"Na Roda Do Mundo: Mestre João Grande Entre a Bahia E Nova York"

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NA RODA DO MUNDO: Mestre João Grande entre a Bahia e Nova York MAURÍCIO BARROS DE CASTRO 2007 1 Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Faculdade de Letras e Ciências Humanas (FFLCH) Programa de Pós-graduação em História Social NA RODA DO MUNDO: Mestre João Grande entre a Bahia e Nova York MAURÍCIO BARROS DE CASTRO Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Carlos Sebe Bom Meihy Tese apresentada como conclusão de doutorado – Universidade de São Paulo (USP) – Departamento de História – Área: História Social 2007 2 AGRADECIMENTOS Passados quatro anos dedicado à pesquisa que apresento como conclusão do processo de doutoramento, não poderia deixar de agradecer aos que foram fundamentais nesta trajetória. Companheirismo, críticas, sugestões, ambientaram o correr dos acontecimentos que, mais do que marcar um ponto final, abre-se para novos empreendimentos. Agradeço ao meu orientador, José Carlos Sebe Bom Meihy, pela dedicação no acompanhamento. Em particular sou-lhe grato pela afinidade construída tanto nas identidades quanto nas diferenças de opiniões. Como se verá nesta tese, na maioria das vezes compartilhamos as mesmas idéias, o que se reflete no entrelaçamento de pesquisas de temas comuns. Por isso, ao encerrar esta fase de trabalho que promete continuidades não posso deixar de agradecer-lhe por me orientar, no amplo sentido da palavra, nestes últimos sete anos, desde que fui apresentado ao prof. Sebe como seu orientando de mestrado, em 2000. Em extensão, reservo um agradecimento especial aos participantes do Núcleo de Estudos em História Oral da Universidade de São Paulo (NEHO-USP), em cujas reuniões, pelas trocas de experiências, aprendi o sentido de ser companheiro de jornada acadêmica. O que se mostrou positivo no apoio de todos manifestado nos momentos difíceis. Ainda no âmbito da USP, agradeço aos professores Wagner Gonçalves da Silva e Maria Cristina Wissenbach, que participaram da minha banca do exame de qualificação e me presentearam com reflexões importantes que estão presentes neste texto final. Também tenho que agradecer a muitas pessoas que me apoiaram na minha pesquisa em Nova York. Mary Marshall Clark, coordenadora do Oral History Research Officce (OHRO) de Columbia University, é a primeira da lista. O convite que fez para que visitasse a instituição, recebendo-me como estagiário e integrante do Summer Institute Seminar, em 2005, mais do que favorecer diálogos institucionais entre o ORHO de Columbia University e o NEHO-USP, contribuiu decisivamente para avanços desta pesquisa. De igual monta, cabe agradecer a troca de correspondência e sugestões que mantive com Kenneth Dossar, professor da Temple University, Filadélfia, e Daniel Dawnson, pesquisador atento aos temas da diáspora africana. 3 Também é preciso agradecer aos amigos e à família, sempre fundamentais nos processos de confecção de teses acadêmicas. No meu caso, tive a sorte de fazer amigos no trabalho de campo que ultrapassaram as questões práticas da pesquisa para apresentarem laços de amizade. Destaco os amigos que fiz na academia de mestre João Grande. Embora tenha sido bem recebido por todos, há aqueles que se tornaram mais presentes, que me acolheram e ajudaram, cada um à sua maneira. Yuko Miki foi muito importante para minha estadia em Nova York, se tornou amiga que tive a sorte de rever devido às suas pesquisas no Brasil, além de interlocutora dos dilemas deste trabalho. Cabello foi mais do que colaborador, mostrou os caminhos e se prontificou como companheiro de andanças pelos caminhos da cidade, apontou redes e intermediou contatos para entrevistas. T.J. Deschi Obi e Salim Rollins, respectivamente pesquisador e cineasta, mas principalmente angoleiros, abriram o quintal de seu brownstone para conversarmos sobre suas trajetórias. Em Salvador, Frede Abreu também atuou além da sua condição de colaborador, abriu as portas do seu acervo de referências da capoeira, um dos mais importantes do Brasil. Na época, o material ficava num quarto de seu apartamento. Atualmente, após ter sido contemplado com premiação do Capoeira Viva, o Instituto Jair Moura (homenagem de Frede a seu mestre, o cineasta, pesquisador e capoeirista Jair Moura) funciona na Casa da Mandinga. O acervo continua aberto, assim como o generoso coração do seu idealizador, aos que chegam em busca de documentos sobre a capoeira. No Rio de Janeiro, os irmãos Hugo e Guto Belluco se mostraram os amigos fundamentais de sempre e se mantiveram presentes apoiando até os momentos derradeiros. O mesmo pode ser dito da amiga Isabela Zyro, que fecha a trinca dos amigos que estiveram muito perto quando tudo estava sendo iniciado e finalizado. Aos meus pais, Aguinaldo e Maria José, e meus irmãos Rodrigo e Pedrina, é necessário agradecer por estarem ao meu lado em mais esta empreitada, principalmente minha irmã que ajudou na leitura crítica deste trabalho. A Ruth, minha mulher, agradeço a presença, paciência e carinho que foram os alicerces de construção desta tese. Mais ainda, é dela o principal agradecimento por ter gerado o nosso filho Pedro, que nasceu em janeiro de 2006, num dia de São Sebastião. Ao Pedro agradeço por iluminar nossas trajetórias. 