Spirit
Sages: of the Searching for the
I Japan Sencha in Baisa6 and
Graham J. Patricia
relatively obscure
of focus tea the today
tea) •
• leaf (green
Sencha
a as serves
eclipsed
popularity
that
Meiji its early and
bakumatsu the Japan. in in Yet eras,
ceremony
its
due 1730s,
the cultivated in sencha, to first in •, •j•. interest Initial
ofchanoyu was r) 6
ritual elaborate required neither
preparation, which
of relative and flavor delicate an
ease
China's with associations
from resulted
its expensive Moreover, utensils. esteem
nor
Japan. in
elite of marker long been status had which knowledge of sophisticated culture, a
Japanese of highest levels of the domain exclusive the knowledge had been Earlier, this
life had of walks all from Japanese educated early 18th century, By the society.
improve
and
cultivation their demonstrate culture material appropriated and values to
its
persistence,
reveals the today 2 tradition of the continuation
standing. The social their
in avocations learning and Chinese-influenced
of
importance, diminished though
in
• •
senchad6 of schools
approximately hundred separate society:
Japanese
modem
one
though, is
here, intention My
cities. major Japanese located in
•• existence, most in
are
reflected and
both
sencha
when early modem the in
fluorescence its
focus era,
to
on
aesthetics. and ideals
society of Chinese
permeation Japanese into
facilitated the
• • • (the old Baisa6 popularly tea
known • (1675-1763),
• L_• Yugai
K6
as
I•
•
idolized Yu Lu
He
sencha patriarch
of the
the tea considered
seller), ceremony. is
3
Chaky6), •_ •
J. Chafing (Ch. of Tea Classic the of author 804), the d. U, (J. Riku
for fondness whose
tea Chinese ancient other and
treatise, first
sages, China's
tea
could
Baisa6 enlightenment. Yet not ability facilitate its belief in
their to from stemmed
existing conditions
had
following his for
loyal not tea and
large
attracted
have
a as
as
personality
did charismatic Baisa6's While
its public for predisposed acceptance. the
helped
ideology and spread create its limelight, others a Kyoto the into sencha thrust
appeal.
national
all
18th of the half century, first
in the appeared the
Baisa6 time By the
scene
on
increased
There
existed. sencha
for cult of formation
the was elements to a necessary
for Asian
Association
presented
the
that at the
of version annotated
is article paper was
This
an
in
deal with
ideas I of the
introduces April, 1996. It Honolulu,
meeting in
some annual
Studies
study the
That of Sages.
the Sencha, traces Tea forthcoming book,
in
form
detailed
my
more
the sencha relates
it literati Chinese to of the culture material appreciation for as history Japanese
inception the present.
its from Japan
to in
tea
ceremony
consumption
in of
modes of development
the attributed
been have considerations to 2 Similar
of Judgement
of Taste
the Critique Social
A Bourdieu,
Distinction:
Pierre See societies.
Western
76-77. especiallypp. 1984),
University Press, Harvard (Cambridge,
MA:
(Boston of & Toronto:
Tea
Classic The
Carpenter, Francis Ross
translation,
English 3 For see
an
1974). Co., and Little, Brown 34
traditions, understanding learning promoted of Chinese cultural with Chinese the basis
as
society. trade, Through renewed
all classes of for education Chinese books
among
were
these, widely Among life, accessible. literati basics of outlined and included the
many so
jiancha), steeping (Ch. of leaf favorite information drink of literati. the the
tea
green
on a
Japanese books, Through these readers learned intellectual of the and aesthetic
enjoy Although Japanese they abroad, in sencha. could which environment travel to not
including immigrant jiancha,
Chinese from with familiar with customs, contacts
were
•baku
• loyalists, • Ming monks, from literate Chinese merchants well Chinese
as as
Nagasaki. printed books, popular they well from learned of
these in From
sources, as as
design. Newly imported luxury products and architectural Chinese Chinese customs
were
purchase major initially, they mainly chanoyu for in markets: used available also
were as
]:• • display they later, in for tokonoma of elite utensils and adornments C) consumers;
daily for sencha. utensils and became accoutrements
developed ideologies, time, Confucian scholars had By Baisa6's such
new as
-• •, self-cultivation, promoted Kogaku ancient which China's of the merits
sages,
individuality. expressions especially appreciating literature, and of ideas exerted These
day. drinking undergoing Baisa6's Kyoto itself also influence in in Tea strong
was
• •- •lJ following Rikyfi (1522-1591). of the death Sen radical transformation
no
by 1658, steeped Japan in from the late 16th and it known Chinese
century
tea
was was
• • 7• •i• (Compendium peddlers by shokukan being in Edo. book The Honch6 of sold
published city, Time), informs of that 1692,
in that the from
Food Our among us women
Contemporary of before number of sencha breakfast.
