which, after the annexation of Korea, Japan expanded its invasion from mainland China to Southeast Asia and endeavored to build a cluster of tennō states in these areas. This presentation will conclude with a discussion of rationales behind the support in Japan of the first view of the annexation treaty.

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SUNDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 3:15 P.M. – 5:15 P.M

Session 38: Room D-201 Home, Sweet Home: Dispersion, Relocation and Settlement under the Imperial Sun and Thereafter Organizer: Seungki Cha, Sungkonghoe University 1) Sun Young Yoo, Sungkonghoe University The “Good Koreans” on Foreign Soil 2) Seungki Cha, Sungkonghoe University A Showdown between Nationalism and Regionalism: The Koreans in the Naichi 3) Helen J. S. Lee, Yonsei University Coming of Age in the City of the Damned: Nakajima Atsushi’s Kyongsong Stories 4) Seung-Mi Han, Yonsei University From Multiculturalism to Participation: Korean-Chinese Efforts for Representation in Korea and State/Society Dynamics in Multicultural East Asia Discussant: Michele Mason, University of Maryland

Home, Sweet Home: Dispersion, Relocation and Settlement under the Imperial Sun and Thereafter Organizer: Seungki Cha, Sungkonghoe University One of the most profound impacts of Japan’s imperial governance in East Asia was the changing notion of the home. For the empowered, the home offered expanding horizons, with what seemed like borderless explorations in a growing territoriality. To the dominated, the home felt like an alienating space full of strangers. To the less fortunate of the dominated, the home soon became an object of bitter abandonment as they embarked on a journey across the rivers, mountains, and oceans in a desperate hope of finding a new home. For those damned, the home was just a dream, more unattainable than ever before. This panel broadly looks at the journey of Japanese and Koreans—Japanese in Korea and Koreans in Japan; Koreans to China and Koreans from China—during and after Japan’s imperial governance. One intersecting argument of the papers is how these journeys have not ended, and no one has yet arrived. Sun Young Yoo’s paper looks at the collaborative “Good Koreans” in China, to show how they had fallen prey to the dissenting, hostile eyes of Chinese and fellow Koreans. Seungki Cha’s paper illustrates how Korean settlers in Japan were often driven by regionalism which tore them apart. Helen Lee presents Nakajima Atushi’s fictional creation of Kyŏngsŏng as a rejection of cohabitation between Japanese and Koreans, while Seungmi Han takes up a postcolonial issue of Korean-Chinese and their assertion of political

115 ASCJ program 2012 representation in an increasingly multi-ethnic Korea.

1) Sun Young Yoo, Sungkonghoe University The “Good Koreans” on Foreign Soil Koreans under Japanese colonial rule were largely separated into two discernible categories: the good (tamed) and the bad (defiant). When the willing, cooperative colonial subjects (the good Koreans) moved to the northeast areas of China, including Manchuria, their political alliance to the imperial state was met with multiple, often colliding, views by Chinese, Japanese and other Koreans. By tacitly accepting their place as “second class citizens,‟ the “Good Koreans,” the 善良な鮮人, welcomed and fully made use of the state’s supervision for their economic gains. Their neighbors, the Chinese and other Koreans, expressed disdain and resentment by calling them the “Good Koreans.” This paper examines how the discourse of the “Good Koreans” operated as a double-edged sword, depending on the speaker. When uttered by the Chinese and Koreans, it was intended to attach stigma; whereas when used by colonial authorities, it gave a sense of approval. In this paper, I show how the discourse of the “Good Koreans” was mutually constructed by both the consenting and dissenting views, and turned into a stifling intersection of heated emotions surrounding the “Good Koreans” and second-class citizens. By focusing on the “Good Koreans” in Northeast China this paper seeks to underscore the dispersion of colonial subjects and capture the nexus of complicated dynamics specific to a semi-colonial, multiethnic area.

2) Seungki Cha, Sungkonghoe University A Showdown between Nationalism and Regionalism: The Koreans in the Naichi During the Imperial Japan period (1868-1945), countless Koreans migrated to the main islands of Japan, the naichi, and were subjected to prejudice and discrimination based on their ethnicity and class. In their effort to escape this categorical discrimination, some Koreans opted for an “exit,” generating friction and division amongst themselves. This paper looks at regionalism as a source of identification for Koreans in Japan. Koreans could not unchain themselves from the categorical shackle called the Chōsenjin, but mushrooming regional identities within the Chōsenjin settlement communities were to cause internal schisms. The development of such divisive, region-based identities was in large part intimately linked to the colonial government’s calculated control of Korean migration to Japan, and differentiation of working conditions and living environments based on the regions from which Koreans came. I argue how regionalism emerged as a critical axis of division among the Chōsenjin in Japan, while they were “on the loose” to maneuver themselves within the borders of the empire. Regionalism is examined within the rubric of the colonial government’s surveillance over population movement as well as within the context of Korean negotiations with such heavy-handed yet crafty measure of governance.

3) Helen J. S. Lee, Yonsei University Coming of Age in the City of the Damned: Nakajima Atsushi’s Kyongsong Stories

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Writer Nakajima Atsushi's life (1909-1942) was largely shaped by the trajectory of Japan's imperial acquisition of territory. He spent most of his youth in colonial Korea until he was sent to the main islands in 1926 to pursue higher education. In 1941, the adult Nakajima traveled to Palau in the South Pacific, then under Japan's mandate, to participate in a Japanese language textbook project sponsored by the Japanese South Seas Agency (Nanyōchō). This paper focuses on three short stories by Nakajima, “By the Poolside (1929)” (1929), “Landscape with Patrolman: A Sketch from 1923 (1929)” and Tiger Hunt (1934)” that are set in the colonial capital of Korea, Kyŏngsŏng. I argue how three stories make use of two opposing, irreconcilable narrative perspectives—one by Japanese and the other by Koreans, to construct a social world that can never be co-inhabited by Japanese and Koreans under the imperial regime. Visibly, Nakajima‟s Kyŏngsŏng is a hub for all people: the high and low, the fortunate and the damned, Korean beggars, the homeless and prostitutes, Russian refugees, and Chinese as well as Japanese. Ironically, in Nakajima‟s Kyŏngsŏng, the most willing and collaborative subjects of the empire, the culturally competent and ideologically complicit, are the ones who end up disappearing from the regime of visibility, while the adolescent and insecure Japanese characters find a passage of maturation in the city and come to terms with their psychological instabilities.

