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A Practical Sanskrit Introductory
A Practical Sanskrit Intro ductory This print le is available from ftpftpnacaczawiknersktintropsjan Preface This course of fteen lessons is intended to lift the Englishsp eaking studentwho knows nothing of Sanskrit to the level where he can intelligently apply Monier DhatuPat ha Williams dictionary and the to the study of the scriptures The rst ve lessons cover the pronunciation of the basic Sanskrit alphab et Devanagar together with its written form in b oth and transliterated Roman ash cards are included as an aid The notes on pronunciation are largely descriptive based on mouth p osition and eort with similar English Received Pronunciation sounds oered where p ossible The next four lessons describ e vowel emb ellishments to the consonants the principles of conjunct consonants Devanagar and additions to and variations in the alphab et Lessons ten and sandhi eleven present in grid form and explain their principles in sound The next three lessons p enetrate MonierWilliams dictionary through its four levels of alphab etical order and suggest strategies for nding dicult words The artha DhatuPat ha last lesson shows the extraction of the from the and the application of this and the dictionary to the study of the scriptures In addition to the primary course the rst eleven lessons include a B section whichintro duces the student to the principles of sentence structure in this fully inected language Six declension paradigms and class conjugation in the present tense are used with a minimal vo cabulary of nineteen words In the B part of -
An Introduction to Indic Scripts
An Introduction to Indic Scripts Richard Ishida W3C [email protected] HTML version: http://www.w3.org/2002/Talks/09-ri-indic/indic-paper.html PDF version: http://www.w3.org/2002/Talks/09-ri-indic/indic-paper.pdf Introduction This paper provides an introduction to the major Indic scripts used on the Indian mainland. Those addressed in this paper include specifically Bengali, Devanagari, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu. I have used XHTML encoded in UTF-8 for the base version of this paper. Most of the XHTML file can be viewed if you are running Windows XP with all associated Indic font and rendering support, and the Arial Unicode MS font. For examples that require complex rendering in scripts not yet supported by this configuration, such as Bengali, Oriya, and Malayalam, I have used non- Unicode fonts supplied with Gamma's Unitype. To view all fonts as intended without the above you can view the PDF file whose URL is given above. Although the Indic scripts are often described as similar, there is a large amount of variation at the detailed implementation level. To provide a detailed account of how each Indic script implements particular features on a letter by letter basis would require too much time and space for the task at hand. Nevertheless, despite the detail variations, the basic mechanisms are to a large extent the same, and at the general level there is a great deal of similarity between these scripts. It is certainly possible to structure a discussion of the relevant features along the same lines for each of the scripts in the set. -
A STUDY of WRITING Oi.Uchicago.Edu Oi.Uchicago.Edu /MAAM^MA
oi.uchicago.edu A STUDY OF WRITING oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu /MAAM^MA. A STUDY OF "*?• ,fii WRITING REVISED EDITION I. J. GELB Phoenix Books THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS oi.uchicago.edu This book is also available in a clothbound edition from THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TO THE MOKSTADS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO & LONDON The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada Copyright 1952 in the International Copyright Union. All rights reserved. Published 1952. Second Edition 1963. First Phoenix Impression 1963. Printed in the United States of America oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE HE book contains twelve chapters, but it can be broken up structurally into five parts. First, the place of writing among the various systems of human inter communication is discussed. This is followed by four Tchapters devoted to the descriptive and comparative treatment of the various types of writing in the world. The sixth chapter deals with the evolution of writing from the earliest stages of picture writing to a full alphabet. The next four chapters deal with general problems, such as the future of writing and the relationship of writing to speech, art, and religion. Of the two final chapters, one contains the first attempt to establish a full terminology of writing, the other an extensive bibliography. The aim of this study is to lay a foundation for a new science of writing which might be called grammatology. While the general histories of writing treat individual writings mainly from a descriptive-historical point of view, the new science attempts to establish general principles governing the use and evolution of writing on a comparative-typological basis. -
