DOCSLIB.ORG

Large-Scale Energy Storage

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Large-Scale Energy Storage Large-Scale Energy Storage Dave Mooney, Ph.D. GCEP Tutorial Series October 14, 2015 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Why is everyone talking about energy storage? 2 Understanding Large-scale Energy Storage Questions we’ll address in today’s tutorial: • Why does energy storage matter? • What are key energy storage technologies? • How much energy storage is online today? • What are key R&D areas for storage technology? • How much renewable generation can go on the grid before storage is required? 3 Energy Storage: Why It Matters Key References • DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook (2015) • Electricity Storage – Schlumberger SBC Energy Institute (2013) • Renewable Electricity Futures Study (2012) Electric Grid: A Matter of Balance Supply Supply Demand Components Components Storage Storage Renewable Electric Generators Vehicles Conventional Stationary Generators End Use Demand The electric grid balances supply and demand at all times and operates at timescales from seconds to days. 5 Conventional Utility Operations Hydro Combined Cycle Gas Coal Nuclear Utilities are accustomed to managing variability and uncertainty in the load with dispatchable generation. 6 Wind and Solar Add Variability to Supply Side Wind and solar add variability and uncertainty to the generation supply, increasing the need for grid flexibility. 7 Solar Variability 8 Solar Variability 9 Flexibility Essential to Maintaining Balance Supply-Side Demand-Side Flexibility Flexibility Storage Storage RE Demand Curtailment Response Flexible Smart Loads Generation Storage is one of many options for providing more flexible supply and demand at multiple timescales. 10 Market Design Impacts Flexibility Options Days Energy Capacity Markets Markets Ensure resource Dispatch adequacy grid Hours resources Ancillary on economic Services basis Markets Provide Minutes fast response to changes in load to maintain frequency stability Seconds Market design can impact operational mechanisms to support power system flexibility and reliability. 11 Energy Storage Applications Span the Grid TRANSMISSION GENERATION Centralized or Large centralized distributed energy energy storage for storage for time-shifting energy Centralized renewable generation, management and Generation congestion ancillary services management, and Transmission upgrade deferments Lines END USERS Energy storage for backup or high- DISTRIBUTION quality power for Energy storage to Distribution commercial and support small Lines industrial users distributed generation, energy management, and to END USERS help defer system Small scale energy upgrades storage for residential and commercial backup, time-shifting and micro-generation 12 Storage Can Help Smooth the Demand Curve Seconds-to-Minutes and Minutes-to-Hours Storage helps follow the variation in net load. Hourly Storage smooths the load to avoid activating more generation. Daily, Weekly, Seasonally Storage reduces the peak/off Time peak range during periods of peak demand. Storage can work at all timescales to smooth peaks and valleys in the demand curve. 13 Energy Storage Technologies: Characteristics and Applications Grid Application Depends on Storage Characteristics Different technologies can address different grid needs, but no single storage technology, in the near term, is likely to meet all grid applications. 15 Storage Technology Maturity Type Laboratory / Pilot / Demonstration Commercial / Mature Research Development Deployment Mechanical Pumped Storage Hydro Electro- Adiabatic Compressed Air Compressed Air mechanical Compressed Air Energy Storage Energy Storage Energy Storage (2nd gen) (1st gen), Flywheel Energy Storage Thermal Molten Salt Energy Storage Electrical Nano- Supercapacitor, Supercapacitor Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Electro- Zn/air, Zn-Cl, Li-ion, Fe/Cr, ZnBr, NiMH, Lead-Acid, NiCd, Lead-Acid chemical Advanced Li-ion, NaNiCl2 Advanced Lead- Sodium-Sulfur Batteries Novel Battery Acid, Li-ion Batteries, Li-ion Chemistries Batteries Chemical Hydrogen Storage, Hydrogen storage Synthetic Natural Gas Storage Most storage technologies need to mature. Pumped storage is the only technology deployed at GW scale. 