4) Seung-Mi Han, Yonsei University From Multiculturalism to Participation: Korean-Chinese Efforts for Representation in Korea and State/Society Dynamics in Multicultural East Asia This paper deals with the politics of representation in the Korean-Chinese community in Seoul. Particularly interesting are the newly-emerging debates on the strategies of several leaders in the Korean-Chinese community; not only for their co-existence with other residents in the local area, but also for the possibilities of sending candidates to local elections for representational politics. Intertwined is the issue of urban development in the neighborhood of Kuro, which has long served as the “heartland” of small sweatshops and factories that have buttressed Korea’s economic development, but is now transforming into a new Digital Valley within Seoul. State efforts to regulate these new residents in the community have been made through the lens of multicultural policies, and there have been many civilian organizations that have been active in the area to help settle incoming Korean-Chinese. While there are growing efforts on the part of the Korean-Chinese community to deal with the State on its own, they began to realize the ever-existing mismatch between their own expectations and those of the Korean government. On the other hand, civilian organizations also realized that their own activities have been ignored, bypassed, or pre-empted. By looking at the dynamics of the state, local government, and civilian organizations in the district, this paper attempts to delineate the newly-forming administrative and political frontlines in Korea, which, nonetheless overlaps with the dynamics of transnational diasporic space in East Asia

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Session 39: Room D-402 Coping with Disaster: Field Reports from Tohoku Panel 2: Coping with Anthropologists, Aid Workers and Volunteers: Interfaces between Disaster Insiders and Outsiders Organizer/Chair: Tom Gill, Meiji Gakuin University 1) Charles McJilton, Second Harvest Japan Aid and Japan: Challenges in Disaster Relief 2) Tuukka Toivonen, University of Oxford Japanese Youth Post-3/11: The Volunteering Experience, Change-Making and the Future 3) Tom Gill, Meiji Gakuin University An Anthropologist in Fukushima Discussant: James Roberson, Tokyo Jōgakkan University

This double panel features members of an international project team that has been conducting ethnographic fieldwork on life after the March 11, 2011 earthquake/tsunami/nuclear disaster in Northeast Japan. It is a determined attempt to understand the human dimension of this terrible disaster by carefully listening to the people who have actually experienced the disasters and shared their experiences, feelings and thoughts about the disaster. Panel 1 focuses on the lives of communities affected by the disaster, with one paper each looking at Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures, and the varying challenges posed by the tsunami and nuclear meltdown. Panel 2 looks at encounters between victims of the disaster and the many kinds of outsider who have been drawn to the disaster zone to assist, observe and record the events unfolding in Tohoku. We hope that fieldwork by a team of trained researchers will give a sense of ground-level reality that single authors could not hope to achieve. Our main aim is to bring readers and listeners into the field and show them what it is really like.

1) Charles McJilton, Second Harvest Japan Aid and Japan: Challenges in Disaster Relief The national government in 2011was far more ready and open to receiving international aid than it had been at the time of the Kobe Earthquake of 1995. Customs officials loosened importation requirements and streamlined procedures for allowing aid into the country. Yet, once this aid was in the country many international aid groups found barriers and resistance to distributing this aid. These problems went beyond logistics and language and hit at the heart of ingrained attitudes towards receiving help in Japan. I believe that resistance to aid is neither event specific (i.e. 3.11) nor regional (i.e., Tohoku) but rather a part of how Japanese people in general view receiving aid and assistance.

2) Tuukka Toivonen, University of Oxford

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Japanese Youth Post-3/11: The Volunteering Experience, Change-Making and the Future The efforts of volunteers to respond to the massive destruction and humanitarian crisis of 3/11 have attracted much attention in the Japanese and international media. Many newspaper articles and commentaries (including an op-ed by Murakami Ryu published in the New York Times on March 16, 2011) have either explicitly or implicitly expressed a hope that the disaster and new volunteering opportunities might awaken, or activate, Japanese young people in particular, with transformative consequences to the entire Japanese society. In this paper, I draw on participant observation and interviews with student volunteers belonging to the student-led network “Youth for 3.11” to shed light on the experience and volunteering and the motives that make people do it.

3) Tom Gill, Meiji Gakuin University An Anthropologist in Fukushima Until the great disaster of March 2011, I had almost never been to Tōhoku. The terrible events seemed to demand study; in the last year I have made a dozen fieldtrips to the zone. A single anthropologist has no choice but to concentrate on a single, small part of the enormous disaster zone. I narrowed it down from Tōhoku to Fukushima, then to Iitate village, and finally to Nagadoro, a single hamlet within Iitate with a population of 250, who have all been evacuated now. 15 months on, radiation is still in the region of 5 to 10 microsieverts an hour. The community is scattered and as I write the national government is poised to declare Nagadoro a no-go zone for the next five years. Most of my fieldwork these days is in temporary housing units dotted around Fukushima city. It has not been an easy project. People are often hesitant to talk about their experiences and feelings, and the disaster has worsened pre-existing tensions within this small, rather intense group of farming people. People’s state of mind varies from hamlet to hamlet, from house to house and from month to month. Political leadership is under stress – should they cooperate with the authorities, or call in the lawyers and sue for better compensation? It is a moving target and a constant struggle to keep up. I will discuss these and other challenges to “urgent anthropology.”

Session 40: Room D-301 Aspiration or Reality? Equal Employment Opportunities in Northeast Asia Organizer: Kirsti Rawstron, University of Wollongong Chair: Linda White, Middlebury College 1) Kirsti Rawstron, University of Wollongong A Quantitative Analysis of the Effect of Equal Employment Opportunity Laws in South Korea and Japan 2) Stephanie Assmann, Akita University Quo Vadis Gender Equality? The Revision, Implementation and Acceptance of the Equal Employment Opportunity Law in Japan Discussant: Linda White, Middlebury College

Aspiration or Reality? Equal Employment Opportunities in Northeast Asia

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Organizer: Kirsti Rawstron, University of Wollongong Chair: Linda White, Middlebury College This panel addresses the impact that the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) has had on gender equality in employment in North East Asia. The primary investigation is into the effect that CEDAW-inspired equal employment legislation has had in both Japan and South Korea on improving gender equality in employment. This panel is border crossing not only in terms of geography, but also in terms of methodologies used. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are used to explore the impact of Japan’s Danjo Koyō Kikai Kintō-hō (Equal Employment Opportunity Law, effective 1986) and South Korea’s Namnyeo Goyong Pyeongdeung Beob (Equal Employment Opportunity Law, effective 1987). Among the issues addressed by this panel are changes in the gender balance of employment in terms of occupational category before and after the introduction of equal opportunity laws; a qualitative examination of the differing effects of the original Danjo Koyō Kikai Kintō-hō and its later revisions through case studies examining a major electrical company in Northern Japan and a mail-order company in Tokyo; and the history of the debates surrounding equal employment in Japan with a cross-cultural comparative perspective. Together, the papers within this panel indicate that while knowledge of equal employment may have improved following the introduction of these laws, actual gender equality in employment remains elusive in North East Asia.