Transliteration of <Script Name>
Transliteration of Bengali, Assamese & Manipuri 1/5 BENGALI, ASSAMESE & MANIPURI Script: Bengali* ISO 15919 UN ALA-LC 2001(1.0) 1977(2.0) 1997(3.0) Vowels অ ◌ a a a আ ◌া ā ā ā ই ি◌ i i i ঈ ◌ী ī ī ī উ ◌ু u u u ঊ ◌ূ ū ū ū ঋ ◌ৃ r̥ ṛ r̥ ৠ ◌ৄ r̥̄ — r̥̄ ঌ ◌ৢ l̥ — l̥ ৡ ◌ৣ A l̥ ̄ — — এ ে◌ e(1.1) e e ঐ ৈ◌ ai ai ai ও ে◌া o(1.1) o o ঔ ে◌ৗ au au au অ�া a:yā — — Nasalizations ◌ং anunāsika ṁ(1.2) ṁ ṃ ◌ঁ candrabindu m̐ (1.2) m̐ n̐, m̐ (3.1) Miscellaneous ◌ঃ bisarga ḥ ḥ ḥ ◌্ hasanta vowelless vowelless vowelless (1.3) ঽ abagraha Ⓑ :’ — ’ ৺ isshara — — — Consonants ক ka ka ka খ kha kha kha গ ga ga ga ঘ gha gha gha ঙ ṅa ṅa ṅa চ ca cha ca ছ cha chha cha জ ja ja ja ঝ jha jha jha ঞ ña ña ña ট ṭa ṭa ṭa ঠ ṭha ṭha ṭha ড ḍa ḍa ḍa ঢ ḍha ḍha ḍha ণ ṇa ṇa ṇa ত ta ta ta Thomas T. Pedersen – transliteration.eki.ee Rev. 2, 2005-07-21 Transliteration of Bengali, Assamese & Manipuri 2/5 ISO 15919 UN ALA-LC 2001(1.0) 1977(2.0) 1997(3.0) থ tha tha tha দ da da da ধ dha dha dha ন na na na প pa pa pa ফ pha pha pha ব ba ba ba(3.2) ভ bha bha bha ম ma ma ma য ya ja̱ ya র ⒷⓂ ra ra ra ৰ Ⓐ ra ra ra ল la la la ৱ ⒶⓂ va va wa শ śa sha śa ষ ṣa ṣha sha স sa sa sa হ ha ha ha ড় ṛa ṙa ṛa ঢ় ṛha ṙha ṛha য় ẏa ya ẏa জ় za — — ব় wa — — ক় Ⓑ qa — — খ় Ⓑ k̲h̲a — — গ় Ⓑ ġa — — ফ় Ⓑ fa — — Adscript consonants ◌� ya-phala -ya(1.4) -ya ẏa ৎ khanda-ta -t -t ṯa ◌� repha r- r- r- ◌� baphala -b -b -b ◌� raphala -r -r -r Vowel ligatures (conjuncts)C � gu � ru � rū � Ⓐ ru � rū � śu � hr̥ � hu � tru � trū � ntu � lgu Thomas T. -
The Formal Kharoṣṭhī Script from the Northern Tarim Basin in Northwest
Acta Orientalia Hung. 73 (2020) 3, 335–373 DOI: 10.1556/062.2020.00015 Th e Formal Kharoṣṭhī script from the Northern Tarim Basin in Northwest China may write an Iranian language1 FEDERICO DRAGONI, NIELS SCHOUBBEN and MICHAËL PEYROT* L eiden University Centre for Linguistics, Universiteit Leiden, Postbus 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, Th e Netherlands E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; *Corr esponding Author: [email protected] Received: February 13, 2020 •Accepted: May 25, 2020 © 2020 The Authors ABSTRACT Building on collaborative work with Stefan Baums, Ching Chao-jung, Hannes Fellner and Georges-Jean Pinault during a workshop at Leiden University in September 2019, tentative readings are presented from a manuscript folio (T II T 48) from the Northern Tarim Basin in Northwest China written in the thus far undeciphered Formal Kharoṣṭhī script. Unlike earlier scholarly proposals, the language of this folio can- not be Tocharian, nor can it be Sanskrit or Middle Indic (Gāndhārī). Instead, it is proposed that the folio is written in an Iranian language of the Khotanese-Tumšuqese type. Several readings are proposed, but a full transcription, let alone a full translation, is not possible at this point, and the results must consequently remain provisional. KEYWORDS Kharoṣṭhī, Formal Kharoṣṭhī, Khotanese, Tumšuqese, Iranian, Tarim Basin 1 We are grateful to Stefan Baums, Chams Bernard, Ching Chao-jung, Doug Hitch, Georges-Jean Pinault and Nicholas Sims-Williams for very helpful discussions and comments on an earlier draft. We also thank the two peer-reviewers of the manuscript. One of them, Richard Salomon, did not wish to remain anonymous, and espe- cially his observation on the possible relevance of Khotan Kharoṣṭhī has proved very useful. -
Draft Screening Assessment
Screening Asse ssment for the Challenge Phenol, (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methoxy- (Butylated hydroxyanisole) Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 25013-16-5 Environment Canada Health Canada July 2010 Screening Assessment CAS RN 25013-16-5 Synopsis The Ministers of the Environment and of Health have conducted a screening assessment of phenol, (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methoxy- (also known as butylated hydroxyanisole or BHA), Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 25013-16-5. The substance BHA was identified in the categorization of the Domestic Substances List as a high priority for action under the Challenge, as it was determined to present intermediate potential for exposure of individuals in Canada and was considered to present a high hazard to human health, based upon classification by other agencies on the basis of carcinogenicity. The substance did not meet the ecological categorization criteria for