16 Pumped Storage Hydro Primary Application: Energy Management 17 Pumped Storage Hydro Global Operational Capacity: ~142 GW U.S. Operational Capacity: ~20 GW Technology Characteristics Power Capacity: 100 – 1,000 MW Discharge Time: 4 – 12 hours Response Time: seconds - minutes Efficiency: 70-85% Lifetime: >30 years Primary Grid Application Energy Management nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62361.pdf 18 Pumped Storage Hydro Pros • Cheapest way to store large quantities of energy with high efficiency over a long time • Mature technology Cons • Lack of suitable sites • Not fitted for distributed generation • Relatively low energy density results in indirect environmental impact nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62361.pdf 19 Thermal Storage Primary Grid Application: Shifting or smoothing output for Concentrating Solar Power 20 Molten Salt Energy Storage Global Operational Capacity: ~1.3 GW U.S. Operational Capacity: 281 MW Technology Characteristics Power Capacity: MW Scale Discharge Time: hours Response Time: minutes Efficiency: 80-90% Lifetime: 30 years Primary Grid Application Shifting and smoothing output for CSP plants ©2013 SBC Institute. Used with permission. 21 Molten Salt Energy Storage Pros • Commercial • Large scale • Most economically viable storage for solar Cons • Niche for concentrating solar power plant applications • Molten salts can be corrosive ©2013 SBC Institute. Used with permission. 22 Electrochemical Storage Multiple Grid Applications: Smoothing RE output, black start services, T&D Deferral, shifting RE output 23 Lithium-Ion Batteries Global Operational Capacity: 287 MW U.S. Operational Capacity: 115 MW Technology Characteristics Power Capacity: W to MW Discharge Time: 1 minute – 8 hours Response Time: 10-20 milliseconds Efficiency: 85-98% Lifetime: 5-15 years Primary Grid Application RE smoothing RE output shifting T&D investment deferrals ©2013 SBC Institute. Used with permission. nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62361.pdf 24 Lithium-Ion Batteries Pros • High efficiency • Extensive experience for portable applications • Suitable for small to medium scale applications Cons • Limited lifecycle • Environmental and safety considerations • Thermal management ©2013 SBC Institute. Used with permission. nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62361.pdf 25 26 Tesla Gigafactory 27 Tesla Gigafactory 28 Supercapacitor Primary Grid Application: Power Quality 29 Supercapacitors Global Operational Capacity: NA U.S. Operational Capacity: NA Technology Characteristics Power Capacity: kW - GW Discharge Time: milliseconds - minutes Response Time: 10-20 milliseconds Efficiency: 80-98% Lifetime: 4-20 years Primary Grid Application Power Quality/Voltage Support ©2013 SBC Institute. Used with permission. nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62361.pdf 30 Supercapacitors Pros • High efficiency • High cycle fatigue • Scalable/flexible • High power Cons • Low energy • Requires power conditioning to deliver a steady output power • Expensive per unit of energy capacity ©2013 SBC Institute. Used with permission. nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62361.pdf 31 Chemical Storage Primary Grid Application: Intermittent balancing 32 Hydrogen Storage Global Operational Capacity: ~10s MW U.S. Operational Capacity: NA Technology Characteristics Power Capacity: kW - GW Discharge Time: hours Response Time: seconds - minutes Efficiency: 24-45% Lifetime: 5-30 years Primary Grid Application Power Quality Intermittent Balancing ©2013 SBC Institute. Used with permission. nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62361.pdf 33 Hydrogen Storage Pros • Scalable from distributed to large scale long term large-scale storage • Low environmental impact Cons • Low round-trip efficiency • High capital cost • Safety considerations • Low energy density at ambient conditions ©2013 SBC Institute. Used with permission. nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62361.pdf 34 Storage R&D • Novel materials o Anodes o Cathodes o Electrolytes • Higher efficiency • Higher energy density o Energy per unit mass o Energy per volume • Longer lifetimes o Greater number of cycles o Deeper discharge • Lower costs • Form factor • Thermalnrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62361.pdf management 35 Energy Storage: How Much is in Use? Interest in Energy Storage Rises and Falls Renewed interest Deployment of in energy storage as pumped hydro RE deployment storage expands and fuel accelerates to prices rise meet variation in demand. Gas prices drop. Nuclear buildout smaller than expected. Storage was an Restructured attractive markets, state