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The EAX Mode of Operation
A preliminary version of this papers appears in Fast Software Encryption ’04, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. ?? , R. Bimal and W. Meier ed., Springer-Verlag, 2004. This is the full version. The EAX Mode of Operation (A Two-Pass Authenticated-Encryption Scheme Optimized for Simplicity and Efficiency) ∗ † ‡ M. BELLARE P. ROGAWAY D. WAGNER January 18, 2004 Abstract We propose a block-cipher mode of operation, EAX, for solving the problem of authenticated-encryption with associated-data (AEAD). Given a nonce N, a message M, and a header H, our mode protects the privacy of M and the authenticity of both M and H. Strings N, M, and H are arbitrary bit strings, and the mode uses 2|M|/n + |H|/n + |N|/n block-cipher calls when these strings are nonempty and n is the block length of the underlying block cipher. Among EAX’s characteristics are that it is on-line (the length of a message isn’t needed to begin processing it) and a fixed header can be pre-processed, effectively removing the per-message cost of binding it to the ciphertext. EAX is obtained by first creating a generic-composition method, EAX2, and then collapsing its two keys into one. EAX is provably secure under a standard complexity-theoretic assumption. The proof of this fact is novel and involved. EAX is an alternative to CCM [26], which was created to answer the wish within standards bodies for a fully-specified and patent-free AEAD mode. As such, CCM and EAX are two-pass schemes, with one pass for achieving privacy and one for authenticity. -
Key Agreement from Weak Bit Agreement
Key Agreement from Weak Bit Agreement Thomas Holenstein Department of Computer Science Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland [email protected] ABSTRACT In cryptography, much study has been devoted to find re- Assume that Alice and Bob, given an authentic channel, lations between different such assumptions and primitives. For example, Impagliazzo and Luby show in [9] that imple- have a protocol where they end up with a bit SA and SB , respectively, such that with probability 1+ε these bits are mentations of essentially all non-trivial cryptographic tasks 2 imply the existence of one-way functions. On the other equal. Further assume that conditioned on the event SA = hand, many important primitives can be realized if one-way SB no polynomial time bounded algorithm can predict the δ functions exist. Examples include pseudorandom generators bit better than with probability 1 − 2 . Is it possible to obtain key agreement from such a primitive? We show that [7], pseudorandom functions [5], and pseudorandom permu- 1−ε tations [12]. for constant δ and ε the answer is yes if and only if δ > 1+ε , both for uniform and non-uniform adversaries. For key agreement no such reduction to one-way functions The main computational technique used in this paper is a is known. In fact, in [10] it is shown that such a reduction strengthening of Impagliazzo’s hard-core lemma to the uni- must be inherently non-relativizing, and thus it seems very form case and to a set size parameter which is tight (i.e., hard to find such a construction. -
Efficient & Secure Cipher Scheme with Dynamic Key-Dependent Mode Of
Efficient & secure cipher scheme with dynamic key-dependent mode of operation Hassan Noura, Ali Chehab, Raphael Couturier To cite this version: Hassan Noura, Ali Chehab, Raphael Couturier. Efficient & secure cipher scheme with dynamic key- dependent mode of operation. Signal Processing: Image Communication, Elsevier, 2019, 78, pp.448 - 464. hal-02366798 HAL Id: hal-02366798 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02366798 Submitted on 16 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Efficient & Secure Cipher Scheme with Dynamic Key-Dependent Mode of Operation Hassan N. Nouraa, Ali Chehaba, Rapha¨elCouturierb a Electrical and Computer Engineering American University of Beirut (AUB) Beirut, Lebanon bUniv. Bourgogne Franche-Comt´e(UBFC), FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS, Belfort, France Abstract Security attacks are constantly on the rise leading to drastic consequences. Several secu- rity services are required more than ever to prevent both passive and active attacks such as Data Confidentiality (DC). A DC security service is typically based on a strong symmetric cipher algorithm. However, some of today's applications, such as real-time applications and those running on constrained devices, require efficient lightweight cipher schemes that can achieve a good balance between the security level and system performance. -
Identifying Open Research Problems in Cryptography by Surveying Cryptographic Functions and Operations 1
