Nguyen, Duong, Matthews, and Du, 2015 Aroids germplasm conserved at Plant Resources ...
Aroids germplasm conserved at Plant Resources Center: Past-Present and Future
Nguyen Van Kien*1, Duong Thi Hanh Plant Resources Center An Khanh Hoia Duc Ha Noi, Vietnam
Peter Matthews National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, Japan
Nguyen Van Du Institute for Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi, Vietnam
* Corresponding Author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Resources Center (former Plant Genetic Economic aroids are likely to have an Resources Center) is a focal point of the increasingly important role in food security National Plant Genetic Resources and agro-biodiversity. Vietnam is located conservation network in Vietnam and has within the Southeast Asian region that conducted field surveys, collecting missions, appears to be a cradle of origin for aroid and conservation efforts for economic crop species. Aroids have had long cultural aroids and related knowledge in Vietnam. and economic history among the diverse We will introduce the previous history, ethnic communities within Vietnam. There study, and utilisation of aroid collections at is not only a wealth of biological diversity the Plant Resources Center. The Center among the economic aroids of Vietnam, currently maintains 600 accession of but also a wealth of local knowledge Colocasia, 100 accessions of Xanthosoma, 16 concerning the planting, care, harvest, accessions of Amorphophallus, 12 accessions storage and use of aroids. The Plant of Alocasia and more than 32 unidentified
Aroideana VOL 38E NO 1, 2015 143 Nguyen, Duong, Matthews, and Du, 2015 Aroids germplasm conserved at Plant Resources ... accessions. We will also discuss aroid food and agriculture in Vietnam. The conservation strategies for Vietnam in the Center implemented surveying, inventory, future. collecting and ex-situ/in-situ conservation, and traditional knowledge of aroid species in Vietnam. Although aroids species INTRODUCTION diversity conservation and use has achieved Vietnam is a tropical climate country, preliminary successes, constraints and located in southeast extremity of the challenges of aroid species sustainable Indochinese Peninsular, where a number conservation and use still remains. Aroids species on the world have probably Therefore, we would like to present the originated. Diversity of topography and state of aroid germplasm conservation and climate features as well as culture and social use in Vietnam to oversea colleagues better conditions of 54 ethnic groups have created understanding of our natural resources aroids species diversity and knowledge of conservation and use. them. According to famous botanist Pham Hoang Ho, there are 108 aroids species in Vietnam and Indochina. Many amongst MATERIAL AND METHODS them could be used for different purposes Materials: such as vegetable, ornamental, medicine, decorating and fodders. Today, scientific and Published books, papers on family technological development is promoting Araceae of Vietnam. new values and knowledge on aroid use, typical processing industry, functional food Previous preliminary survey and such as Konjac from Amorphophallus species collecting information/data on family and Colocasia esculenta among others,. Araceae in Plant Resources Center However, erosion and loss of aroids species diversity and knowledge of them have Data of Aroids species conservation become greater issues than before ever and use in Plant Resources Center because of human kind impacts such as deforestation, transferring agricultural land into industrial land and developing facilities. Methods: Moreover, the promoting of new crop varieties has also lead to area reduction of Collecting information/data from indigenous/traditional crop varieties, official sources including aroid species. Using statistics methods for Plant Resources Center is an analyzing/ processing organization mandated for plant genetic information/data. resources conservation and their use for
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Using Diva Gis, Excel software. 11 species and one from the genus Amydrium added into their distribution in Vietnam and Indochina. All of them were RESULTS AND DISCUSSION updated into the map, yellow cross points. From an illustrated flora of Vietnam by Pham Hoang Ho, a general map on aroid Family Araceace is a familiar crop family in species location in Vietnam was developed Vietnam. Typically, in remote and marginal and regularly updated to build the ground areas with multi-used purposes from food, on research, inventory, conservation and use fodders, vegetable to ornamental and works on aroids crops in Vietnam. decorating. Amongst them taro is second ranked to rice in use by ethnic minorities of On the map it may be seen that aroid Vietnam for a longtime. Furthermore, there species are distributed over Vietnam from are some species as Colocasia esculenta, swamp, mountain, plains and islands areas Xanthosoma, Amorphophallus sp. and Alocasia in both of North and South regions. sp. which are the staple food sources of the Moreover, according to recently statistics, ethnic minorities. there are 38 new aroids species discovered in Indochina during 1995–2009, of which From 1991 to date, there were 3 there are 28 species discovered in Vietnam, milestones in activities of aroid species 8 species discovered in Lao and 2 species conservation and use in PRC as follow: discovered in Cambodia. Moreover, there are now records of 29 species distribution During 1991–1995: National Root in Indochina, including 15 originated Crops Program sponsored by CIP, species in China, 10 originated species in IDRC, CIAT, IPGRI Thailand, 2 originated species in Myanmar and 1 originated species in Indonesia, During 2000–2003: TANSAO project respectively. Three of the most sponsored by EU scientifically-studied 24 genera are Typhonium, Amorphophallus and Arisaema, During 2007–2013: National crop with 12 species, 10 species and 4 species, germplasm collecting program respectively. Some of aroids genera are new surrounding Son La hydraulic power their distribution in Indochina, the widest plant works sponsored by MOST and distribution is the genus Arisaema including national breeding project by MARD.