alternative to other mandates and load-following increased R&D generators for funding expand supporting opportunities for Cheaper and/or easier projected growth storage in nuclear power. to meet variation in load and capacity requirements with conventional generation resources 37 U.S. Energy Storage Operational Capacity ~21 GW Total Capacity DOE Global Storage Energy Database http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects/data_visualization (accessed 25 August, 2015) Pumped Storage Hydro is the dominant energy storage technology in the U.S. 38 Global Energy Storage Operational Capacity ~148 GW Total DOE Global Storage Energy Database http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects/ data_visualization (accessed 25 August, 2015) Pumped Storage Hydro is the dominant energy storage technology globally. 39 Energy Storage Projects in the Pipeline:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Net Zero by 2050 a Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050
    Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 Interactive iea.li/nzeroadmap Net Zero by 2050 Data iea.li/nzedata INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the IEA member IEA association full spectrum countries: countries: of energy issues including oil, gas and Australia Brazil coal supply and Austria China demand, renewable Belgium India energy technologies, Canada Indonesia electricity markets, Czech Republic Morocco energy efficiency, Denmark Singapore access to energy, Estonia South Africa demand side Finland Thailand management and France much more. Through Germany its work, the IEA Greece advocates policies Hungary that will enhance the Ireland reliability, affordability Italy and sustainability of Japan energy in its Korea 30 member Luxembourg countries, Mexico 8 association Netherlands countries and New Zealand beyond. Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Please note that this publication is subject to Switzerland specific restrictions that limit Turkey its use and distribution. The United Kingdom terms and conditions are available online at United States www.iea.org/t&c/ This publication and any The European map included herein are without prejudice to the Commission also status of or sovereignty over participates in the any territory, to the work of the IEA delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org Foreword We are approaching a decisive moment for international efforts to tackle the climate crisis – a great challenge of our times.
    [Show full text]
  • Advantages of Applying Large-Scale Energy Storage for Load-Generation Balancing
    energies Article Advantages of Applying Large-Scale Energy Storage for Load-Generation Balancing Dawid Chudy * and Adam Le´sniak Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Str. 18/22, PL 90-924 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The continuous development of energy storage (ES) technologies and their wider utiliza- tion in modern power systems are becoming more and more visible. ES is used for a variety of applications ranging from price arbitrage, voltage and frequency regulation, reserves provision, black-starting and renewable energy sources (RESs), supporting load-generation balancing. The cost of ES technologies remains high; nevertheless, future decreases are expected. As the most profitable and technically effective solutions are continuously sought, this article presents the results of the analyses which through the created unit commitment and dispatch optimization model examines the use of ES as support for load-generation balancing. The performed simulations based on various scenarios show a possibility to reduce the number of starting-up centrally dispatched generating units (CDGUs) required to satisfy the electricity demand, which results in the facilitation of load-generation balancing for transmission system operators (TSOs). The barriers that should be encountered to improving the proposed use of ES were also identified. The presented solution may be suitable for further development of renewables and, in light of strict climate and energy policies, may lead to lower utilization of large-scale power generating units required to maintain proper operation of power systems. Citation: Chudy, D.; Le´sniak,A. Keywords: load-generation balancing; large-scale energy storage; power system services modeling; Advantages of Applying Large-Scale power system operation; power system optimization Energy Storage for Load-Generation Balancing.
