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© Available At: Editors Editors: - Dr. Kevin Griffin Volume 5(i), 2017 - Dr. Razaq Raj ISSN 2009-7379 © Available at: http://arrow.dit.ie/ijrtp/ © International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage ISSN 2009-7379 Available at: http://arrow.dit.ie/ijrtp/ Volume 5(i) 2017 Table of Contents Editorials List of Reviewers ii Conference Calls iii Conference Report - Konya 2016 vi Academic Papers Terrorism, Tourism and Religious Travellers 1 Ayesha Chowdhury, Razaq Raj, Kevin A. Griffin and Alan Clarke Comparative Pricing Analysis of Mecca’s Religious Tourism 20 Said M. Ladki and Rayan A. Mazeh Assessment of Physical Carrying Capacity for Managing Sustainability at Religious Tourist 29 Destinations Ravinder Jangra and S.P. Kaushik Living Like A Monk: motivations and experiences of international participants in templestays 39 Byunggil Chun, Eugene Y. Roh and Samuel A. Spralls III Exposition of St. Francis Xavier’s Holy Relics in Goa: an Importance-Performance analysis 56 Subhash Kizhakanveatil Bhaskaran Pillai, Kaustubh Kamat, Miriam Scaglione, Carmelita D'Mello and Klaus Weiermair Living Together with Ancestors: cultural heritage and sacred places on West Java 78 Jörgen Hellman Commodification of Islamic Religious Tourism: from Spiritual to Touristic Experience 89 Jahanzeeb Qurashi Research Papers How Visible Are Sacred Sites Online? : availability of European sacred site websites 105 Onur Akbulut and Yakin Ekin Cover Photo : Templestay in Korea, Photo used courtesy of Cultural Corps of Korean Buddhism, 2015 ~ iii ~ © International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage ISSN : 2009-7379 Available at: http://arrow.dit.ie/ijrtp/ Volume 5(i) 2017 Exposition of St. Francis Xavier’s Holy Relics in Goa: an Importance-Performance analysis Subhash Kizhakanveatil Bhaskaran Pillai*, Kaustubh Kamat**, Miriam Scaglione***, Carmelita D'Mello****, Klaus Weiermair***** * Department of Commerce Goa University ([email protected]) ** Goa Multi-Faculty College ([email protected]) *** HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Switzerland ([email protected]) **** St. Xavier’s College, Mapusa, Goa, India ([email protected] ) ***** University of Innsbruck, Austria ([email protected]) Pilgrimage Tourism, one of the oldest forms of travelling, is the largest tourism sector in India; annually more than 70% of domestic tourist movement is for religious purposes which comes to 250 million pilgrims (Jachowski, 2000, Singh, 2016) and accounts for 20% of the revenue generated in the tourism industry (Dewan et al., 2008), hence, making it significant religiously, economically, politically, as well as sociologically. The present study was based on a survey conducted among the visitors who came for the 17th Exposition of St Francis Xavier’s holy relics, a Christian religious event, from 22nd November 2014 to 4th January 2015. Firstly, we discuss whether there is any association between the two groups of travellers (religious only Vs religious plus other travel motivations) and their demographic characteristics. Secondly, an attempt is made to explore the possibility of identifying latent motivational factors. Next, testing is done to find out whether there is any significant difference in motivational factors (Tsai et al., 2002) across various demographic characteristics of the combined visitors. Finally, the paper identifies the gap with respect to various facilities available for tourism, based on what the visitors perceived before visiting and what they experienced afterwards. It was found that demographically there is no difference between those who are coming specifically for religious purpose Vs those coming for religious and other purposes. Results also allowed the categorising of latent motivational factors and finding that demographically there is no difference except for age (working class) with respect to escape from busy life. With respect to the various tourism facilities, it was found that the quantified results exactly match with the qualitative findings of Wilson (1997); almost all of the facilities experienced by the visitors are falling under the A-Quadrant, where serious improvements need to be made. It can be concluded that there are many grey areas where timely actions from various tourism stakeholders is urgently required to maintain a consistent and positive image before the ‘experience’ becomes less attractive. Key Words: religious tourism, St. Francis Xavier, travel motivation, I-P analysis, Goa. Introduction purposes, or simply for spiritual purposes (Smith, 1992). One religious tourism destination for the global In the words of Brunn (2013), religion and issues Christian community is the Basalica of Bom Jesus and related to culture and politics are going to be the most the Se Cathedral in Old Goa, which