1) Kirsti Rawstron, University of Wollongong A Quantitative Analysis of the Effect of Equal Employment Opportunity Laws in South Korea and Japan This paper will provide a quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in increasing gender equality in Japan and South Korea. In order to ratify CEDAW, both of these countries implemented new equal employment laws: in Japan, the Danjo Koyō Kikai Kintō-hō (Equal Employment Opportunity Law, or EEOL), passed in 1985; and in South Korea, the Pyeongdeung Goyong Beob (Equal Employment Act, or EEA), passed in 1987. Though both of these laws have undergone significant revisions in the years following their initial passage, this paper examines their initial effect. The effect that these laws have had on increasing gender equality is examined by a time series analysis of the changing balance in occupational categories (as reported in the Statistical Yearbooks of both Japan and South Korea). This data is used to calculate the Index of Association to show the average factor of male over-representation across all occupational categories. Time series analysis is used to examine for significant changes in the gender balance of employment since the introduction of these laws. Though this research does not show that these laws are the sole reason for any change in gender equality, it does provide evidence of whether changes have occurred since these laws were introduced. Initial results show that little change in the gender balance of employment in terms of occupational

120 ASCJ program 2012 categories has occurred since these equal employment opportunity laws were introduced in Japan and South Korea.

2) Stephanie Assmann, Akita University Quo Vadis Gender Equality? The Revision, Implementation and Acceptance of the Equal Employment Opportunity Law in Japan Based on Japan’s ratification of the Convention of the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), the Equal Employment Opportunity Law (EEOL) was enacted in 1986 in order to advance gender equality in the workplace and prevent discrimination against women with regards to hiring and promotion. Since then, the law has gone through two major revisions. The most recent revision in 2007 included the prevention of discrimination against men, and aimed at eliminating indirect discrimination practices and sexual harassment. Adopting a qualitative approach based on interviews with employers about the implementation of the EEOL, this paper presents two case studies of a major electrical company in Northern Japan and a mail-order company in Tokyo. Conducted in 2007, these cases showed that while a strong legal framework is indeed in place in Japan, a gendered higher education system and in particular women’s attitudes towards combining family and employment prevent equal opportunities for women and men in the workplace. Four years later, follow-up case studies of the same companies that were investigated in 2007 examine if the comprehensive revisions in 2007 have changed hiring, promotion and reemployment of both genders.

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Session 41: Room D-401 Transplanting Western Knowledge in East Asia in the Early Modern Period: Its Socio-political Implications and Impacts on Modern Transformation Organizer/Chair: Dong-No Kim, Yonsei University 1) Sang-Sook Jeon, Yonsei University Characteristics of and Differences between Korean and Japanese Acceptance of Western Social Sciences as Stimulated by Encounters with the West 2) Myungsoo Kim, Keio University A Comparative Study of Eiichi Shibusawa and Sang-Yong Han: The Introduction of Modern Management Thoughts to Japan and Korea 3) Takeyuki Tokura, Keio University “Confucianism” and “Civilizationalism” in Fukuzawa Yukichi: The Policy Debate over the Sino-Japanese War as an Example 4) Tae-Hoon Lee, Yonsei University The Formation and Characteristics of the Acceptance of Social Science in the Taehan Empire(大韓帝國) Discussant: Yukihiro Ikeda, Keio University, and Yung-Myung Kim, Hallym University

Transplanting Western Knowledge in East Asia in the Early Modern Period: Its Socio-political Implications and Impacts on Modern Transformation Organizer/Chair: Dong-No Kim, Yonsei University Entering the early modern period, East Asian countries needed the practical and intellectual weapons to handle the penetration of imperialist countries. Thus, they tried to transplant Western tools, first technology and institutions and later intellectual resources, in order to make themselves strong, wealthy, and modern. Japan led the way in modernizing its institutions by importing Western knowledge, including various social sciences, and became an imperialist country in the Asian region. Korea, on the verge of colonization by Japan, endeavored in its own way to import western knowledge, sometimes through Japan and sometimes directly from Western countries. Transplantation of Western knowledge in East Asia was not, however, a unilateral importation of new ideas simply meant to replace the time-honored tradition. Rather, this process involved dynamic interactions between the foreign and the indigenous and between the modern and the traditional, which constitute the central issue of this session. It is in these historical and theoretical contexts that the papers in this session aim to analyze and explain how Western knowledge, mainly social sciences, was introduced and accepted in Japan and Korea in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Out of four papers, two compare how Japan and Korea showed different attitudes toward Western social sciences and

122 ASCJ program 2012 how the introduction and implementation of this modern knowledge transformed their perception of international relations and business practices. Two other papers respectively focus on Japanese and Korean historical experience and show how intellectuals in each country accepted western knowledge and ideology, the process of which was significantly related to and conditioned by the political situations of the time.

1) Sang-Sook Jeon, Ewha Womans University Characteristics and Differences between Korean and Japanese Acceptance of Western Social Sciences as Stimulated by Encounters with the West This paper seeks to study the characteristics and differences between Korean and Japanese acceptance of Western social science, which was stimulated by encounters with the West. It also aims to consider the intellectual aspects of international relations between the two countries. East Asian encounters with the West in the late 19th century totally transformed East Asian international relations. It was Japan that led the transformation. Responding actively to Western encounters, Japan accepted Western social sciences and the international law system that legitimized Western imperialistic expansion as “civilization.” Japan applied these ideas practically to other East Asian states. The Treaty of Ganghwa in 1876 and the First Sino-Japanese War in 1897 were the results of this effort, and the traditional Sino-centric system of East Asia was transformed into a modern international law system. This was a turning point in the international relations of East Asia. The new social sciences of the 19th century defined the West as the universal standard. This functioned to legitimize the Western enforcement of “civilization” in the non-western world. It ultimately defined “civilization” to non-Western objects of study at the same time. East Asian encounters with the West were stimulated to accept Western social sciences. Asian nations were left to seek how to respond to the West. Therefore, the manner of how Western social sciences were accepted is closely related to the changes in East Asian international relationships. From this perspective, this paper will consider the characteristics of and differences in how Korea and Japan accepted Western social sciences.

