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Idėjų Istoriografijos Gimimas: Arthur Oncken Lovejoy

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Idėjų Istoriografijos Gimimas: Arthur Oncken Lovejoy AIVARAS STEPUKONIS Gauta 2005-04-25 AIVARAS STEPUKONIS Kultûros, filosofijos ir meno institutas IDËJØ ISTORIOGRAFIJOS GIMIMAS: ARTHUR ONCKEN LOVEJOY The Birth of the Historiography of Ideas: Arthur Oncken Lovejoy SUMMARY The introductory part of the article presents an account of the formative period of the historiography of ideas in which the historical beginnings and later developments of the discipline are discussed. The introductory part is followed by an analysis of the studies of one of the most renowned Western histo- riographers, Arthur Oncken Lovejoy, with special notice being paid to the methodological aspects of these studies. The three main themes under scrutiny are as follows: (1) the idea as the object of a his- toriographic study; (2) the methods of historiography in a practical and theoretical perspective, and (3) points of divergence between historiography and philosophy. IÐTAKOS IR PLËTOTËS Pasakymas idëjø istorija Vakarø Giambattista Vico (16681744) savo Nau- mokslinëje raðtijoje pasëtas filosofijos is- jàjá mokslà apie bendràjà tautø prigimtá torijà tyrinëjusiam pastoriui ið Augsbur- (1725) laikë savotiðka idëjø istorija (la go Johannui Jakobui Bruckeriui (1696 storia delle idee). Anot Vico, ði istorija 1770) iðleidus Historia doctrina de ideis prasidëjo ne filosofams pirmàsyk susi- (Mokymo apie idëjas istorija, 1723), kurio- màsèius [riflettere] apie þmoniø idëjas1, je iðdëstyta istorinë platoniðkøjø idëjø o pirmykðèiams þmonëms apskritai apþvalga. Kaip tik Bruckerá turëdamas ëmus galvoti þmogiðkai [umanamente galvoje neapolietis retorikos profesorius pensare]. Trumpai tariant, idëjø istorijos RAKTAÞODÞIAI. Istoriografijos metodologija, idëjø istoriografija, filosofija. KEYWORDS. The methodology of historiography, the historiography of ideas, philosophy. 130 LOGOS 42 2005 BALANDIS BIRÞELIS MOKSLINË MINTIS pradþia ne Platonas, o mitas ir poezi- heyaus kûryboje, kurioje gyvenamasis ja. Ásidëmëtina, jog nuostata minties pa- þmogaus pasaulis (Lebenswelt) vaizduo- saulá tyrinëti plaèiàja to þodþio prasme, jamas kaip sudëtingas ávairiausiø insti- neapsiribojant ne tik akademine filosofi- tuciniø, kalbiniø, doroviniø, vertybiniø, ja, bet ir filosofija apskritai, idëjø isto- meniniø bei kitokiø reikðmiø laukas, ku- riografijoje lieka gyvybinga ligi ðiolei. rá iðnarplioti ir ið naujo iðgyventi (na- Bruckerá minëjo ir prancûzø eklektinës cherleben) galima tik pasitelkus þmogið- filosofijos mokyklos steigëjas Victoras kàjá supratimà (Verstehen), o eksperi- Cousinas (17921867), netaupæs pagyrø mentiniams gamtos mokslø metodams ilgai idëjø istorijos tradicijai, kurià jis ðis prasminis laukas yra ið principo ne- siejo su ankstyvuoju vokieèiø eklekticiz- pasiekiamas5. Dar vienà idëjø istorijos mu, o patá Bruckerá vadino filosofijos is- atmainà aptinkame Friedricho Meinec- torijos tëvu2. Kitas to paties laikotarpio kes (18621954) raðtuose. Didþioji Mei- prancûzø eklektikas, itin domëjæsis idë- neckes istoriniø tyrimø dalis skirta po- jø istorija, Jean-Louis-Eugéneas Lermi- litinëms idëjoms, taèiau paèià tyrimø