drink it
to
cups
a was common
• •i• ,-•,, something ordinary • like ocha lowest bancha the this scholars
or assume was
4 early popularly grade Japan. the 18th this leaf in From
of century, tea
tea
green was
0baku
• [•. tea), • (Ingen's for the founder of "Ingen named Zen whose called cha"
5 ?• • preferred by older rather than the matcha the Zen drank sencha adherents sects.
growing chanoyu: Concurrently, dissension followers of
there
among
was
priest-practitioners chanoyu. and secular and criticisms of The tensions between masters,
•- g ;• 7• example, scathing (1680-1747), for Kogaku Dazai Shundai scholar wrote
(Soliloquy). •j• • Dokugo chanoyu His his remarks in 1738 about text, comments
are
aesthetically politically hand, simultaneously dismissive. On he the elitist and
one
imposed by Tokugawa shogunate.
chanoyu social order the threat the He considered to
a
celebration of encouraged distinctions classes the in its in denial of felt it poverty
among
design objected and he and the of the of the aesthetics the both tearoom, to accoutrements
gatherings together with inviting On the other practice samurai. of the to tea commoners
• -•, • • ILl Japan),
• of (Tea Shigem Ji-3 4 3, Ocha vol. Nihon ocha Kadoyama r) 6
to
no
4[', Nishiyama •, (Tokyo: Gy6sei 1988), Publishers, 23; Culture) and • (Tea • and • bunka
p.
i•-0t• • •T. (Dictionary • ]•tj, Edogakujiten learning) • ILl/• of ]•g Edo al., eds. Matsunosuke et
1984), K6bund6, (Tokyo:
283.
p.
)ll•l: • Bash6, disciple • (1656-1715), • Kyoroku haiku and of Morikawa poet samurai The
a
•f• •
• (Anthology • Customs) 1706, of of "Ingen his Fftzoku in
tea" mentioned
a monzen
•
• provided by Mikio reference school. This of the Bash6
collection of haiku
prose was
• English,
1• •i• Manpukuji. • fli• • discussion of this book in For Bunkaden of the at
see
of 1600-1867 Pre-Modern Era, Japanese the Walls: Literature World Within Keene, Donald
1976), Tuttle, (Tokyo: 142-143. pp. 35
filthy and gatherings pretentious, chanoyu utensils hand, its Shundai decried
as as
through insulting, the crawling and overpriced, door low of
the
tearoom custom
a as
6 suffocating. atmosphere and dark
aesthetics, both made incursions into wabi also Contemporary Chinese elements
by such in discussions of Chinese culture in of and choice in the texts tea
accoutrements
•[,
J•: • Chikushin Nariyasu (1665-1741) and Yabunouchi Mitani authors ---
as
• • (Records • • of Nariyasu's chashi (1678-1745). gda-Kan ,[•, Mitani 1728 text,
Chinese and both Japanese book embrace Japanese Tea), first and the Chinese tea to
was
treatise, Genryd
history single Yabunouchi Chikushin's continuum. Japanese
tea
as a
• • Origin published • elevated above all else 1745, •, Tea), (Talks of in the chawa
on
7
of cult literati formation of the contribution of the Chinese the the tea. to
needed
definitive tradition, sencha develop formidable
order In
tea to
a as a
idealization of in the identity found this spiritual of followers its Its aesthetic and
own.