2) Myungsoo Kim, Keio University Comparative Study of Eiichi Shibusawa and Sang-Yong Han: The Introduction of Modern Management Thought to Japan and Korea The aim of this paper is to scrutinize the introduction of modern management thought and its characteristics in Korea and Japan while focusing on the works of Eiichi Shibusawa, known as the “Father of Japanese Capitalism,” and Sang-Yong Han, often called as the “Shibusawa Eiichi of Choseon” (meaning Korea under Japanese rule). Shibusawa introduced the modern capitalist system into Japan and established Daiichi

Ginko (第一銀行), one of the foundations of his business activities. He discussed the “theory of morals and economy united” in his Confucian Analects and the Abacus (1916), in which he attempted to rationalize profit-seeking behavior on the basis of traditional ethics. His thoughts

123 ASCJ program 2012 were products of the transition period in Japanese business history of his time. Shibusawa emphasized what we call Corporate Social Responsibility today. It formed the philosophical background of his social-minded activities and helped build a better international relationships between Japan and the United States and between Japan and China. Meanwhile, Han observed the progress of Japanese capitalism during his stay in Tokyo as a student. After returning to Korea, he participated in the management of Hansug Bank starting in 1903. Han was a leader and coordinator in the colonial Korean economy in many aspects. He was mainly influenced by Shibusawa. Unlike Shibusawa’s case, there are no books by Han on management, but a comparative study of the two entrepreneurs will clarify the original form of Han’s thought. Through a comparative study of Shibusawa and Han, it is possible to gain detailed information related to the introduction of modern management thought from Europe to Korea via Japan.

3) Takeyuki Tokura, Keio University “Confucianism” and “Civilizationalism” of Fukuzawa Yukichi: Policy Debate over the Sino-Japanese War as an Example Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901), an enlightenment thinker who has contributed a great deal to the modernization of Japan, expressed his opinion as a commoner on various social fields, devoting his entire life to fostering human resources through education at Keio University, which he founded. Fukuzawa criticized the existing learning process in Japan as well as the Japanese mentality or social structure as having a “Confucianism (Jukyo-shugi)” framework and discussed these factors in comparison with a new framework he termed “Civilizationalism (Bunmei-shugi)” Fukuzawa’s policy proposals based on his fundamental awareness were often at odds with the policies of the Meiji government; he was squarely opposed to the government in such matters as educational policy and constitutional debate. However, in one case Fukuzawa agreed the diplomatic policy of the Meiji government: the Sino-Japanese War. This paper investigates the policy debate in relation to the Sino-Japanese War as developed in the Fukuzawa-founded Jiji Shimpo newspaper. The paper discusses the complexity of the dispute between Fukuzawa and the government and examines the limits of “Civilizationalism.” In recent years, many scholars have discussed Fukuzawa’s policy debates, paying special attention to their relationship with the East Asian policies of the Meiji government. This paper clarifies the differences between the two sides of the debates and describes the relationship between the two through the concept of “same bed, different dreams.”

4) Tae-Hoon Lee, Ewha Womans University The Formation and Characteristics of the Acceptance of Social Science in the Taehan

Empire(大韓帝國)

The introduction of Western social science and dissemination during the time of the Taehan Empire was connected to the actual political situation at that time. Western social science not

124 ASCJ program 2012 only represented academic and scientific knowledge but it was also an ideologically politicized term that stimulated social systems and ideas on governance. It is necessary to identify the existence of agents who played a part in the acceptance of these new thoughts in order to grasp the context within which Western social science was understood and to understand its actual significance. Therefore, this study explains the implications of the social and political acceptance of Western social science by examining its socio-political foothold, academic ties, and the agent activities related to it. To be more specific, roughly 252 writers and contributors in both newspaper and journals who introduced Western politics, economics, law, and sociology from the 1890s will be discussed. They will be closely examined in an attempt to gain a better understanding of how Western social science permeated among agents and how the theories were applied in actual political cases. This paper will determine the aspects of existence and the characteristics of the acceptance of Western social science. Finally, it will argue that Western social science was a weapon in a political struggle with a modernized power and represented knowledge through which middle class citizenship was made possible.

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Session 42: Room D-501 Industry and Economy in Japanese Manchuria Organizer/Chair: Victor Kian Giap Seow, Harvard University 1) Fumi Yoshii, University of Tokyo The Monopoly of Manchukuo and the Open Door Principle: The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Interpretation of the Nine-Power Treaty 2) Koji Hirata, University of Tokyo The Legacies of a Colonial Developmental State: Manchukuo’s Industries and Postwar China 3) Victor Seow, Harvard University Engines of Enterprise: Technology in the Manchurian Coal Mining Industry Discussant: Linda Grove, Sophia University

Industry and Economy in Japanese Manchuria Organizer/Chair: Victor Kian Giap Seow, Harvard University Recent scholarship has given us an appreciation of the sheer complexity of Japan’s empire in Manchuria. From ideology to institutions, the arts of imperial dominance extended beyond just the open exercise of political and military power to include much more insidious cultural forms. Building on this new research and on earlier work done on the Manchurian economy, these three papers delve into questions of industrial development and economic planning, and how these contributed to the making of Japanese Manchuria. Through it, they seek to draw attention to three sets of connections. The first is the connection between the Japanese empire and the wider world. In her paper on monopolies in Manchukuo and the challenge they posed to the Open Door principle, Yoshii Fumi draws attention to the international repercussions that can arise from the Japanese imperial acting upon the colonial local. The second connection is a temporal one, that between empire and its aftermath. Hirata Koji demonstrates that the legacy of Manchukuo’s colonial developmental state, with its planned economy and emphasis on heavy industry, had a bearing not only on postwar Japan, but also on the various actors who came to govern Northeast China. And third is the connection between metropole and colony. Focusing on the coal mining industry, Victor Seow sets out to explore the circulation of technology between Japan and Manchuria, and the ways in which the movement of methods and machines gave rise to this modern energy enterprise.