persistence, bioaccumulation or inherent toxicity to aquatic organisms. Therefore, this assessment focuses principally upon information relevant to the evaluation of risks to human health. According to information reported in response to a notice published under section 71 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA 1999), no BHA was manufactured in Canada in 2006 at quantities equal to or greater than the reporting threshold of 100 kg. However, between 100 and 1000 kg of BHA was imported into Canada, while between 1000 and 10 000 kg of BHA was used in Canada alone, in a product, in a mixture or in a manufactured item. BHA is permitted for use in Canada as an antioxidant in food. In fats and fat-containing foods, BHA delays the deterioration of flavours and odours and substantially increases the shelf life. -
Designing Devanagari Type
Designing Devanagari type The effect of technological restrictions on current practice Kinnat Sóley Lydon BA degree final project Iceland Academy of the Arts Department of Design and Architecture Designing Devanagari type: The effect of technological restrictions on current practice Kinnat Sóley Lydon Final project for a BA degree in graphic design Advisor: Gunnar Vilhjálmsson Graphic design Department of Design and Architecture December 2015 This thesis is a 6 ECTS final project for a Bachelor of Arts degree in graphic design. No part of this thesis may be reproduced in any form without the express consent of the author. Abstract This thesis explores the current process of designing typefaces for Devanagari, a script used to write several languages in India and Nepal. The typographical needs of the script have been insufficiently met through history and many Devanagari typefaces are poorly designed. As the various printing technologies available through the centuries have had drastic effects on the design of Devanagari, the thesis begins with an exploration of the printing history of the script. Through this exploration it is possible to understand which design elements constitute the script, and which ones are simply legacies of older technologies. Following the historic overview, the character set and unique behavior of the script is introduced. The typographical anatomy is analyzed, while pointing out specific design elements of the script. Although recent years has seen a rise of interest on the subject of Devanagari type design, literature on the topic remains sparse. This thesis references books and articles from a wide scope, relying heavily on the works of Fiona Ross and her extensive research on non-Latin typography. -
3 Writing Systems
Writing Systems 43 3 Writing Systems PETER T. DANIELS Chapters on writing systems are very rare in surveys of linguistics – Trager (1974) and Mountford (1990) are the only ones that come to mind. For a cen- tury or so – since the realization that unwritten languages are as legitimate a field of study, and perhaps a more important one, than the world’s handful of literary languages – writing systems were (rightly) seen as secondary to phonological systems and (wrongly) set aside as unworthy of study or at best irrelevant to spoken language. The one exception was I. J. Gelb’s attempt (1952, reissued with additions and corrections 1963) to create a theory of writ- ing informed by the linguistics of his time. Gelb said that what he wrote was meant to be the first word, not the last word, on the subject, but no successors appeared until after his death in 1985.1 Although there have been few lin- guistic explorations of writing, a number of encyclopedic compilations have appeared, concerned largely with the historical development and diffusion of writing,2 though various popularizations, both new and old, tend to be less than accurate (Daniels 2000). Daniels and Bright (1996; The World’s Writing Systems: hereafter WWS) includes theoretical and historical materials but is primarily descriptive, providing for most contemporary and some earlier scripts information (not previously gathered together) on how they represent (the sounds of) the languages they record. This chapter begins with a historical-descriptive survey of the world’s writ- ing systems, and elements of a theory of writing follow. -
Blin Orthography: a History and an Assessment