    [Show full text]
  • Incorporating Renewables Into the Electric Grid: Expanding Opportunities for Smart Markets and Energy Storage
    INCORPORATING RENEWABLES INTO THE ELECTRIC GRID: EXPANDING OPPORTUNITIES FOR SMART MARKETS AND ENERGY STORAGE June 2016 Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 5 I. Technical and Economic Considerations in Renewable Integration .......................................................... 7 Characteristics of a Grid with High Levels of Variable Energy Resources ................................................. 7 Technical Feasibility and Cost of Integration .......................................................................................... 12 II. Evidence on the Cost of Integrating Variable Renewable Generation ................................................... 15 Current and Historical Ancillary Service Costs ........................................................................................ 15 Model Estimates of the Cost of Renewable Integration ......................................................................... 17 Evidence from Ancillary Service Markets................................................................................................ 18 Effect of variable generation on expected day-ahead regulation mileage......................................... 19 Effect of variable generation on actual regulation mileage ..............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Evolving Relationship Between Nuclear and Renewables in a Near-Zero Energy System
    EVOLVING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUCLEAR AND RENEWABLES IN A NEAR-ZERO ENERGY SYSTEM Mengyao Yuan, Carnegie Institution for Science, 1-650-319-8904, [email protected] Fan Tong, Carnegie Institution for Science, 1-650-319-8904, [email protected] Lei Duan, Carnegie Institution for Science, 1-650-319-8904, [email protected] Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology, 1-626-395-6335, [email protected] Ken Caldeira, Carnegie Institution for Science, 1-650-319-8904, [email protected] Overview The electricity sector worldwide has seen increasing integration of variable renewable energy resources such as wind and solar photovoltaic (PV). This trend may continue in the coming decades, contributing to a transformation towards a near-zero emissions energy system. The high variability of renewable resources poses challenges to system robustness, highlighting the importance of reliable storage and flexible baseload power needed to fill the gap between intermittent generation and variable demand. Nuclear energy represents one prominent form of low-carbon baseload power. Recently, however, nuclear power plants have faced substantial competition from low-cost renewables and natural gas and are exposed to risks of early retirement in countries such as the US and Germany (Froggatt and Schneider 2015, Roth and Jaramillo 2017). Nuclear energy is traditionally considered a non-dispatchable generation technology, although recent French experience suggests that nuclear power plants can be operated flexibly to assume a more load-following role (Lokhov 2011). Nuclear power plants are also characterized by high fixed costs and low variable costs (Lokhov 2011). High fixed costs motivate high capacity factors, so even if nuclear power plants can be made technically dispatchable, there can be economic incentive to operate them as baseload generation.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Intermittent Generation on the Economics and Operation Of
    Effects of Intermittent Generation on the Economics and Operation of Prospective Baseload Power Plants by Jordan Taylor Kearns B.S. Physics-Engineering, Washington & Lee University (2014) B.A. Politics, Washington & Lee University (2014) Submitted to the Institute for Data, Systems, & Society and the Department of Nuclear Science & Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degrees of Master of Science in Technology & Policy and Master of Science in Nuclear Science & Engineering at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September 2017 c Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2017. All rights reserved. Author.................................................................................. Institute for Data, Systems, & Society Department of Nuclear Science & Engineering August 25, 2017 Certified by.............................................................................. Howard Herzog Senior Research Engineer, MIT Energy Initiative Executive Director, Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Center Certified by.............................................................................. R. Scott Kemp Associate Professor of Nuclear Science & Engineering Director, MIT Laboratory for Nuclear Security & Policy Certified by.............................................................................. Sergey Paltsev Senior Research Scientist, MIT Energy Initiative Deputy Director, MIT Joint Program Accepted by............................................................................. Munther Dahleh William A. Coolidge
    [Show full text]
  • Stacey Roth - Q&A on Offshore Wind Page 1
    (5/29/2014) Stacey Roth - Q&A on Offshore Wind Page 1 From: "Fontaine, Peter" <[email protected]> To: Stacey Roth <[email protected]>, "Brian O. Lipman(brian.li... CC: "Dippo, Charles F. ([email protected])" <[email protected]>,... Date: 7/11/2013 5:53 PM Subject: Q&A on Offshore Wind Attachments: Offshore Wind Q&A.docx Dear Stacey &Brian: enclose our response to the suggestion that offshore wind power can be a substitute for the repowering of the BL England facility. As discussed, please provide us with the list of follow-up questions and/or information needs arising from the last P&I Committee meeting. Best regards, Pete Peter J. Fontaine ~ Cozen O'Connor A Pennsylvania Professional Corporation 1900 Market Street ~ Philadelphia, PA 19103 ~ P: 215.665.2723 ~ C: 856.607.1077 ~ F: 866.850.7491 457 Haddonfield Road, Suite 300 ~ Cherry Hill, NJ 08002 ~ P: 856.910.5043 ~ [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]> ~ www.cozen.com<http://www.cozen.com/> ~ http://www.cozen.com/attorney_detail.asp?d=1 &m=0&atid=610&stg=0 P Please consider the environment before printing this email. Notice: To comply with certain U.S. Treasury regulations, we inform you that, unless expressly stated otherwise, any U.S. federal tax advice contained in this e-mail, including attachments, is not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used, by any person for the purpose of avoiding any penalties that may be imposed by the Internal Revenue Service. Notice: This communication, including attachments, may contain information that is confidential and protected by the attorney/client or other privileges.