1) Fumi Yoshii, University of Tokyo The Monopoly of Manchukuo and the Open Door Principle: The Japanese Ministry of

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Foreign Affairs and the Interpretation of the Nine-Power Treaty Following the establishment of Manchukuo, monopolies of oil, tobacco, and insurance were introduced to strengthen the national economy. This brought serious international problems. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the Open Door policy of uninhibited trade access had been the fundamental principle upon which nations based their interactions with China. Monopoly stood in obvious opposition to that. While this was so, even after the creation of Manchukuo, the Japanese government declared that the principle of the Open Door would be respected in Manchuria, and Manchukuo itself promised that it would succeed those liable obligations of the Chinese state. This paper begins by examining the various attitudes of the governments of Manchukuo, the United States, and Britain, as well as the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs toward the Open Door principle in the early 1930s. It then goes on to analyze the process by which monopolies were introduced and the reactions of foreign countries to this turn of events. Finally, it offers reflections on how and why the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs could explain the situation in Manchuria in terms that reconciled the contradictions between the principle of the Open Door and setting up of monopolies. More broadly, this paper aims to provide insights into one notable way in which Japan conducted itself in China, and the effects that this then had on the post-First World War international order.

2) Koji Hirata, University of Tokyo The Legacies of a Colonial Developmental State: Manchukuo’s Industries and Postwar China It is often pointed out that many of the builders of post-war Japan’s “developmental state” had prior experience in Manchukuo. In support of Japan’s war in Asia, Japanese soldiers, civil servants, businessmen, and researchers worked together (though often not so harmoniously) to put in place various experimental economic plans and to quickly set up numerous heavy industries, which collectively constituted what may be called the colonial developmental state in the puppet state of Manchukuo. Many of these administrative and economic experiments were to later set examples for the postwar “Japanese miracle,” but they were important not only for the Japanese metropole but also for the colonial host, Northeast China. After Japan’s surrender, all the parties that occupied the region, namely the Soviets, the Kuomintang, and the Communists, showed keen interest in Manchukuo’s industries. Drawing on sources from these parties and from the Japanese who stayed on in postwar Manchuria, this paper examines the legacies of the colonial developmental state in Northeast China from 1945 through the early 1950s. It focuses on (1) how the Soviets and the Chinese perceived and evaluated Manchukuo’s industrial policies and their outcomes; (2) how they tried to make use of Japanese and Manchukuo’s enterprises; and (3) what kinds of relationships they tried to establish with those Japanese who had experiences of working in Manchukuo’s industries. Through this case study, it aims to shed new light on the histories of both twentieth-century China and Japanese imperialism.

3) Victor Seow, Harvard University

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Engines of Enterprise: Technology in the Manchurian Coal Mining Industry There was, in prewar Japan, a great deal of interest in Manchurian coal. In these largely underdeveloped coal reserves lay, after all, the promise of greatly supplementing the island nation’s comparatively scant energy resources. From the early years of the twentieth century, huge amounts of Japanese capital flowed into the region to develop its coal mining industry. Through Japanese investment, Fushun, the center of this activity, was to boast the largest coal mining operation in China, earning it the moniker “coal capital.” But it was not just the money but the methods and machines that it financed that contributed to this industry’s enormous growth. This paper focuses the role of technology in the rise of this enterprise. How did technological developments affect the mining of Manchurian coal? To what extent were new mining methods and machines in Manchuria “imported” from Japan, and to what degree might these have been “exported” back to the home islands? What was the relationship between man and machine in the Manchurian collieries, and how did the technology employed affect the labor system, and vice versa? What role did foreign expertise play in this particularly technologically-intensive industry? What effects did coal mining have on the Manchurian environment? In finding answers to these questions, this paper seeks to better our understanding of the dynamics between technology and business, the workings of a colonial enterprise, and the legacy of this industry after empire.

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Session 43: Room D-502 Women, Narration, and Categorization in Premodern Japanese Literature Organizer: Loren Waller, University of Kochi 1) Loren Waller, University of Kochi Heavenly Maidens and Narrative Discourse in Early Japanese Mythological Texts 2) Takafumi Nakamaru, Keimyung University The Production of Kana Narratives within the East Asian Cultural Sphere: Narrating Otherworldly Women 3) Teiko Ito, Shinagawa Joshi Gakuin Marriage Proposal Tales and the Function of Conversation 4) David Atherton, Columbia University Vengeance as a Family Enterprise: Reading Mothers and Daughters in Edo Period Vendetta Fiction Discussant: Bettina Gramlich-Oka, Sophia University

Women, Narration, and Categorization in Premodern Japanese Literature Organizer: Loren Waller, University of Kochi The categorization of prose narratives into genres influences the way the narratives are perceived, yet the actual distinctions among them remain problematic. One widespread definition distinguishes mythology from folktale by whether the tale was originally believed to be true or not. However, shinwa and mukashi-banashi, as well as monogatari, are today all viewed as fictional works that incorporate truth to increase their believability. Another problem arises with the development of narratives based on historical figures. Indeed, whether based on fact or otherwise, narratives also utilize fiction to create a sense of realism and even believability. Fiction can offer a view of the truth, and in some cases, the well-contrived story comes to be accepted as true. In addition to the issue of truth and fiction, a narrative is also shaped by its form. Research on the development of the monogatari has usually emphasized either its oral or written roots, and research on kana prose narratives has been separated from kanbun narratives. That the content of a story changes when its form changes, whether genre, media, or linguistic mode, has been documented, but the details of such transformations require still further analysis. This panel will reconsider these questions of genre and categorization by focusing on the narrative discourse in conventional story types relating to women, marriage, and family in prose narratives. At the same time, this will allow for a new look at the position, categorization, or marginalization of women spanning multiple genres and eras.

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1) Loren Waller, University of Kochi Heavenly Maidens and a Sense of Place in Japanese Mythological Discourse A common narrative type in early Japanese mythological texts such as Kojiki, Nihonshoki, and the various Fudoki describes marriage with animal deities. While animal deities are generally depicted as lower in status, white bird maidens are viewed positively and are often seen as heavenly maidens donning feather robes (hagoromo). Such tales provide an image of marriage politics, and also illuminate the characteristics of the texts in which they are included. Mythology, which depicts a remote past where deities and humans interact, functions to legitimize a particular world order, but to do so it must relate the present to the past. Within the discourse of mythological narratives, where legitimacy is at stake, we find structures that contribute to the believability of the world presented. This paper will analyze the narrative discourse of heavenly maiden narratives within the context of the written texts in which they are included. In addition to examining the position of women in these tales, it will also show how the worldview of the narratives is presented as universal through the way places are conceived and perceived.