Kyoto,
Ishikawa Jrzan samurai-recluse of lifestyle the 17th literati of such
century
men as
literati values )113•: Chinese Japanese fl_l assimilate first • (1583-1672), the known to
as
•'dl •. sukiya •_ hermitage, shoin sequestered Shisend6 in his while
a
indicated that design. Jrzan writers Chinese Later building of embellished with elements
which in this • (elegance), • of offfiryd word epitomized
the
nuances, many a essence
spirit, it,. Chinese literati unassuming immersion and his and
referred
to
pure case
8
Fdryd possibly, drinking sencha. calligraphy pursuits--composing and and poetry, came
pastimes models for the became and aesthetics, and Jrzan's define sencha retreat to
gatherings. ofsencha ambience and appearance
authority, and this moral required of established claim
Sencha
also to
source an a
(3baku
for their Renowned sencha-drintdng monks. provided by Chinese Zen the
was
dignified temples
Chinese philosophy, had knowledge their deep Chinese of
appearance a
provided
political sencha with the circles monks in elite these for well. Reverence
as
chanoyu, rival Rinzai Zen. associated with standing with compete to necessary
for sencha of cult for formation
the
fmal to The step. to
someone was necessary a
accomplished
by Baisa6 chanoyu this
and avocation alternative
it promote to
was
as an
Obaku
Nagasaki where it Kyushu, visited temple Baisa6 in 1). (plate Raised in
an
priesthood and properly. left the Later, he sencha he learned how assumed that to
prepare
portable stall from 1735, Kyoto selling from around sencha in impoverishment, lived in
a
•
eccentric, •'111 Gregarious and (den sages). of the "Senka" back, named his carried he
on
calligrapher.
•, • He and first-rate eloquent Kanshi respected
poet Baisa6
as a
an as was
his untrammeled Daoist, but Confucian,
Buddhist, neither be claimed to
nor
found within heterodox ideals and obviously reclusive indebted philosophizing the to was
Japan: Essays the Times," in Modem 6 Tea from Genroku in Varley, "Chanoyu Paul to
on
University Press, (Honolulu: of Hawaii Kumakura Isao Varley and ofChanoyu, Paul ed. History
174-76. 1989),
pp.
History,"
PhD Kramer, Cult in "The Tea Walter Robert 7 these issues
discussion of For
see:
a
Chicago, 66-69. University 1985, of dissertation,
pp.
Rimer, Jrzan," in
"Ishikawa
Thomas offiJOM Bashr's J. s and
in Jfzan discussion art,
For
see
a
Weatherhill, (New al. York: Rimer, Thomas Immortals, ed. of Poetry J. Hall the et Shisendr:
1991), 22-24. pp. 36
of frontispiece (1716-1800), Baisa6, the Baisa6 It6 Jakuchfi Portrait Plate 1. to
Seller). Tokyo National collection. of (Verses Museum Photo the Old Tea
gego
of (New Sat6, Paintings Jakuch• Yasuhiro The Money Hickman and L. after:
plate Society, 1989), 19. Asia The York:
inspiration seeking ideologies. asceticism served for those ideals and His these all
as
preference increasingly society. materialistic In their Japan's hierarchical and solace from
provided obliquely critizing of with the followers sencha,
Baisa6's for
a means
were
required protocol. chanoyu Friends and admirers regime into made which had bakufu
priests, scholars--many bunjin--painters, with ties and Confucian Kyoto's included poets,
•.9
,.• • •: academy Ogyfi Sorai of Confucian the
to
I• Jk, precocity, In'fin Kyoto's whose
of gained fame
Baisa6
person
a as one
perceived spirituality the ability, him from
intellectual apart set strangeness,
common or
published Many of his collected and in worthy admiration. of him folk and made
poems,
•/• •_ t• • • chafu • (Summary ryaku of Mountain the Plum Baisansh• books, the
• :• •g• • •= (Verses of Tea) and the of 1748 Baisa6 of Records about Collection gego
circumstances, difficult but like his the describe 1763, of Seller) Old Tea
some,
guise really propagating
in of the of what he following, the
tea. was convey essence
• • • (1698-1745), I• Confucian scholar Meika Uno the included the
friends Prominent
•1] • Jk ,• •[ (1712-82) Rikunyo D6jin 7• (1737- and Kinryfi priests kanshi
Tendai and
poets
•1• • •'• Sh6kokuji palest • (1716-1800), Daiten the painter Jakuehfi It6 eccentric 1803), the
• I.l_l Katayama scholar Hokkai and Confucian 7• •-•J• "• (1719-1801), Kanshi the Kenj6 poet
7• bibliophile • • (1723-76), Taiga and the sake brewer painter Ike • • Nanga (1723-90), the
•[•/f,• • • • (1736-1802). Kenkad6 Kimura 37
Setting Shop Renge6-in the [Sanjffsangend6] at up
place mine,
This of
poor, so
often
I'm of water; out even
offer I But
elixir you an
changes That
your very marrow.