    [Show full text]
  • RFP for Variable Renewable Dispatchable Generation And
    REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS FOR VARIABLE RENEWABLE DISPATCHABLE GENERATION AND ENERGY STORAGE ISLAND OF O‘AHU AUGUST 22, 2019 Docket No. 2017-0352 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction and General Information ......................................................................... 1 1.1 Authority and Purpose of the Request for Proposals ............................................. 2 1.2 Scope of the RFP ................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Competitive Bidding Framework .......................................................................... 6 1.4 Role of the Independent Observer ......................................................................... 6 1.5 Communications Between the Company and Proposers – Code of Conduct Procedures Manual................................................................................................. 7 1.6 Company Contact for Proposals ............................................................................ 8 1.7 Proposal Submittal Requirements .......................................................................... 8 1.8 Proposal Fee ........................................................................................................... 9 1.9 Procedures for the Self-Build or Affiliate Proposals ........................................... 10 1.10 Dispute Resolution Process.................................................................................. 12 1.11 No Protest or Appeal ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Longer-Duration Energy Storage: the Missing Piece to a Net Zero, Reliable and Low-Cost Energy Future
    Longer-Duration Energy Storage: The missing piece to a Net Zero, reliable and low-cost energy future Supporting Green Jobs Prepared by the REA’s Energy Storage Forum - Longer-Duration Energy Storage Working Group Executive Summary 1. Introduction 2.The need for longer- duration energy storage 3.Barriers to development 4.Enabling investment in longer-duration storage 5.Conclusions 6.Sources CONTENTS | LONGER-DURATION ENERGY STORAGE: A MISSING PIECE TO NET ZERO | LONGER-DURATION ENERGY STORAGE: A MISSING PIECE TO NET ZERO Executive Summary 1. Introduction An energy system powered in the main by variable sources will require drastically All pathways to Net Zero have one thing in common: they require large amounts of flexibility in our increased provision of energy storage at all scales. Flexibility markets are presently energy system to support high levels of variable renewable generation coupled with changes in consumer dominated in the UK by fossil fuel assets, and the recent encouraging take-up of short- behaviour. In the Sixth Carbon Budget, the Committee on Climate Change noted that ‘storage will be important to manage variable output’ from an electricity system based on renewables1. Managing an energy duration energy storage technologies has not been matched by growth in longer-duration system predominately powered by renewables and with greater flexibility will lower the cost of the energy technologies. transition and enable the electrification of heat and transport. Currently, the UK has 2.8GW of Pumped Hydro energy storage and a limited number of Several independent organisations have published studies on the future role of flexibility in Great Britain’s Compressed Air Energy Storage and Liquid Air Energy Storage sites in development.
