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Using a Diagnostic Indicator Assessment to Understand Sustainability Transitions Towards Water Sensitive Urban Design in the City of Cape Town

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Using a Diagnostic Indicator Assessment to Understand Sustainability Transitions Towards Water Sensitive Urban Design in the City of Cape Town Using a diagnostic indicator assessment to understand sustainability transitions towards Water Sensitive Urban Design in the City of Cape Town Boipelo Madonsela Town Thesis presented in fulfilment of the degree of Master of Philosophy in Civil Engineering Cape of University UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN Supervised by Dr Kirsty Carden October 2018 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derivedTown from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes Capeonly. of Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University i Plagiarism Declaration I, Boipelo Madonsela, know the meaning of plagiarism and declare that all the work in the document, save for that which is properly acknowledged, is my own. This dissertation has been submitted to the Turnitin module and I confirm that my supervisor has seen my report and any concerns revealed by such have been resolved with my supervisor. Signed: Date: October 2018 Using a diagnostic indicator assessment to understand sustainability transitions towards Water Sensitive Urban Design in the City of Cape Town ii Acknowledgements To my supervisor Dr Kirsty Carden, you have provided me unending support, patience and motivation throughout my Masters research. The knowledge and advice you have shared with me is much valued and priceless. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude towards you. I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to Stef Koop and Professor Kees Van Leeuwen, from the KWR Watercycle Research Institute, for the support and guidance you offered me while I carried out the City Blueprint Approach. Your enthusiasm and constant willingness to help is truly inspiring. This research would not have been successful without the invaluable knowledge shared from the interviewed respondents. I would like to thank all those who were willing to sacrifice their time for interviews. I am greatly thankful to JG Afrika for affording me the opportunity to pursue my Master’s degree by funding my studies. I would also like to acknowledge that this project was also partially funded by the South African Water Research Commission (WRC) as part of Project K5/2413 – Development and management of a Water Sensitive Design Community of Practice programme. Your contributions have been incredibly helpful. To my friends I am truly thankful for the unwavering support and the comfort you offered during the stressful times. Mat and Qush, embarking on this master’s journey with you has truly been a blessing, thank you for the pick-me-ups and support. To my Future Water colleagues, sharing a work space with you and getting to know you all has been a pleasure. Thank you for the advice, encouragement and comfort you offered me. Our light-hearted chats always left me feeling a little less stressed and refreshed – most times that’s all I needed to get through a tough day. This accomplishment would not have been possible without my family, especially my parents. Words cannot express how appreciative I am for all the sacrifices you have made on my behalf. Thank you for the unfailing support and encouragement you have offered me through my studies. Using a diagnostic indicator assessment to understand sustainability transitions towards Water Sensitive Urban Design in the City of Cape Town iii Abstract Cities globally are progressively becoming hotspots for water related risk and disaster mainly as a result of the cumulative effects of rapid urbanisation, population growth and the impacts of climate change. South African cities in particular are faced with the dual challenges of meeting demand for scarce water resources, as well as mitigating urban flooding. A shift towards adaptive and sustainable approaches has been proposed in order to address these complexities whilst ensuring the satisfactory delivery of water services to citizens. To support this change, local authorities are tasked with restructuring policy to include climate change adaptation strategies in order to adapt more adequately and proactively. In this regard, Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) has gained importance in terms of guiding cities around the world in transitioning towards becoming water sensitive. WSUD aims to ensure that urban planning and design is undertaken in an interdisciplinary way and minimises the hydrological impacts of development on the surrounding environment. Sustainability transitions literature recognises that infrastructure and technologies are highly intertwined with institutional structures, regulations and social practices. For