International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing Vol. 10, No. 11 (2017), pp.79-98 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijgdc.2017.10.11.08 Identifying Open Research Problems in Cryptography by Surveying Cryptographic Functions and Operations 1 Rahul Saha1, G. Geetha2, Gulshan Kumar3 and Hye-Jim Kim4 1,3School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India 2Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India 4Business Administration Research Institute, Sungshin W. University, 2 Bomun-ro 34da gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Abstract Cryptography has always been a core component of security domain. Different security services such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication, non-repudiation and access control, are provided by a number of cryptographic algorithms including block ciphers, stream ciphers and hash functions. Though the algorithms are public and cryptographic strength depends on the usage of the keys, the ciphertext analysis using different functions and operations used in the algorithms can lead to the path of revealing a key completely or partially. It is hard to find any survey till date which identifies different operations and functions used in cryptography. In this paper, we have categorized our survey of cryptographic functions and operations in the algorithms in three categories: block ciphers, stream ciphers and cryptanalysis attacks which are executable in different parts of the algorithms. This survey will help the budding researchers in the society of crypto for identifying different operations and functions in cryptographic algorithms. Keywords: cryptography; block; stream; cipher; plaintext; ciphertext; functions; research problems 1. Introduction Cryptography [1] in the previous time was analogous to encryption where the main task was to convert the readable message to an unreadable format. -
Modes of Operation Module No: CS/CNS/1
e-PGPathshala Subject : Computer Science Paper: Cryptography and Network Security Module: Modes of Operation Module No: CS/CNS/18 Quadrant 1 – e-text Cryptography and Network Security Module 18- Modes of Operation Learning Objectives To understand the Overview of Modes of Operation Discuss about each mode of operation such as EBC, CBC, CFB, OFB, CTR To Compare different modes and to discuss remarks over them 18.1. INTRODUCTION So far we have seen the basic working of block ciphers. In this section, we discuss about modes of operation of block ciphers. Basically the lengthy plain text is divided into number of blocks in block ciphers. Block ciphers encrypt fixed size blocks eg. DES encrypts 64-bit blocks, with 56-bit key. But in actual scenario, the file size which has to be encrypted may not be the multiple of the block size. That is in practise, we usually need to handle arbitrary amounts of data, which may be available in advance (in which case a block mode is appropriate), and may only be available a bit/byte at a time (in which case a stream mode is used). A mode of operation describes the process of encrypting each of these blocks under a single key. A mode of operation describes the process of encrypting each of these blocks under a single key. Some modes may use randomised addition input value. We can apply a particular mode of operation in this situation. Basic modes of operations such as Electronic Code Book(ECB), Cipher Block Chaining(CBC), Cipher Feed Back (CFB), Output Feed Back (OFB), Counter (CTR) modes are considered here. -
Authenticated Encryption Mode IAPM Using SHA-3'S Public Random
Authenticated Encryption Mode IAPM using SHA-3’s Public Random Permutation Charanjit Jutla IBM T. J. Watson Research Center New York 10598 Abstract. We study instantiating the random permutation of the block- cipher mode of operation IAPM (Integrity-Aware Parallelizable Mode) with the public random permutation of Keccak, on which the draft stan- dard SHA-3 is built. IAPM and the related mode OCB are single-pass highly parallelizable authenticated-encryption modes, and while they were originally proven secure in the private random permutation model, Kurosawa has shown that they are also secure in the public random per- mutation model assuming the whitening keys are uniformly chosen with double the usual entropy. In this paper, we show a general composabil- ity result that shows that the whitening key can be obtained from the usual entropy source by a key-derivation function which is itself built on Keccak. We stress that this does not follow directly from the usual indifferentiability of key-derivation function constructions from Random Oracles. We also show that a simple and general construction, again employing Keccak, can also be used to make the IAPM scheme key- dependent-message secure. Finally, implementations on modern AMD-64 architecture supporting 128-bit SIMD instructions, and not supporting the native AES instructions, show that IAPM with Keccak runs three times faster than IAPM with AES. 1 Introduction Symmetric key encryption of bulk data is usually performed using either a stream cipher or a block cipher. A long message is divided into small fixed-size blocks and encryption is performed by either a stream-cipher mode or a block-cipher mode employing a cryptographic primitive that operates on blocks. -
Investigation of Ice Particle Habits to Be Used for Ice Cloud Remote Sensing for the GCOM-C Satellite Mission