nier (18031857) pabrëþë istoriná ben- kryptá jis apibûdino platesniu idëjø is- druomeniná idëjø tvarumà: Idëjos ne- torijos (Ideengeschichte) terminu6. Mai- praranda savo reikðmës keièiantis am- nekiðkoji idëjø istorijos samprata pada- þiams, ir kuo jos stipresnës, kuo plaèiau rë didelæ átakà iðtisai pokario vokieèiø pasklidusios kuriuo nors laikotarpiu, tuo istorijos tyrëjø kartai, kurie gilinosi á de- lëèiau iðnyksta ir uþleidþia vietà kitoms mokratijos þlugimo prieþastis tarpukario ið jø iðsirutuliojanèioms idëjoms3. Ðiuos Vokietijoje. Su idëjø istorija glaudþiai þodþius Lerminier iðtarë nagrinëdamas susijusi Ernsto Cassirerio (18741945) ðvieèiamuoju laikotarpiu itin puoselëtos simboliniø formø filosofija7 bei kitø po- vienos ið esminiø idëjø þmoniðkumo kantininkø pastangos iðplëtoti savità hu- átakà restauracinës Prancûzijos teisës sis- manitariniø mokslø metodologijà sekant temai bei socialinei politikai. Diltheyaus pavyzdþiu. Vokietijoje idëjø istorijà aptarë filoso- Be minëtøjø, Vokietijoje ávardytinos fas ir psichologas Friedrichas Augustas dar dvi idëjø istoriografijos tradicijos. Carusas (17701807) gvildendamas senà Tai ikonologijos mokykla, kuri grei- eklektinæ prielaidà, kad idëjø istorija èiau dël formos negu dël turinio pri- privalanti apraðyti ne tik iðmintá, logikà skiriama dailës istoriografijai. O ðtai bei grynàsias idëjas (reine Ideen), bet ir apie kità vokiðkàjà idëjø istoriografijos proto klaidas. Wilhelmas von Humbold- atmainà dar nesu kalbëjæs. Tai þinojimo tas (17671835) idëjø istorijà laikë vienu sociologija, kurios tikrieji pradininkai ið istoriko uþdaviniø, kurie apima vi- buvo socialinës pakraipos filosofai Ma- sus laikinosios veiklos pavidalus bei vi- xas Scheleris (18751928) ir Karlas Man- sas amþinøjø idëjø iðraiðkas4. Senosios, nheimas (18931947), nors kai kuriuos brukeriðkosios idëjø istorijos atðvaitai opius þinojimo sociologijos klausimus nesunkiai áþiûrimi ir Wilhelmo Dilt- gana aiðkiai ir pranaðiðkai buvo anks- LOGOS 42 131 2005 BALANDIS BIRÞELIS AIVARAS STEPUKONIS èiau apibrëþæ tokie màstytojai kaip aptarsiu nuodugniau, buvo vienas kûry- Friedrichas Nietzsche8, Karlas Marxas ir bingiausiø klubo steigëjø ir nestygstan- Friedrichas Engelsas9. Tiek Scheleris, èiø jo veiklos strategø. 1940 m. drauge tiek Mannheimas domëjosi dësniais, pa- su Philipu Wieneriu (vëliau redagavu- gal kuriuos Vakarø istorijoje ávairiausi siu Hajime Nakamuros Ways of Thinking minties pavidalai santykiavo su pagrin- of Eastern Peoples) Lovejoyus pradëjo dinëmis visuomeninëmis sàrangomis leisti þurnalà Journal of the History of Ide- valstybe, baþnyèia, ûkiu. Maxo Schele- as, kuris nuo pirmøjø gyvavimo dienø rio tyrimai krypo á bendresnæ paþintinæ ligi ðiol gausiø ir energingø Idëjø isto- problematikà, jam rûpëjo ontologiniai rijos klubo nariø13 pastangomis sëkmin- idëjø ir realijø sàveikos ypatumai10. O gai vykdo idëjø istorijos misijà sukurti Mannheimas atstovavo ideologinei þino- kuo erdvesná tarpdalykiniø (interdiscip- jimo sociologijos ðakai, kuri gvildeno linary) ir visadalykiniø (pandisciplinary) klaidingos sàmonës apraiðkas, tai yra tyrimø laukà. màstymo tipus, kurie formuojasi uþda- Ðalia amerikinës idëjø istoriografijos roje socialinëje erdvëje ginant ar mëgi- tradicijos pokario metais þvaliai reiðkë- nant