2) Takafumi Nakamaru, Keimyung University The Production of Kana Narratives within the East Asian Cultural Sphere: Narrating Otherworldly Women It is well known that describing Japanese literary history linearly, such as from Taketori monogatari to Utsuho monogatari to Genji monotatari, is a construct of the ideology of modern national literature. Likewise, it is a fact that the Japanese archipelago is positioned within the East Asian cultural sphere based on kanbun, or literary written Chinese, and that kanbun was considered higher in status as a written language from the ancient to the modern periods. The intelligentsia in the ancient period learned, wrote in, and subsequently internalized the differing syntax of kanbun. Instead of placing kanbun and kana on opposite ends of an axis, there is a need to look at them as a whole. With this in mind, this paper will compare examples of “otherworldly women” in both kanbun and kana texts, taking into consideration not only kanbun in China and Japan, but also kanbun from the Korean peninsula, with which there was an even closer relationship than with that of China.

3) Teiko Ito, Shinagawa Joshi Gakuin Marriage Proposal Tales and the Function of Conversation There are many Heian period stories about men proposing to beautiful women, such as Taketori monogatari and Utsuho monogatari. While the protagonists from tales of the previous era were gods and the beautiful ladies were goddesses, Heian era tales differ primarily in that they concern human beings and that the characters have many conversations. This paper analyzes the function of conversation in marriage stories throughout the Heian era narratives Taketori, Utsuho, and Genji.

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4) David Atherton, Columbia University Vengeance as a Family Enterprise: Reading Mothers and Daughters in Edo Period Vendetta Fiction The Edo period was an era of revenge, both in lived reality and on the printed page. Within the boundaries of specific rules, it was legal to seek blood vengeance for the killing of a family member, and over one hundred vendettas were carried out during the nearly 270 years of Tokugawa rule. These events formed the ground for a large number of semi-fictional retellings and purely fictional works, many of them penned by some of the period’s most famous authors. This immense body of works has been poorly received in modern scholarship, bearing a reputation as bloodthirsty and formulaic. However, vendetta fiction offers a unique and valuable window into the early modern moral imagination of such fundamental issues as family, gender, class, and violence. In this paper I examine vendetta tales as stories of families in crisis. While scholarship on these works tends to focus on the avenger and his relationship to the enemy, I step back to consider the larger family unit on behalf of which the avenger wields his sword. In particular I focus on the crucial role played by female family members, who may not lift a weapon, but whose actions and sufferings nonetheless comprise the heart of many vendetta tale plots. Comparing a tale published by Ihara Saikaku in 1687 with another published by Santō Kyōden in 1806, I will consider what vendetta fiction can tell us about the moral position of mothers and daughters in the popular imagination of the early modern family.

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Session 44: Room D-601 Defining and Engaging the Social: Religious Praxis in Modern Japan Organizer: Cameron Penwell, University of Chicago Chair: Masahiko Okada, Tenri University 1) Yijiang Zhong, National University of Singapore Partitioning Shinto, Generating Society 2) Helen A. Findley, University of Chicago Shakai kyōiku: Katō Totsudō and the Creation of a Buddhist Social Imaginary 3) Cameron Penwell, University of Chicago Watanabe Kaikyoku’s Vision of Buddhism as “Social Religion” in Taisho Japan 4) A. Carly Buxton, University of Chicago State Shinto and the Korean Social Experiment Discussant: Masahiko Okada, Tenri University

Defining and Engaging the Social: Religious Praxis in Modern Japan Organizer: Cameron Penwell, University of Chicago Chair: Masahiko Okada, Tenri University This panel seeks to interrogate the significance of religion in Japan in relation to the complex terrain of the social—the structures, relationships, and processes of human society—within the context of the modern nation-state. From the very formation of the Meiji government in 1868, religion figured prominently in efforts to conceptualize, construct, and revise categories of modern knowledge and delineate realms of social praxis in Japan. Even as the epistemological and legal status of “religion” underwent frequent revision, it played an important role in political debates of great significance; these included the proper role of religion in government, the limits to freedom of religious belief, the boundaries of the public and the private, the relationship between religion and education, the efficacy of religion for promoting national morality and unity, and the validity of religion as a basis for political or social action. By considering these issues, panel members will explore how clergy and lay people working within the broad religious traditions of “Buddhism” and “Shinto” sought to define and engage the social by deploying religion—as a form of both knowledge and praxis—to address such diverse problems as imperial legitimacy, domestic education and welfare policy, and colonial governance in Korea.

1) Yijiang Zhong, National University of Singapore

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Partitioning Shinto, Generating Society This paper investigates the Meiji government’s domestication of Shinto in the 1880s for instituting the categories of the private and the public, a distinction fundamental to modern construction of society. The definition of the new category of religion was central to conceiving the social because it provided the major discursive mechanism in articulating the autonomous individual, namely, through the tenet of freedom of religious belief. The definition and institution of religion, thereby the distinction of the private and the public, was enacted in Meiji Japan through re-categorizing Shinto, which the restoration government initially adopted as a political ideology. This paper first introduces a theological debate between Shinto priests that threatened the supreme status of the Sun Goddess, the ancestor of the imperial house upon which the Meiji government depended for legitimacy. I then examine how the Meiji government in the 1880s categorized the status of the god Ōkuninushi, which challenged that of the Sun Goddess, as a religion (later known as Sect Shinto) so that a set of Shinto gods was distinguished from the newly arranged imperial pantheon. This partition strategy succeeded in elevating the Sun Goddess above competitions between private, religious beliefs, thereby transforming the sanctified imperial genealogy into the public, political authority of the nation-state (as Shrine Shinto). Meanwhile, freedom of religious belief, established through the category of Sect Shinto, served to produce the general sense of private spaces characterized by free association, market of conversion and competition for beliefs, spaces that constituted the quintessential civil society.