Blin Orthography: A History and an Assessment Paul D. Fallon University of Mary Washington 1.Introduction1 Blin2 is a Central Cushitic language spoken by an estimated 90,000 in Eritrea, concentrated in the ‘Anseba region around Keren. Blin speakers comprise roughly 2% of the Eritrean population, and Blin is one of nine national languages in Eritrea. Most speakers are bilingual in the Semitic languages Tigrinya or Tigre, and many know Amharic, Arabic, and/or English as well. Abbebe (2001) is an excellent assessment of Blin language vitality and sociolinguistics. The language policy of the Eritrean government is to encourage mother-tongue education for native speakers of each of its nine ethnolinguistic groups through primary school (Chefena, Kroon and Walters 1999). When this was implemented for the Blin in 1997, the government provided Blin curricular materials in the language using a new Roman-based alphabet. This overturned a 110-year tradition of writing Blin in Ethiopic script. This paper will focus on the history of writing in Blin, and examine the linguistic and sociolinguistic factors of each writing system. For more on language planning in Blin in general, see Fallon (2006). Before proceeding, I will adopt the following definitions from Daniels (2001). An alphabet is a writing system “in which each character stands for a consonant or a vowel” (44). A syllabary is a system “in which each character stands for a syllable” (43), in contrast to the system used in Ethiopian Semitic languages, an abugida, “in which each character stands for a consonant accompanied by a particular vowel, usually /a/, and other vowels (or no vowel) are indicated by consistent additions to the consonant symbols” (44). -
Guide to Sanskrit Pronunciation There Is an Audio Companion to This You Document, in Which Can Hear These Words Pronounced
Guide to Sanskrit Pronunciation There is an audio companion to this you document, in which can hear these words pronounced. It AnandaYoga.org is available at . Tips a nd Tec hniques When a Sanskrit word is written using s, English letter it is transliteration called . Since the set of vowels and consonants in Sanskrit are different from those of English, reading transliterated Sanskrit can be a challenge. The following tips and techniques p will hel you read transliterated Sanskrit, and help you get an idea of how it should be pronounced. Before y ou b egin It is very useful to take a moment and clear your mind of any notions of how to pronounce a transliterated Sanskrit t word. Jus focus on the word in front of you and try not to lengthen vowels or stress a syllable based on past habits or other influences. Tip 1: Kn ow t he l ong a nd s hort v owel sounds In English, a vowel sound can either be short (e.g. foot) or long (e.g. cool). Sanskrit also short has and long vowel . sounds The problem is, it is hard to find out just by looking at the spelling, which vowel s is long and which one i short. Let’s take an example: a yoga posture is called ‘asana’ in Sanskrit. If you make the second ‘a’ long, then it becomes ‘a-‐saa-‐na’, which is incorrect. If you ’ make the first ‘a long, then it becomes ‘aa-‐sa-‐ na’, which is correct. In this document, we will write long vowels , using uppercase letters and short vowels using lower-‐case letters. -
Punjabi Indic Input 3 - User Guide
Punjabi Indic Input 3 - User Guide Contents 1. WHAT IS PUNJABI INDIC INPUT 3? ............................................................................................................................................ 2 1.1. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2. APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 2. TO INSTALL PUNJABI INDIC INPUT 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 2 3. TO USE PUNJABI INDIC INPUT 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 2 4. SUPPORTED KEYBOARDS .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 4.1. PUNJABI TRANSLITERATION ............................................................................................................................................................. 3 4.1.1. Keyboard Rules ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 4.2. PUNJABI TYPEWRITER .................................................................................................................................................................... -
Hindi Indic Input 3 - User Guide
Hindi Indic Input 3 - User Guide Contents 1. WHAT IS HINDI INDIC INPUT 3? ................................................................................................................................................. 2 1.1. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 2 2. TO INSTALL HINDI INDIC INPUT 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 2 3. TO USE HINDI INDIC INPUT 3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 4. SUPPORTED KEYBOARDS .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 4.1. HINDI TRANSLITERATION .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 4.1.1. Keyboard Rules ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 4.2. HINDI REMINGTON (GAIL)......................................................................................................................................................