is the final resting sought after research fields in the coming decade. place of the holy relics of St. Francis Xavier whose Though the main focus of most of the works has been canonization took place in 1662. on the impact of religion in society and its influence on culture and politics; the research focus is becoming In order to better understand the changing nature of more diversified, examining the geographical spread of religious travel, an attempt is made in the present religion across different places, regions, countries and research to examine the motives of travellers (all continents. Followers of religions like to travel to their categories of tourists) who visited the 17th Exposition sacred places, hence, the significance of travel and tourism management, and a vast collection of research Note: An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference on ‘Pilgrimages in India: work is being carried out in the field of religious Celebrating Journeys of Plurality and Sacredness’, tourism. This travel may be taken up by the followers organized by Indiana University and IUPUI - India of any religion by way of pilgrimage, or for religious Gateway, Gurgaon, India. March 3-4, 2016. ~ 56 ~ Subhash, Kaustubh, Scaglione, D'Mello & Weiermair Francis Xavier’s Relics in Goa: an Importance-Performance analysis (22nd November 2014 to 4th January 2015) of St. The growth of travellers in this area has lead to a clear Francis Xavier’s holy relics and veneration, and also to demarcation of a tourist and a pilgrim, with research assess the perception of travellers with respect to the defining pilgrims as religious travellers and tourists as infrastructural arrangement to support this form of a vacationers (Cohen, 1992a, 1992b, 1998; Smith, religious tourism in the state of Goa. Traditionally, Goa 1992), in other words, over the years the purpose has is identified for its beautiful pristine beaches and night changed from travelling purely for religion to life, and through this research an attempt is made to combining other reasons with religion. This is clearly identify different sets of motives for pilgrimage travel discussed by Smith (1992) in a continuum, which and also to identify the importance given to the tourism includes the terms ‘pilgrimage’ and ‘tourism’ as end- infrastructural facilities. In his qualitative study, points - labelled as ‘sacred’ and ‘secular’. In the Wilson (1997) identified that the tourist destination middle is an area - ‘religious tourism’, where sacred Goa is a paradox, especially its beach tourism, where travellers and secular travellers can meet in a tourism facilities are poorly managed, and in some ‘knowledge-based’ tourism area. Many researchers cases it is non-existent. This should make any closely relate religion and spirituality and it is often destination less attractive, and one can see the used synonymously (Benner, 1989; Elias, 1991; Tart, complete avoidance of such destinations by tourists 1983; Vaughan, 1991; Marra, 2000). But, with elsewhere, but it is quite contrary in the case of Goa. globalisation and increased secularism, spirituality has moved beyond religious traditions (Burack, 1999; In this study an attempt is made to Piedmont, 1999) and now embraces much broader (1) compare and contrast the two categories of concepts.. tourist with respect to their demographics The purpose of travel to religious places in the West characteristics; and East differs (Zhang et al., 2007) and there are very (2) explore the possibility of identifying latent few studies carried out to explore the purpose of travel motivational factors; of visitors to sites such as St. Francis Xavier’s (3) compare and contrast motivational and exposition in Goa. Therefore, the present study tried to demographic characteristics, and finally; identify whether there is any significant difference between the demographic characteristics of the visitors (4) quantify the results of the qualitative study and their purpose of travel (i.e., examining religious (Wilson, 1997) by identifying the gaps existing purpose and religious plus other purposes). Hence, the in the facilities available for tourism, hence development of the first Research Question (RQ 1) and making this study unique. the first Hypothesis (H1): Literature Review RQ 1: Is it possible to identify the effect of demographic variables of visitors on their purpose Purpose of Travel and Religious Tourists. of travel (Religious only and Religious plus other) to St. Francis Xavier’s exposition. Religion is an age old phenomenon which covers ancient, living and emerging quasi religious concepts H1: There is no significant difference (secular travel alternatives). Religion is said to be a between purpose (Religious only and method of reaching enlightenment and covers certain
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