You'll pines, f'md in the me
By
the of Buddhas, Hall Thousand a
Come take
drink knows? who a
yourself.I° Sagehood You reach may
suffering 1755,
In
from the infirmities of old Baisa6 selling stopped and
tea age,
bumed his of utensils,
he did wish for them become objects
like treasured many not to as
chanoyu
However,
he
bestowed accoutrements. friends,
his and
upon some
many
were
by sketched his
Kenkad6, admirer Kimura spearheaded who the him exhalt to movement
after hero cult his
death. Kenkad6s sketch album of chagu utensils, Baisa6's
Baisa6
as
a
• •
• • []
(pictures
of
utensils), Baisa6's published posthumously later
tea zu
was
• •
by
his in 1823 illustrations his where copied
by friend,
Kenkad6's Nanga
the
son were
painter • •: Yf• Shukuya Baisa6 • Aoki (ca. 1737-1802) in the accordian-folded
book
• zufu • • • chaki []-• •r (Pictorial Record of Implements) Baisa6's (plate Tea 2).
Shukuya (ca. Plate 1737-1802), Aoki 2. section of zufu the chaki Baisa6
(Pictorial Implements), Baisar's Record of Tea 1823. album, Accordian-folded
print light ink, woodblock in and colors
Private collection, Japan
paper. on
•0
Included in the of the translation Baisa6 by this is Waddell, Norman in Old "The
gego,
poem
Seller: Baisa6," Tea Poetry The Life of and The Buddhist, Eastern series, (Autumn XVII.2 new
1984),
105-106. pp.
•
album is illustrated This Shufu in color in
sha
tomo
no
• J• •
(Collected Baisa6)
(Tokyo: Records of Shufu 1975), sha,
9-11. tomo pp. no 38
sencha for inadvertently, began the formalization followers
Baisa6's Thus, tea
process a
Consequently, these they utensils similar his. all desired Chinese
to
tea
ceremony
as
• • unglazed porcelain southern Chinese "Nanban" wares--underglaze and blue teacups
quantities. By 1790s, imported
kettles--began the be in greater
to
stoneware some
• •-• 7J• • (1733?- Kiyomizu • beginning Rokubei Kyoto, with I craftsmen in Japanese
devising began kettles, copying and while others braziers 1799), started the had stoneware
styles--primarily
Chinese porcelain sencha in well-known of for utensils
types
new
•4• • underglaze • ,3• gold leaf), (a of • (overglaze with sh6zui kinrande enamels type
overglaze •.. purple, enameled yellow, I•_ and ware), (a
of blue k6chi type
green wares
previously the been glazed had all These China), and
celadon from southern wares wares.
original considered the samurai class who had of the of eschelons favorites the
upper
porcelain chanoyu. The possessions for prized and utilized them Chinese
wares as
•: •.