4 Em termos institucionais, este trabalho somente foi viável devido ao apoio da Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) que financiou o projeto tornando-o exeqüível por meio de um diálogo criativo, mobilizador de mudanças que certamente enriqueceram os resultados alcançados. 5 RESUMO Esta tese é sobre a globalização e o impacto da ancestral capoeira angola na moderna e cosmopolita cidade de Nova York. A capoeira angola é ume estilo tradicional que se refere à ancestralidade africana. É uma antiga arte marcial afro-brasileira ensinada por um velho capoeirista da Bahia chamado João Grande. Ele possui uma escola na Rua 14, em Manhattan, e já recebeu diversas homenagens nos Estados Unidos. Mestre João Grande chegou em Nova York em 1990 e permanece ensinando seu conhecimento antigo para alunos de toda parte do mundo, pessoas atraídas pela multicultural Nova York. Sua história de vida é o foco dessa tese. Neste sentido, a pesquisa é uma tentativa de entender a importância das tradições em nossa vertiginosa sociedade moderna. Mais do que isso, tenta refletir sobre o papel da capoeira no processo histórico brasileiro, diante dos conflitos entre a ancestralidade africana e a construção da identidade nacional. 6 ABSTRACT This thesis is about the globalization anda impact of ancient Capoeira Angola techniques in the modern and huge New York City. Capoeira angola is a traditional style of capoeira that remains to the African ancestry. It is an ancient Afro-Brazilian martial art taught by an elderly capoeirista from Bahia, called João Grande. His school is at 14th Street, in Union Square. He has received numerous awards in the United States, including a Doctorate of Humane Letters from Upsala College in East Orange, New Jersey, in 1995. In September 2001, he was awarded the National Heritage Fellowship by the National Endowment for the Arts, which is one of the most prestigious awards for practitioners of traditional arts in the US. Mestre João Grande arrived in New York in 1990 and still teaches his ancient knowledge to students from all around the world, people who comprise the multicultural New York City. His life history is the focus of the thesis. In this way, the research is an effort to understand the importance and survive of traditions in the midst of globalization in our modern society. More than that, it tries to understand the role of capoeira in the Brazilian historic process, before the conflicts between the African ancestry and the building of a national identity. 7 SUMÁRIO Introdução ........................................................................................................................ 10 Parte I: Caminhos de Nova York (1990-2005)............................................................... 20 1. Na vertigem da modernidade........................................................................................ 21 O culto às tradições.............................................................................................................24 Fronteiras da capoeira angola............................................................................................33 2. Nova York: centro do mundo?.......................................................................................41 Língua e multiculturalismo..................................................................................................45 Performático e pedagógico................................................................................................ 47 3. Do Harlem a Woodstock................................................................................................53 “Dançando entre dois mundos”...........................................................................................65 Aventura da errância...........................................................................................................77 Parte II: Lembranças da Bahia (1933-1990)....................................................................93 1. Mito fundador e narrativas da infância..........................................................................94 Memória do corpo...............................................................................................................96 Ancestralidade e diáspora.................................................................................................102 2. A descoberta da “Bahia”..............................................................................................118
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