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12287–12303, 2016 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/12287/2016/ doi:10.5194/acp-16-12287-2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Investigation of ice particle habits to be used for ice cloud remote sensing for the GCOM-C satellite mission Husi Letu1,2, Hiroshi Ishimoto3, Jerome Riedi4, Takashi Y. Nakajima1, Laurent C.-Labonnote4, Anthony J. Baran5, Takashi M. Nagao6, and Miho Sekiguchi7 1Research and Information Center (TRIC), Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan 2Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), DaTun Road No. 20 (North), Beijing 100101, China 3Meteorological Research Institute, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, Japan 4Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique, UMR CNRS 8518, Université de Lille 1-Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France 5Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK 6Earth Observation Research Center (EORC), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 2-1-1 Sengen Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan 7Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-8533, Japan Correspondence to: Takashi Y. Nakajima ([email protected]) Received: 29 September 2015 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 11 November 2015 Revised: 10 September 2016 – Accepted: 15 September 2016 – Published: 29 September 2016 Abstract. In this study, various ice particle habits are in- phase matrix. The characteristics of calculated extinction ef- vestigated in conjunction with inferring the optical proper- ficiency, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry factor of ties of ice clouds for use in the Global Change Observa- the five ice particle habits are compared. -
Parallelizable Encryption Mode With
Parallelizable Encryption Mo de with Almost Free Message Integrity Charanjit S. Jutla IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598-704 1 Intro duction In this do cument we prop ose a new mo de of op eration for symmetric key blo ck cipher algorithms. The main feature distinguishing the prop osed mo de from existing mo des is that along with providing confdentiality of the message, it also provides message integrity. In other words, the new mo de is not just a mo de of op eration for encryption, but a mo de of op eration for authenticated encryption. As the title of the do cument suggests, the new mo de achieves the additional prop erty with little extra overhead, as will b e explained b elow. The new mo de is also highly parallelizable. In fact, it has critical path of only two blo ck cipher invocations. By one estimate, a hardware implementation of this mo de on a single b oard (housing 1000 blo ck cipher units) achieves terabits/sec 12 (10 bits/sec) of authenticated encryption. Moreover, there is no p enalty for doing a serial implementation of this mo de. The new mo de also comes with pro ofs of security, assuming that the under- lying blo ck ciphers are secure. For confdentiality, the mo de achieves the same provable security b ound as CBC. For authentication, the mo de achieves the same provable security b ound as CBC-MAC. The new parallelizable mo de removes chaining from the well known CBC mo de, and instead do es an input whitening (as well an output whitening) with a pairwise indep endent sequence. -
H244 Cryptography and Network Security
New developments in cryptology Prof. Bart Preneel COSIC Bart.Preneel(at)esatDOTkuleuven.be http://homes.esat.kuleuven.be/~preneel © Bart Preneel. All rights reserved Outline • 1. Cryptology: protocols – identification/entity authentication – key establishment • 2. Public Key Infrastructures • 3. Secure Networking protocols – Internet Security: email, web, IPSEC, SSL • 4. Using cryptography well • 5. New developments in cryptology Outline • Modes of operation • The hash function disaster • How to encrypt using RSA • Algorithm: secure design and implementation • Obfuscation • SPAM fighting How to use cryptographic algorithms • Modes of operation • Padding and error messages • Authenticated encryption • How to encrypt with RSA How NOT to use a block cipher: ECB mode P1 P2 P3 block block block cipher cipher cipher C1 C2 C3 An example plaintext Encrypted with substitution and transposition cipher Encrypted with AES in ECB and CBC mode How to use a block cipher: CBC mode P1 P2 P3 IV AES AES AES C1 C2 C3 CBC mode decryption P1 P2 P3 IV AES-1 AES-1 AES-1 C1 C2 C3 What if IV is constant? P1 P2‟ P3‟ IV AES AES AES C1 C2‟ C3‟ Repetition in P results in repetition in C: information leakage need random and secret IV CBC with incomplete plaintext (1) Plaintext length 1 byte in bytes P1 P2 P3|| 0000..0 IV AES AES AES C1 C2 C3 CBC with incomplete plaintext (2) Plaintext length in bytes + 1100110011||0000….000 P1 P2 P3|| 1000..0 IV AES-1 AES-1 AES-1 C1 C2 C3 + 1100110011||0000….000 CBC with incomplete plaintext (3) Plaintext length in bytes + 1100110011||0000….000 -