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Table 1: Edible aroid species component and quantity collected in 3 important periods No Time Number of Number Distribution areas collected of accessions species 1 1991–1995 402 39 Northeast, Northwest, Red river Delta, Central North, Central South, highland, Mekong river delta, Southeast. 2 2000–2003 399 10 Northeast, Northwest, Red river delta, 3 2007–2013 450 12 Northeast, Northwest,
However during three of these periods, species collection is focused on edible and the number of collected accessions and major aroids species such as Colocasia collected species were also gradually esculenta, Xanthosoma, Amorphophallus, decreased. The reason for this could be Alocasia. Currently, Plant Resource Center explained that inventory/collecting ranges conserved edible and majority aroid crop was made more and more narrow from such as Colocasia sp, Xanthosoma sp, whole country, to North Vietnam, and Amorphophallus sp, Alocasia sp and data is finally Northeast/Northwest. Moreover, presented in table 2
Table 2: State of edible aroid species conservation and use at Plant Resources Center No Name Collections Accessions Documentation/data Maintained type number 1 Colocasia esculenta 650 650 Field, near in-situ and in- vitro 2 Xanthosoma 100 100 Field 3 Amorphophallus sp 16 20 Field 4 Alocasia sp 12 24 Field 5 Other 31 32 Field
On table 2, edible and major aroid crops in taro varieties that are difficult to were concentrated on collecting, maintaining on the field. The distribution of maintaining on the field as well as the aroids germplasm is also mapped out describing, evaluating and documenting. In and presented on map 2. addition to researches on in-situ conservation and in-vitro is also carried out
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On the map, conserved edible aroid crops Major aroid species (Colocasia esculenta, at PRC are distributed alternately with Xanthosoma, Amorphophallus sp. and Alocasia) various root and tuber crops. Almost of were distributed in all agro-ecological them were collected in North region with regions of Vietnam. Before this our diversity of edible aroid species but in researches/reports were analyzed for South region there are some collected diversity indicators in population, species Xanthosoma and Amorphophallus species levels by morphology and molecular maintained until today. This could be data..On the other hand, used purposes of explained that ecological difference is aroid species is an issue of great interest. impacted strongly to results of conserving Therefore, for exploitation and use in the on the field and there is some high adapted future, values of traditional use are recorded species like Xanthosoma, Amorphophallus. and presented in table 3.