JII (1753-1811) [] by and Eisen initiated Okuda adaptations by Kyoto
potters
were
•- • ]\ • •_ ;• ]• :• •-• (1767-1833), Nin'ami D6hachi Mokubei Aoki his followers:
(1783-1855), and others.
attitudes towards conveyed literati of Chinese the had Baisa6's
poetry essence
prepared practical
be of sencha how
describe the sencha, did but to matters not
was more
championed life could literati of he precedents
of the according how Chinese
to
way
nor
followers, by friends and addressed implemented Baisa6's Japan. These issues in be
were
published together of Kenkad6, who Kenj6 primarily ,•. • and Kimura • Daiten ,• some
Japanese of these translations into and of Chinese books Japanese editions
first the tea on
12 originals.
read the Kanbun laymen could who for
not
0eda
•
• fl• Osaka, (d. 1756) Ryfih6 of fan, sencha Another contemporary
ca.
emulating Kyoto youth outside retirement his in wealthy had who merchant spent
was a
following preparing practical guides sencha and first the life. literati He Chinese to wrote
shell-collecting,
incense the Ryfih6 authored lifestyle.. also
literati texts
ceremony
on a
being general, latter in the and literati culture arranging sencha addition in flower and
to
Elegant Pastimes) •g: • • of • (Miscellaneous of Records Gayu manroku his featured in
culture and served Ming material treatises
Tl•tis
based late
book
1762.
a as
on on was
elegant objects activities in which for
of selection and guide the to
correct engage to
use
(plate 3). by of cult carefully followers the heeded later sencha, drinking advice while
of could behold the that "one with his intentions his Ryfih6 elucidated nature statement
a
things vulgar looking which things they
and that
the person's
from heart at
possess,
are
''•3 '•J•-•.]• annoying. •) Ryfih6's chawa •) elegant Seiwan (ga is (zoku and not
•-•.
•
ketsu;
Jianchajue (J. Qing Sencha •: published of the edition they 1764, text,
In
new a
collection, • •, famous and from Kenkad6's based by
steeped tea)
Jun Ye of
copy secrets on a
Classic) Explanation the first (Detailed of the became Tea Chaky6 sh6setsu book, their 1774 in
pre-modem of these and other discussion treatise. For of Yu's explication Japanese Lu in
editions, Japanese and
Nunome
in various Chinese
survived have that
books Chinese
tea see
on
• •,,•.J• [] Kyfiko shoin, (Tokyo: 1987), •] Chagoku chasho •ig, zensha ;•5 ed., • Ch6f•
vol. 1.
general scholars' which is utensils the the m• section introduction
the
from is This to
on passage
• ]g• •f•
Kydto • Hiroml
Takahashi geien
disenssed in is It
of volume
first
part no one.
Literary Kyoto) •',
('Networks Circles of -•r •'• b :• of • and )'• Art r-/-- nettowaku
•
.•"
160-61. 1988), sha, (Tokyo: Pelican pp. 39
Oeda
of Ryfth6 Study, (d. 1756), Chinese View Plate 3. Scholar's
page
ca.
a
printed Gayd book, (Miscellaneous from the woodblock manroku of Records
Pastimes), Elegant Japan collection, 1762. Private
Harbor) 1756, (Chats by first of treatise Tea the the sencha Azure
in true
on was on
philosophical practical. preface by Japan, it than but It included the
Osaka
was more
a
.• • • physician popular yomihon .• fiction, Tsuga writer of and (1718- Teish6
c.1794),who by rapid popularity stated the sencha's book necessitated that rise in
was
•4 spiritual public in its basis. who needed instruction
among a
eighteenth popularity gained the of the In sencha wider last decade century,
• [] kokugaku (nativist) physician through writings scholar, writer, of Osaka the the and
• •')( • •. Seifii (1734-1809), -• •-• l--_ author of [] Akinari the Ueda
sagen
Way Elegance) (Miscellaneous of of 1794, and the Chaka the Pure suigen Comments
on
• • kokugaku • • Addict) (Drunken of of Words Tea 1807. Akinari and later To
a ca.