Report on the Symmetric Key Block Cipher Modes of Operation Workshop October 20, 2000 Sponsored by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Report on the Symmetric Key Block Cipher Modes of Operation Workshop October 20, 2000 Sponsored by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) A workshop was held to discuss the modes of operation for symmetric key block cipher algorithms on October 20, 2000 at the Baltimore Convention Center in Baltimore Maryland. 1. Welcome and Overview of Intent Elaine Barker extended a welcome to the workshop attendees and served as the workshop moderator. Elaine stated that the purpose of this workshop was to discuss the modes for protecting data using symmetric key block cipher techniques such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). NIST plans to develop a new modes standard that is written to be independent of specific key or block sizes for specific algorithms, and to include the four DES modes (ECB, CBC, ECB, OFB) that were originally defined in Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 81. Since FIPS 81 was written to be specific to DES and its key and block size, a new standard is needed that will address other symmetric key block cipher algorithms such as AES. Since the world has advanced beyond the world of the 1980s, other modes for protecting data for applications using these technologies are required. The intent of this workshop was to discuss additional modes, the security they afford and their applications. NIST would like to minimize the number of additional modes in order to avoid unnecessary implementation costs and promote interoperability. 2. Presentations Several papers were provided to NIST prior to the workshop as public comments. These papers and the associated presentations are provided on the NIST modes web page (http://www.nist.gov/modes), along with other comments received. -
On the Security of CTR + CBC-MAC NIST Modes of Operation – Additional CCM Documentation
On the Security of CTR + CBC-MAC NIST Modes of Operation { Additional CCM Documentation Jakob Jonsson? jakob [email protected] Abstract. We analyze the security of the CTR + CBC-MAC (CCM) encryption mode. This mode, proposed by Doug Whiting, Russ Housley, and Niels Ferguson, combines the CTR (“counter”) encryption mode with CBC-MAC message authentication and is based on a block cipher such as AES. We present concrete lower bounds for the security of CCM in terms of the security of the underlying block cipher. The conclusion is that CCM provides a level of privacy and authenticity that is in line with other proposed modes such as OCB. Keywords: AES, authenticated encryption, modes of operation. Note: A slightly different version of this paper will appear in the Proceedings from Selected Areas of Cryptography (SAC) 2002. 1 Introduction Background. Block ciphers are popular building blocks in cryptographic algo rithms intended to provide information services such as privacy and authenticity. Such block-cipher based algorithms are referred to as modes of operation. Exam ples of encryption modes of operation are Cipher Block Chaining Mode (CBC) [23], Electronic Codebook Mode (ECB) [23], and Counter Mode (CTR) [9]. Since each of these modes provides privacy only and not authenticity, most applica tions require that the mode be combined with an authentication mechanism, typically a MAC algorithm [21] based on a hash function such as SHA-1 [24]. For example, a popular cipher suite in SSL/TLS [8] combines CBC mode based on Triple-DES [22] with the MAC algorithm HMAC [26] based on SHA-1. -
Fast Multiplication of Binary Polynomials with the Forthcoming Vectorized VPCLMULQDQ Instruction
Fast multiplication of binary polynomials with the forthcoming vectorized VPCLMULQDQ instruction Nir Drucker Shay Gueron Vlad Krasnov University of Haifa, Israel, University of Haifa, Israel, CloudFlare, Inc. and and San Francisco, USA Amazon Web Services Inc.1 Amazon Web Services Inc.1 Abstract—Polynomial multiplication over binary fields F2n is Intel has recently announced [7] that its future architecture, a common primitive, used for example by current cryptosystems codename ”Ice Lake”, will introduce a new instruction called n = 128 such as AES-GCM (with ). It also turns out to be a prim- VPCLMULQDQ. This instruction, together with the new vector- itive for other cryptosystems, that are being designed for the Post VAESENC VAESDEC Quantum era, with values n 128. Examples from the recent ized AES instructions ( and ), are useful submissions to the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography project, for accelerating AES-GCM. However, we argue that even as a are BIKE, LEDAKem, and GeMSS, where the performance of standalone instruction, VPCLMULQDQ is useful for some new the polynomial multiplications, is significant. Therefore, efficient emerging algorithms, which paper demonstrates how it can be F n n polynomial multiplication over 2 , with large , is a significant used for accelerating ”big” polynomial multiplications (with emerging optimization target. > 511 Anticipating future applications, Intel has recently announced degree ). that its future architecture (codename ”Ice Lake”) will introduce The correctness of the algorithms (and the code) can be a new vectorized way to use the current VPCLMULQDQ instruc- checked now, but actual performance measurements require tion. In this paper, we demonstrate how to use this instruction a real CPU, which is currently unavailable.