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Figure 1. Map of aroid species appeared sites in Vietnam
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Figure 2. Map of distribution of Aroid species conserved at Plant Resources Center
Table 3: Ethnobotany on Aroid species use in Vietnam No Used purposes Used parts Significantly species 1 Food Tubers Colocasia esculenta, Xanthosoma, 2 Feed Tubers, leaves, Colocasia esculenta, petioles. 3 Vegetables Petioles, stolon Alocasia, Colocasia esculenta 4 Medicine Tuber, leaves, Alocasia petioles 5 Ornamental, Whole plants Caladium bicolor, decorating
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From recorded information and data base and in natural conditions so that it is during inventory, collecting activities, not persuasive and convincing. Thus indigenous knowledge and ethnobotany indigenous knowledge and ethnobotany system were collected, combined and systems need more research on a scientific composed for conservation and use on basis and with applied values. aroid germplasm in plant resources center and Vietnam. However, indigenous The initial results of aroid germplasm knowledge and ethnobotany system are only exploitation and utilization by Plant experienced as scattered items. They are Resources Center are presented in table 4. dispersed and without adequate scientific
Table 4: Results of exploitation and utilization on conserved Aroid species at PRC No Name of Accession Main agro-biological traits germplasm number (Scientific name) 1 KS4- Colocasia T 3382 Plant is low and strong, 40–60 cm height. esculenta var Thick leaves, light purple petiole in base. antiquum Corm and cormel are same size. Flesh color: white Growth duration: 100–120 days; yield: 15–20 tons/ha 2 KMN1- Colocasia 11409 Plant is high and strong, 60–120 cm height. esculenta var esculenta Thick leaves, whole purple petiole. Flesh color: yellow Growth duration: 210–240 days; yield: 25–30 tons/ha, max: 60–70 tons/ha.
In the work of conserving edible aroids information to end-users. The utilization collections on the field, Plant Resources and exploitation of conserved edible aroids Center discovered, exploited and extended crops at Plant Resources Center will be the cultivation areas of the taro varieties strengthened and improved specifically and named KS4, KMN1 for improving concretely if there are more interests and livelihood and productivity of horticulture investments from managers and policy- households. The two taro were approved by makers. For examples, these are MARD for widening cultivation areas in Amorphophallus sp, vegetable use stolon- North Vietnam. Besides, Plant Rresources bearing taro and Xanthosoma. Center annually distributed 50–100 accessions of aroids crops and relevant
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CONCLUSION Reciprocal strategy on ex-situ Edible aroids germplasm and wild species conservation and in-situ conservation relatives are abundant and rich in term of of Aroids germplasm; living materials and knowledge of them. There are more new aroids species recently Complimentary methods on safety discovered in Vietnam and added list of duplication needed on ex-situ aroid species on the world. conservation such as in-vitro or cryopreservation; Diversity of aroid species in Vietnam is being threatened by human activities such as Promoting sustainable exploitation deforestation, transferring agricultural land and use of Aroids germplasm; in to other purposes, priority policies on industrial and staple food crops A synchronous policies system on development, or indigenous knowledge awareness arising, extension missions, erosion/loss. benefit sharing;
Effort and initiated achievement of PRC Training/education on capacity for edible aroids species conservation and building and rising infra-structures use are not enough for rich and various aroid species of Vietnam. Call for international/regional/bilateral collaborations on available areas Under strictly and alternatively natural and socio-economic conditions, new approaches Inventory, collecting of Aroids on Aroid germplasm conservation and use germplasm; in Vietnam need further study and application. Conservation and diversity evaluation; RECOMMENDATION AND IMPLICATION ON POLICY Exploitation and use of Aroid Aroid germplasm conservation and use in germplasm; Vietnam is urgently and essential for maintaining agro-biodiversity and improving Study of Indigenous knowledge and sustainable livelihood and productivity of ethnobotany on aroid crops; stakeholders. Testing of tolerance and resistance National strategy on sustainable of Aroid germplasm. conservation and use of Aroids germplasm
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Pham Thi Sen & Luu Ngoc Trinh. Vietnam; We would like to thank sincerely and second country report on the state of deeply to International Aroid Society and the nation’s plant genetic resources PRC for publishing the paper as well as for food and agriculture. their efforts on root crops conservation and use in particular and agricultural and rural Plant Resources Center. National strategy development sector in general on developing science and technology of sustainable plant REFERENCES genetic resources conservation and use for food and agriculture by the Edible aroid conservation strategies. year 2015, with a vision to the year Proceeding of Global Crop Diversity 2020 ( in draft) Trust. Rome, Italy (Draft) Truong Van Ho et al. Root crops germplasm Nguyen Van Du & Vu Tien Chinh. The research in Vietnam. The international new discovery of Araceae in Vietnam Potato Center (CIP) Box 933, during last 15 years. Proceeding of Manila, Philippines, March 1995. ecological and biological resources conferences.
Pham Hoang Ho. An illustrated flora of Vietnam. Youth publishing house. 1999
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