Imperial waning days loyalists Tokugawa in of the the and others who scholars
were
represented policy, against though hegemony, official silent sencha its protest
a even
•o
Seiffi ostensibly their creed. his
Chinese-derived In values contrary
sagen, were
by promoted like of Nanban which those owned Baisa6 Akinari he the teapots
use
Sei• (plate 4). first define This book also the sencha illustrated in his
to was sagen as a
)4 relationship Tsuga Teish6, with Ryfih6 his Nakamura and Yukihiko information
about For
see
/t•
• • • • 1f¢• •_ • e? j• kenioM Early (Research sakka Modem Writers of the Kinsei
on
1961), shob6, Era) (Tokyo: 153-57. Sanichi pp. 40
(1734-1809), Teacups Ueda Akinari Plate 4.
and Nanban Style Teapot,
a page
printed from
Seif• book, woodblock the (Miscellaneous
Comments the
sagen
on
Elegance), Way of Pure Private 1794. collection, Japan
15 superior chanoyu. rival and tradition He that facilitated sencha tea to spiritual wrote
enlightenment chanoyu
degenerated had while into little complicated than
ritual
more
a
required innumerable with rules. preface, The its author of the
Srrai school Confucian
•f,-)•.
•)• (1746-1818), scholar Murase Krtei defined differences the between the
two
"chanoyu traditions with succinct the knowledge,
is about but sencha statement:
is about
''16 spirit. purity of
beginning
of From the nineteenth the
geared sencha popular century,
texts
to on a
began outlining procedures, audience sometimes familiar with for utensils terms
chanoyu.
from borrowed book One such which in utensils illustrated
is the 1802
are
•-•,• • • -•- • hayashinan (Quick Sencha Sencha) Guide (plate by Ryfikatei 5)
Ransui
to
1•, •-]r •
•_ (active
early century). nineteenth bunjin 7Z Jk In writers sencha contrast,
on
emphasize integral place lifestyle. continued its their in book, The Ryrzand6 1828 to
J• "• • LJA •5 (Chats Ryrzan), by chawa by • 1• Tea • •,•+[ J• Abe (Ryrzand6 Kenshfi
on
I_l_l •,
of ft. first half disciple century), the nineteenth of Confucian the scholar and
a
•j• I_1_1 San'yo (1780-1832), [• historian Rai first bunjincha • contained • Jk the
term
(scholars' drinking tea) which
described the of adjunct sencha
literati other to
as an
l•lace
activities. took in intimate These environment the private
of
residences
at or
• •-
:•
painting shogakai banquets), calligraphy and which elegant often held in
were
•s Seifi2 English, of in
short discussion the For Morgan Blake
Young, Ueda Akinari
sagen a
see
University (Vancouver: 1982), Columbia Press, of British
108-109.
pp.
is t6 11•1I,
•1•I
This Ikki in: Tsukuda
discussed bunjin
Sencha
tabi:
sokusei
passage
no
no
o
•., •/•
• ,h. •" • :• • • (Travels
Sencha, X" 69 r) with Footsteps 6 in the of the tazunete
Osaka
Literati) shoseki, (Osaka: 1985), 166-67. pp. 41
Ryfikatei Plate
5. Ransui (active
early
nineteenth
century),
Sencha
Utensils
in
a
Storage
Cabinet,
from the book, woodblock
page hayashinan Sencha
(Quick
Guide sencha), 1801. collection, Private to Japan
17
(plate villas 6).
Because bunjin
most connoisseurs
of Chinese antiquities,
were
bunjincha
featured
the
of Chinese
utensils
their close copies. use the As general
public or
believed
participating that
bunjin in
avocations
such
sencha
attested one's
to
as
sophistication,
sencha
popularity, in
did the grew preferred utensils by
bunjin, the
as
possessions which reflected their discrimination. owners'
1835, In surged
sencha popularity
in when
the ofgyokuro manufacture
• •,
the
finest
grade
of
leaf perfected.
Preparation tea,
green methods
for was
necessitated
increased
variety
of utensils,
and
needed
these to as utensils one
use
properly,
people
guidance sought
preparation
techniques,
well selection
on
of
as as
utensils
appropriate particular for Thus, occasions.
popular pocket-sized guides,
such
as
•7
For discussion of
opulent shogakai in Edo,
Markus, Andrew
"Shogakai:
Celebrity
see
Banquets
of
the
Late Period," Edo
Harvard of Journal
Asiatic Studies (1993), 53.1
137, 146- pp.