2) Helen A. Findley, University of Chicago Shakai kyōiku: Katō Totsudō and the Creation of a Buddhist Social Imaginary The discursive construction of something called “modern Buddhism” in Meiji Japan involved a significant rethinking of the nature and function of the social in relation to categories of modern knowledge. Canonical conceptions of “religion” vis-à-vis “education,” as they were in the process of being continually constructed and revised, presented a particular challenge to Buddhist reformers intent on demonstrating the civic potential and educational utility of Buddhism in contemporary society. Buddhist theorists, in bridging this epistemic gap, interpolated modern articulations of education (kyōiku) within historical paradigms of “charitable works” by interjecting the social (shakai) as the primary locus of mediation. Proselytization, in its many forms, could now be invoked as a functional aspect of modern Buddhist “social education” (shakai kyōiku). In this paper, I explore the perceived dialectical tension glossed by the term “social education” in the writings of Katō Totsudō (1870-1949), prominent lay Buddhist scholar and educator. For Katō, social education, in contrast to the formal instruction provided in schools, is suggestive of a mode of practice intended to encompass civic interpretations of “education” while simultaneously positing these same themes within the Buddhist conceptual framework of “compassionate activity,” that is, social welfare work more broadly understood. By so doing, Katō not only sidesteps the epistemological subordination of “religion” to “education” in Meiji

133 ASCJ program 2012 political and intellectual discourse, but also reveals to us a new moment in the expression of Japan’s “religious imagination”—a religious imagination, it will be argued, coterminous with the very limits of the social itself.

3) Cameron Penwell, University of Chicago Watanabe Kaikyoku’s Vision of Buddhism as “Social Religion” in Taisho Japan Conceptualizing and articulating the proper relationship between religion and society in Meiji Japan figured prominently among the intellectual concerns of Buddhist clergy and laity dedicated to religious reform and engaged in the construction of “new” or “modern” Buddhism. The search for consciously Buddhist forms of social participation expanded with renewed earnest around the turn of the century, although this effort grew more complicated during the final years of Meiji as both empire and industrial capital expanded apace following the Russo-Japanese War. While urban poverty and labor unrest also spread, Buddhist efforts to improve society increasingly had to consider not just possibilities for relief work but also more long-term solutions to the social problems engendered by capitalist modernity. This paper describes one such effort—that of Watanabe Kaikyoku (1872–1933), a Jodō (Pure Land) priest and scholar. Following ten years of study in Germany, upon returning to Japan in 1910 Watanabe set out in earnest to develop a consciously Buddhist approach to the “social problem” through a theoretical framework premised on a triangular relationship between religion (Buddhism), society, and state. This paper will introduce the key points of Watanabe’s social and religious thought and discuss the theoretical basis for his conceptions of “social religion” and “Buddhist social work” through a discussion of his writings and an examination of his first major social welfare project, the establishment of the Jōdo Workers’ Mutual Aid Society (Jōdo-shū rōdō kyōsai kai) in 1911.

4) A. Carly Buxton, University of Chicago State Shinto and the Korean Social Experiment State Shinto had a turbulent birth in mainland Japan at the start of the Meiji era, amid funding disputes, the volatile role of shrines in government administration, and ambiguity over the separation of religion and state. State Shinto “outgrew” these problems, however, in time to serve as a purportedly non-religious expression of patriotism in Japan’s expanding colonial empire, where it could be implemented in its matured, corrected form. In colonial Korea, the Japanese government attempted to incorporate Koreans in the imperial infrastructure through rhetoric of patriotism, loyalty, and moral devotion to imperial kami from the very beginning of its protectorate administration. This paper considers the example of State Shinto in Korea to analyze the efforts of the imperial Japanese government to engage with and direct the social practices of colonial subjects in the project of defining a multicultural identity that could integrate disparate cultural groups into a single Japanese Empire. Korea served as a site for executing the experiment of a matured, distilled State Shinto, free from the stigma attached to Shinto on the mainland due to decades of ambiguous regard in state administration. In particular, I examine the ways in

134 ASCJ program 2012 which Confucian principles such as discipline, propriety, and regard for teachers that had long influenced the social imagination in Korea became key tools for the Japanese authorities as they attempted to reshape Korean social order in a way that supported emperor-based ideological indoctrination.

Session 45: Room D-302 Individual Papers on Intercultural Interactions in Asia Chair: Wayne Patterson, St. Norbert College 1) Shino Arisawa, Tokyo Gakugei University Chinatowns in Japan: Shaping Communities through Performing Arts 2) Noriaki Hoshino, Cornell University A Transpacific Study on Social Work and Imperial Subject Formation: The Case of the Koreans in Japan and of the Japanese in the United States 3) Rodney Jubilado, University of Malaya Border Ethnicities: Language, Culture, and Migration of the Sama-Bajaus 4) Dukin Lim, Tokyo University Making the Decision between Naturalization and Permanent Residence for Newcomers Koreans in Japan 5) Jae-ho Shin, University of Pennsylvania Peasants into Chosŏn Subjects: The Koreanization of the Fifteenth Century Borderlands 6) Gwenola Ricordeau, Université Lille-I Local Gender Identities and LGBT Culture in the Philippines: Baklas, Tomboys and Cultural Globalization

1) Shino Arisawa, Tokyo Gakugei University Chinatowns in Japan: Shaping Communities through Performing Arts This paper examines Chinatowns in Yokohama, Kobe, and Nagasaki, and discusses how performing arts help them to form communities. It focuses on the shishimai or Lion Dance, which is seen as a symbol of the traditional China. Chinatowns in Japan have different historical backgrounds concerning immigrants from various places in China at different times. Therefore, their social positions and relationships with local Japanese communities should be looked at from different perspectives. The Chinese identity and the sense of attachment to the society on both the local and national level is also diverse, as different generations have their own ideas about their ethnicity, nationality, and the community to which they belong. While religious festivals and ritual ceremonies have been maintained by old generations, the Lion Dance has received much attention from young people, who saw it as a revitalization and promotion of their own cultural identity. These Lion Dance performance groups, however, not only enhanced the unity of Chinese people, but also promote an association with Japanese society as they began welcoming Japanese people to join their troupes. Lion Dance groups in

135 ASCJ program 2012 various Chinatowns also started interacting in recent years, and members exchange techniques and develop performance styles. In this paper, I discuss the ways in which multiple identities are shaped through performances of the Lion Dance at schools, festivals, and a variety of social events, by Chinese and Japanese people at different levels in different contexts.