this reason, transitions towards sustainability-oriented technologies typically involve significant changes along assorted dimensions of the socio-technical system. Accordingly, this project aims to understand and identify the fundamental institutional conditions necessary to support a transition towards WSUD, using the City of Cape Town (CoCT) as a case study site. In order to achieve this aim, the City Blueprint Approach (CBA) was applied to the CoCT based on in-depth interviews and publicly available data. The CBA was developed by the KWR Watercycle Research Institute in cooperation with Utrecht University, The Netherlands and has been tested on various cities globally. It is a set of diagnostic indicator tools comprising the Trends and Pressures Framework, the City Blueprint Framework and the Governance Capacity Framework. The CBA assessment was followed by a thematic analysis to understand the context of transitions to a WSUD approach in Cape Town. The results of the research indicate that the CoCT has had some success in its efforts related to the sustainable management of water resources through the implementation of policy, action plans and a range of learning opportunities for city officials and local stakeholders. Despite these efforts however, issues of financial viability, implementing capacity and political will have hindered progression towards WSUD in the City. In conclusion, the research has emphasised that sustainable water management and a transition towards a WSUD approach requires more than just redesigned infrastructure; it has also highlighted the different institutional aspects that make transitioning towards WSUD possible both in Cape Town, as well as for other cities in developing countries with similar socio-economic contexts to South Africa. Using a diagnostic indicator assessment to understand sustainability transitions towards Water Sensitive Urban Design in the City of Cape Town iv Acronyms BCI Blue City Index CBA City Blueprint Approach CBF City Blueprint Framework CoCT City of Cape Town CoP Communities of Practice DMA District Metered Area DRMC Disaster Risk Management Centre DWS Department of Water and Sanitation FPRCMP Flood Plain and River Corridor Management Policy GCF Governance Capacity Framework GoSP Genius of Space Project IDP Integrated Development Plan IWA International Water Association IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management MIR Market Intelligence Report MLD Mega Litres per Day MLP Multi-Level Perspective MSDF Municipal Spatial Development Framework MUSIP Management of Urban Stormwater Impacts Policy NWRS National Water Resources Strategy NWSA National Water Services Act SA South Africa SuDS Sustainable Drainage Systems SNM Strategic Niche Management SUWM Sustainable Urban Water Management TM Transitions Management TPF Trends and Pressures Framework UCT University of Cape Town UNCED United Nations Conference on Environmental Development UWMTF Urban Water Management Transitions Framework WC Western Cape WCG Western Cape Government WC/WDM Water Conservation Water Demand Management WCWSS Western Cape Water Supply System WSA Water Services Authority WSC Water Sensitive Cities WSDP Water Services Development Plan WSP Water Services Provider WSUD Water Sensitive Urban Design WWT Waste Water Treatment 100RC 100 Resilient Cities Using a diagnostic indicator assessment to understand sustainability transitions towards Water Sensitive Urban Design in the City of Cape Town v Table of Contents Plagiarism Declaration i Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii Acronyms iv List of figures viii List of tables ix List of appendices x Chapter 1 - Introduction 1 1 Background and purpose 1 Chapter 2 – Literature review 5 2 Introduction 5 2.1 Water management in cities 5 2.1.1 Transitioning towards a Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) approach – The Urban Water Management Transitions Framework 11 2.1.2 Transitioning to Water Sensitive Urban Design in South Africa 13 2.2 Sustainability transitions 15 2.2.1 Strategic Niche Management (SNM) 15 2.2.2 Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) 17 2.2.3 Transitions Management (TM) 18 2.2.4 Social networks and learning 20 2.3 Sustainability assessments 22 2.3.1 Sustainability Assessments in urban water management 26 2.4 Conclusion 27 Chapter 3 – Contextual Analysis 28 3 Introduction 28 3.1 Water management in the City of Cape Town 28 3.2 City of Cape Town water crisis, 2015 - 2018 29 3.3 Policy, legislation and strategies underpinning water management in the City of Cape Town 32 3.4 Conclusion 37 Chapter 4 – Research Methods 38 4 Introduction 38 4.1 Research design 38 4.2 Limitations and context of research 41 4.2.1 Ethical considerations 42 4.3 Objective 1 – To understand how Cape Town’s urban water cycle is managed 42 Using a diagnostic indicator assessment to understand sustainability transitions towards Water Sensitive
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