47, 152-53. 42
• LLI • Calligraphy (1801-54), Painting Party and Tsubaki C]:Enza• 6. Plate
hanging scroll, (shogakai),
mounted ink Tawara-ch6 Sketch 1840.
paper.
on as a
Office) City (Tawara of Education ky6iku Board iinkai
• • •-:• • (Secret Sencha) Guide illustrated which shff Sencha tebiki 1848 03 the to
no
(plate gi• appeared 7). (utensil arrangements), kazari
0i •. • • (ft. • century) nineteenth second Katsushika quarter, Plate 7.
sh•, Sencha tebiki from the book Utensils,
for Sencha Arrangement
page
no
• • IJ_l • (dates Tokujun unknown), by Sencha), Yamamoto (Secret Guide to
Japan collection, Private 1848. 43
preparation required Teachers, techniques also because detailed still
were were
secretly transmitted in and written about the books. first founder The of the yet not
• 4-• N • • •1•, formally organized sencha, Kagetsuan for school Tanaka [] Kaku6
was
(1782-1848), wealthy
fi'om sake merchant of Osaka. Kaku6 learned sencha
to
prepare a
(3baku
• •j[ •r•J • Baisa6, (1739-1829), disciple J6fuku of direct but monk Monchfi the
a
•8
chanoyu. procedures for based first establish and record sencha the
set to
on was
offffryff Aspiring bunjin Naniwafftry• ideals, is book, vision included in the Kaku6's to
• • • • hanj6ki Elegant Osaka) • • (Records • Pleasures of the of of Life in
ca.
by Accompanying Nanga painter of him the illustration Yasui Osaka Bokuzan 1835.
an
•gt:•: 1_1_/(active •-
(plate Kakuo,fziryff century) 8), early nineteenth that to comments are
unpublished, Sei• manuscript, •8 handwritten in h6cha recorded
methods His
an
were
:•- • • • • • • Explanation Elegant Commodity (A •'• Detailed I-• of of the shoshiki sh6kai
today (1830-44) Tenp6 survives which handwritten in three later in Tea), the written Boiled
era
copies. (Meiji period) 44
Home,
Kaku6 Tanaka
century),
at early 19th
(active
Bokuzan Yasui
8.
Plate
Elegant
(Records of the
hanj6ki
f'dryd
book,
Naniwa
woodblock
the from
page
Library, University
Kansai (1830-44).
Tenp6
Osaka), in Life of Pleasures era
Osaka
attain
hoping light of the to
by the
sencha brewing
moon, home, quietly sitting
at
meant
sencha
sought brew
goal, Kaku6
to
this fully achieve
once To Yu. of Lu
loftiness the
several
received finally
he when Yet
Lake.
West China's from
obtained
with
water
friends,
his
with together
and selfishness
for himself remonstrated bottles,
he precious
designed by
specially
(in
pot River
Yodo Osaka's into dumped the ceremoniously a
water
Kaku6's inhabitants.
Osaka's
all with
China of sharing bit
Mokubei), thus
friend
his
a
daimyo,
shogun,
the for
sencha
invited
he to that prepare famous exploits
was
so were
19
courtiers.
Kyoto's
and
of those
that from differed
sencha in
interest daimyo,
Shogtmal and
pastime, private
enjoyed
it
They political a as
the
with status disenfranchised
quo.
in
sencha
oldest tea learning. The extant room
Chinese
of cultivation
their expressive
of
designed around 1850
Flowers),
(Pavilion Three of • •
Sankatei was
the
--- existence,
his clan, for
of the daimyo thirteenth
the
(1811-84),
• •
fl-• []
Nariyasu
Maeda the
for
sencha of
atmosphere tea
Chinese
exotic
typical of the
is
Its residence. Edo appearance
windows, • glass •-1•, 7•.
bunb6gu for shelves
gourd-shaped window,
with
a
rooms:
inset horn narwhal's
and
afusuma,
used
lacquer
black a doorpulls,
as hardstone screen a
20
in
transom.
a
the in
Founded
courtiers. Kyoto's
catered
Ogawa, school,
to sencha
early
Another
in Kashin
samurai-physician,
wrote
(1786-1855), •
• •1[
Kashin/ix
Ogawa by
a 1830s
Drinking)
Tea Talks (K6rakud6's
• •
_• • • •
kissaben on K6rakud6
treatise, the
his
that
universe of
laws
with harmonize
were needed preparation to
sencha
that 1857,
of
the cycles of
the and directions,
four elements, five the Yang,
and
governed by Yin
They liturgies.