patenkinti tam tikrus, daþniausiai si dar dvi europinës. Vokietijoje ir gero- politinius siekius11. kai uþ jos ribø Reinhartui Kosseleckui, Jungtinëse Amerikos Valstijose idëjø Joachimui Ritteriui, Rolfui Reichardtui ir istorija itin susidomëta pirmaisiais XX kitiems pavyko iðpopuliarinti vadina- amþiaus deðimtmeèiais. Ið pradþiø uo- màjà sàvokø istorijà (Begriffsgeschich- liausi idëjø istorijos tyrëjai buvo filoso- te)14. Sumanymo uþmojai tiesiog mil- fai, vëliau ásitraukë kitø humanitariniø þiniðki. Dauguma jø nesutelpa á penkis, bei visuomenës mokslø atstovai. 1918, kai kurie á deðimtá tomø. Sàvokø isto- 1925 ir 1935 m. Kolumbijos universite- riografijos tikslas sudaryti iðsamius to Filosofijos katedros darbuotojai pa- politiniø, visuomeniniø, taip pat filoso- rengë ir iðleido straipsniø rinktines ben- finiø, estetiniø, retoriniø bei teologiniø dru pavadinimu Studies in the History of sàvokø istorinës vartosenos þodynus. Is- Ideas (Idëjø istorijos tyrimai). Ðia leidybi- toriðkai nagrinëjama ne pavieniø raðy- ne programa uþsibrëþtas uþdavinys tojø, tekstø, mokyklø, tradicijø, argu- skatinti tyrimus ir lavinti istorinæ vaiz- mentacijø, màstysenø, ideologijø, o at- duotæ ... platesniame tyrimø lauke [ne- skirø sàvokø raida. Viena vertus, pasi- gu filosofija], kuriame atrodo, kad idë- rinktø politiniø arba filosofiniø sàvokø jos turi istorijà12. Kitas guvus, jei ne gu- þodynai nepaverèiami perdëm savaran- viausias, idëjø istoriografijos þidinys tiek kiðkais, nuo faktinës þmoniø elgsenos Jungtinëse Valstijose, tiek Vakarø pasau- atitrûkusiais dariniais, nuolatos atsiþvel- lyje tai 1923 m. prie Dþonso Hopkin- giama á istoriná socialiná kontekstà. An- so universiteto ásteigtas Idëjø istorijos tra vertus, tokie þodynai beatodairiðkai klubas. Arthuras Onckenas Lovejoyus nesociologizuojami, nekildinami ið (18731962), kurio paþiûras netrukus ideologijos, klasinës padëties arba 132 LOGOS 42 2005 BALANDIS BIRÞELIS MOKSLINË MINTIS valdanèiøjø sluoksniø këslø. Tiriama, 1966), kuriame nagrinëjama, kokia bu- kaip tam tikra sàvoka, tam tikra kalbi- vo XVIXVIII amþiais mokslinë kalbëse- në forma kito priklausomai nuo istori- na, kaip ji kito, savo þanru giminingi nio laikotarpio, politiniø paþiûrø, visuo- kuopiniø màstysenø istoriografijai. Visa- meninio sluoksnio, asmens savybiø. Sà- me pasaulyje gerai þinomose knygose vokø istoriografija savo tyrimais aprëpia Folie et déraison (Beprotybë ir neprotingu- laikotarpá nuo XVI iki XX amþiaus. Kol mas, 1961), Naissance de la clinique: une kas sudarinëjami nacionaliniai þodynai: archéologie du regard médical (Klinikos gi- apraðomos ir sisteminamos vokieèiø, mimas: medicininio poþiûrio archeologija, prancûzø, taip pat vengrø, olandø, da- 1963), Surveillir et punir: naissance de la nø, suomiø, ðvedø, dabartinës Kinijos prison (Priþiûrëti ir bausti. Kalëjimo gimi- politiniø bei kitokiø sàvokø vartosenos. mas, 1975)18, trijø tomø Histoire de la se- Paraðius tautines sàvokø istorijas, spe- xualité (Seksualumo istorija, 19761984)19 cializuotø þodynø istoriografijas bus ga- Foucault dëmesá sutelkia ne á paèias lima gvildenti lyginamuoju poþiûriu. ástaigas kalëjimà, beprotnamá ar klini- Angliðkuose kraðtuose sàvokø istoriog- kà, o á vieðàsias diskusijas,
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