2) Noriaki Hoshino, Cornell University A Transpacific Study on Social Work and Imperial Subject Formation: The Case of the Koreans in Japan and of the Japanese in the United States This paper uses a transpacific perspective in order to deal with the integration of minorities in multi-racial/ethnic empires through social work. During the interwar period, the Japanese empire faced the impending question of how to integrate colonized populations. In that context, social work was regarded as a way to promote integration and some colonized people even collaborated with the Japanese social reformers. However, this phenomenon did not occur only within the territory of the Japanese empire. When the exclusionary movement against Japanese immigrants became a serious issue in the United States after 1920, community members also relied on social work in order to present themselves as respectable people in U.S. society. This paper focuses on the work of two representative figures. First, it deals with Masasuke Kobayashi from the Salvation Army in San Francisco. He was one of the leaders of Japanese immigrant communities on the American West Coast and engaged in social work from the 1920s through the 40s. In the 1930s, Kobayashi toured Korea and interacted with social reformers there. Second, the paper analyzes the texts of famous pro-Japanese Korean intellectual Hyun Young-Sup in the context of social reform in colonial Korea of the 1930s. By drawing a comparison between these two intellectuals and their approaches, it becomes clear that their apparently different attempts at social reform, anchored in colonial Korea and on the American West Coast, shared similar problematics and exhibited unsuspected links.

3) Rodney Jubilado, University of Malaya Border Ethnicities: Language, Culture, and Migration of the Sama-Bajaus The porous border between Malaysia and The Philippines in the Sulu-Sulawesi Seas provides the avenue of mobility among the Sama-Bajaus on both sides of the seas. The national political boundaries of the two countries do not pose any substantial barriers to the once free roaming people, the Sama-Bajaus. Sather (1997) described the Bajau as the most widely dispersed ethnolinguistic group in maritime Southeast Asia which extends from the north in Luzon, Philippines to the south in northern Australia. Their geographical location gives them the name either Sama Dilaut or Sama Darat which basically means sea-oriented Sama and land-oriented Sama, respectively. Donohue (1996) used the name Sama-Bajau to refer collectively to a group of maritime people called either Sama or Bajau. One anthropological marker among the Bajau is that they are marine people who mostly settle in the coastal areas of the three nation states (Rixhon, 2010). This paper presents aspects of the cultural practices of these people, in particular, the celebrations inclusive of Magpaibahau and Pag-omboh, where these celebrations are

136 ASCJ program 2012 accompanied with musical instruments, singing, and other performing arts. Complementing the cultural aspects, the linguistic analysis offers insights in the degree of similarity of the language varieties spoken by these people. On the basis of history and migration, the accounts provide further evidence in the quest for the identity of the Sama-Bajaus.

4) Dukin Lim, University of Tokyo Making the Decision between Naturalization and Permanent Residence for Newcomer Koreans in Japan Japan is becoming a multicultural society with different minorities and migrant populations. Since the mid-1980s, Japan has been experiencing the globalization of national economies with the influx of foreign migrant workers. These foreign migrant workers, known as “newcomers” are distinguished from “oldcomers” from Japan’s past colonization of Taiwan and Korea. Since moving to Japan, the newcomers have obtained stable jobs and have created their own communities. These efforts have allowed them to consider living in Japan permanently while at the same time keeping their national identity and nationality. My focus is on newcomer Koreans who have already made their decision toward a more permanent status in Japan. While the decision-making process has been a difficult one, my research found that naturalized newcomer Koreans retain their Korean identity by making a distinction between nationality and identity. On the other hand, newcomer Koreans with permanent residence tend to believe that identity and nationality are strongly correlated; for this reason, they retained their Korean nationality to get along with their Korean family members and friends in Korea and the Korean community in Japan. A crucial part of my findings is that both internal (family and self) and external (community) factors have a significant impact on the choices made and alter perceptions of identity and nationality.

5) Jae-ho Shin, University of Pennsylvania Peasants into Chosŏn Subjects: The Koreanization of the Fifteenth Century Borderlands This paper examines the Koreanization process of the northeastern region of Korean peninsula – the area usually known as Hamkyŏng province – in the late fourteenth and fifteenth century. I pursue the formation of the Jurchen-Koreans who were newly embedded under the rule of a Chosŏn king and the northward extension of the boundary of Korean nation which was also newly imagined in that process. In particular, I will focus three levels of Koreanization: military and administrative Koreanization following the opening up of the new “northern territory” by the Koryŏ (918-1392) and Chosŏn (1392-1910) dynasties; cultural Koreanization, such as the dissemination of Confucian family ethics and newly invented Hunmin chŏng’ŭm, or Hangŭl, by Neo-Confucian scholar-officials; and the Koreanization of agricultural landscapes through the introduction of paddy-rice cultivation and cotton farming strongly encouraged by the central government. Through a reading of these three processes that had different speeds and effects but pointed to the same end, I will argue that the ruling elite of the Chosŏn government recognized the whole territory of the dynasty as a homogeneous realm and “imagined” the whole Chosŏn people as members of a homogeneous community.

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Furthermore, I will also argue that this imagination of a homogeneous realm and a uniform community, which was first invented by ruling elite but soon penetrated into the non-elite people of early Chosŏn society, implies that a significant step was made in relation to the development of the Korean nation in this period.

6) Gwenola Ricordeau, Université Lille-I Local Gender Identities and LGBT Culture in the Philippines: Baklas, Tomboys and Cultural Globalization The Philippines is widely regarded as one of Asia most “gay-friendly” countries. Thus, Asia's first ever LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) pride march was held in Manila in June 1994 and Philippines is well known for its vivid gay scene that attracts a growing number of Western and Asian tourists. But Filipino “bakla” and “tomboy” identities are wrongfully often seen as a mere translation of the Western “gay” and “lesbian” ones. My presentation questions the “gay-friendly” Philippines prejudice through an investigation of local/native gender identities (bakla and tomboy) in their confrontation with the global LGBT culture. I investigate the both fields of cultural productions and political mobilizations since 20 years. First, I analyze various hiatuses in ordinary translations of local/native gender identities categories into global LGBT culture ones (for example, in tourist guidebooks), because bakla and tomboys are neither homosexuals nor transgender persons. Second, I consider cultural globalization specific effects on the Philippines local/native gender identities. It has resulted in an increasing visibility and politicization of sexual minorities (with an LGBT political party running for 2010 general elections), and incidentally in the gender studies development and their academic recognition. But the mainstreaming of the LGBT culture in the Philippines mainly benefits “gays”: Manila Western-educated and middle-upper class men. Its side-effects are, first, the increasing exclusion of local/native identities from the political/LGBT arena and second, a gay culture that outshines tomboy and lesbian cultures.

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