Heian invoked court it
courtiers appealed
philosophy
to
This
as
seasons.
The chanoyu. of etiquette
bakufu mandated
the
pastime
contrary to enjoyed
it
also
a
as
writer, the bunjin
another
by 1849,
that
great schools
sencha
popularity these of
so was
1849 his
in lamented (1802-1855), •
•:
[] Seiichi Fukada
scholar
Confucian
Nagoya
Bokusekiky6), that
by
Sencha •&
• (Chats
)• •
;• :•
ketsu Bokusekiky6 sencha on
book
sencha,
Dominating
spirit alive.
kept its
few
and
bunjincha
of ascendancy
over the
was
which Ogawa,
tea"), like people's
• ("vulgar
zokujincha/•r )k
of
schools said,
he
were
loftiness. lacking in
and
degenerate
were
of
One
modem the
into
influence
continued
era. bunjincha exert to
Nevertheless,
(1814-1907),
]]•/•, •f•
•
Chokunyfi []
a
painter
Tanomura
Nanga
the
leaders
last its
was
sencha public documented
and
hosted Chokunyfi
Meiji
statesmen.
of
friend
many
spirit of
the in
high culture
appreciation
of
foster
effort in 1870s, to the gatherings in an
•j•:t•, d•
Sencha
[] Seitum
Tanaka primarily from
Kaku6
information
Biographical 19 comes
on
1973), sha,
Shufu (Tokyo: Sencha) pp. tomo School
•l• no (Kagetsuan • )• -•, • Kagetsuan
315-21.
this of illustrations
structure,
several
includes see
which
architecture
sencha
study of •0
For
a
Sencha Tea Setting for the
Architectural
of
Development
the
"On Graham,
an J. Patrieia
65-75. 1991), (September pp. Orientations Ceremony," 45
7• • •-• • •J• bunmei kaika (civilization
enlightenment). and
These should regarded be
as
public first the exhibitions
of Japan, in
included among and display for art of
rooms
paintings Chinese calligraphies, and decorative flower •(• •3• bonsai and arts,
in addition arrangements, sencha environments. Chokunyfi One
to these of that helped
organize place
took
in Kyushu northern
1874, in
and
by
attended less 800 than
was
no
21 including people, local officials. The book, Seiwan 1875
zushi meien
(Pictorial Record
[Chinese] of Famous Utensils Used
the Society
Sea Azure Sencha at
Gathering)
(plate 9), gathering commemorated another sencha place that took
in Osaka in
which Chinese utensils
exclusively.
used
publication This
by authored
were
was an
Osaka dealer illustrated and by Chokunyfi. art
Chokunyfi Plate Tanomura 9.
(1814-1907),
]• of lnterior (seki View
) Room
a
for Serving Sencha,
from
the printed woodblock
book, Seiwan page meien a
(Pictorial zushi
[Chinese] Record of Famous Utensils Used the Sea Azure Tea
at
Gathering), 1875. collection, Private USA
Sencha and aesthetics reflect Chinese literati arts ideals through filtered
the lenses
Japanese of their practitioners' viewpoints experiences. and widespread Sencha's
startling
expansion acceptance beginnings
from its represents
quiet private
and
a
as a
avocation
of unorthodox seeking individuals spirit the of ancient
to Chinese recreate
embracing The
by of followers sencha from different backgrounds sages.
holding
and
a
wide
of conflicting often ideologies reveals the subtle
transforming range of
process
imported
ideas deep and their
assimilation Japan's into cultural
core.
2t
long of three handscrolls A
documenting
this set is by owned Saint the Louis event
now
of Museum Art. 46