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Energy Integration in Power Grids
    IRENA ENERGY TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS PROGRAMME International Renewable Energy Agency Renewable Energy Integration in Power Grids Technology Brief IEA-ETSAP and IRENA© Technology Brief E15 – April 2015 www.etsap.org – www.irena.org This brief is available for download from the following IEA-ETSAP and IRENA sites iea-etsap.org/web/Supply.asp www.irena.org/Publications Copyright © IEA-ETSAP and IRENA 2015 About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the principal platform for international cooperation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. About IEA-ETSAP The Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP) is an Implementing Agreement of the International Energy Agency (IEA), first established in 1976. It functions as a consortium of member country teams and invited teams that actively cooperate to establish, maintain, and expand a consistent multi-country energy/economy/environment/ engineering (4E) analytical capability. Its backbone consists of individual national teams in nearly 70 countries, and a common, comparable and combinable methodology, mainly based on the MARKAL / TIMES family of models, permitting the compilation of long term energy scenarios and in-depth national, multi-country, and global energy and environmental analyses. ETSAP promotes and supports the application of technical economic tools at the global, regional, national and local levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Clean Sources of Dispatchable Electric Power
    AUGUST 2020 Clean Sources of Dispatchable Electric Power Daniel Aycock Stephen Leff Anthony Artuso How can Virginia achieve a 100% clean energy future by 2050? This report explores technologies that could serve as a pathway to a carbon-neutral Commonwealth, includ- ing an overview of how these technologies function, an assessment of their viability, and recommenda- tions for how Virginia should move forward. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Daniel Aycock worked with the Policy Research team during his time with the VA Clean Energy Project. He served as a lead author on this report. He currently works for CustomerFirst Renewables (CFR), a leading clean energy consulting firm advising organizations seeking to access more renewable power. Stephen Leff is a member of the Policy Research team. He works as a Senior Systems Engineer for BWX Technologies. Anthony Artuso directs the Policy Research team for the VA Clean Energy Proj- ect. He is a visiting scholar at the University of Virginia’s Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service. TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Acronym List ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Framing the Issue ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Methods ..................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Transition the German Energiewende
    Energy Transition The German Energiewende By Craig Morris, Martin Pehnt An initiative of the Heinrich Böll Foundation Released on 28 November 2012 Revised July 2016 www.energytransition.de Imprint Authors: Craig Morris Martin Pehnt Editors: Rebecca Bertram Stefanie Groll Kathrin Glastra Design: Lucid. Berlin Released on 28 November 2012 Revised July 2016 Heinrich Böll Stiftung Schumannstr. 8 10117 Berlin Germany Phone: +49 – (0)30 – 285 34 – 0 Fax: +49 – (0)30 – 285 34 – 109 Email: [email protected] You can also contact one of our 29 offices worldwide working all on energy and climate issues About us The Heinrich Böll Foundation – is a catalyst for green visions and projects, a think tank for policy reform, and an international network. The primary objectives guiding our work are establishing democracy and human rights, fighting against environmental degradation, safeguarding everyone’s rights of social participation, supporting non-violent conflict resolu- tion and defending the rights of individuals. We work with 160 project partners in over 60 countries and currently maintain offices in 31 countries. Authors Craig Morris – Born in the United States, Craig has been living in Germany since 1992 and working in the renewables sector since 2001. In 2002, he founded Petite Planète, a transla- tion and documentation agency focusing on renewables. He is the author of two books in German and English, has served as editor of several energy magazines, and is contributing editor at Renewables International. In 2013 and 2014, he served as technical editor of IRENA’s REmap 2030, and in 2014, he won the IAEE’s award for journalism in energy eco- nomics.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Flexibility of Coal-Fired Power Plants for the Integration of Renewable Energy in Germany
    Assessing the flexibility of coal-fired power plants for the integration of renewable energy in Germany October 2019 2 / 70 Table of contents Executive summary 7 1 The flexibility challenge 11 1.1 Flexibility requirements: The demand side 14 1.2 Flexibility options: The supply side 18 2 Coal-fired power plants and their flexibility characteristics 21 2.1 Basics of coal-fired power plants 21 2.2 Operational flexibility of thermal power plants 22 3 Assessing the flexibility provision from coal-fired power plants in Germany 27 3.1 Framing the quantitative analysis 27 3.2 The historical perspective 30 3.2.1 The electricity market and the energy transition 30 3.2.2 The coal-fired power plant fleet at a glance 31 3.2.3 Methodology of the simulations 34 3.2.4 Insights from 2015 and 2018 36 3.3 A prospective view 40 3.3.1 Methodology of the simulations 40 3.3.2 Assessing a power system with large shares of variable renewable energies 41 3.3.3 A focus on mid-term flexibility 47 3.3.4 A focus on thermal storage retrofits 52 3.4 Discussion of results 58 Appendix A 60 Appendix B 61 Appendix C 62 References 64 Disclaimer – Limits and scope of our intervention This report (hereinafter "the Report") was prepared by Deloitte Finance, an entity of the Deloitte network, at the request of Verein der Kohlenimporteure e.V. (hereinafter “VDKi”) according to the scope and limitations set out below. The Report may be made public, in its entirety and without any change in form or substance, under the sole responsibility of VDKi.
    [Show full text]