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Journal of Ecological Engineering Received: 2020.08.15 Revised: 2020.08.30 Volume 21, Issue 8, November 2020, pages 99–107 Accepted: 2020.09.15 Available online: 2020.10.01 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/127093 Morphobiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Monarda L. Varieties under Conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine Volodymyr Viсtorovich Dudchenko1, Lyudmyla Viсtorivna Svydenko1, Olena Yevgeniyvna Markovska2*, Olena Viсtorivna Sydiakina2 1 Institute of Rice of NAAS, Studentska Street 11, Antonivka, Skadovsk district Kherson region, 75705, Ukraine 2 Kherson State Agricultural University, Stritenska Street 23, 73006, Kherson, Ukraine * Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Promising essential oil plants from the Lamiaceae family, the raw materials of which are a source of valuable essential oil for pharmaceutical, perfume, cosmetic and food industries, pertain to the Monarda L genus. The Mo- narda didyma L. and Monarda fistulosa L. species were first imported to Ukraine from Europe and America in the middle of the twentieth century, and today they are successfully cultivated as decorative, spicy-aromatic and me- dicinal plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the morphobiological features, valuable economic and selective traits of Monarda didyma, Monarda fistulosa andMonarda × hybrida hort., developed for the arid condi- tions of the southern steppe of Ukraine at the Institute of Rice of the NAAS. The experimental part of the study was performed in 2016–2018 on southern sandy and medium loam black soils (chernozem) in the state enterprise (SE) “Research farm “Novokakhovske”. The experiment was conducted using field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical methods in accordance with the generally accepted methods and guidelines in Ukraine. The plants of de- veloped varieties undergo a full cycle of development under arid conditions of the southern steppe of Ukraine and are characterised by an increased decorativeness, goodeconomic value, high drought and winter tolerance as well as the resistance to pest damage. Yield, mass fraction and content of essential oil in the aboveground mass of plants were determined. Maximal plant height (120 cm), yield of aboveground mass (18 t/ha), concentration of essential oil (0.8% of crude mass) and thymol content (78.3%) are typical of the variety of Monarda fistulosa, Premiera. The variety of Monarda fistulosa, Fortuna, and variety of Monarda × hybrida hort., Tonya, were inferior to Premiera in all of the above-mentioned indicators but demonstrated increased decorativeness and greater resistance to the fungi causing powdery mildew (Erysiphe monardae, Golovinomyces biocellatus). Therefore, they can be recommended for region-wide cultivation in the agricultural enterprises of the southern steppe of Ukraine as promising essential oil, spice-aromatic and decorative crops. The yield of essential oil from raw materials of Monarda didyma variety, Nizhnist, was lower by 32.9% and 26.8%, while its concentration was lower by 37.5% and 28.6%, compared to the Monarda fistulosa varieties Premiera and Fortuna, respectively. Keywords: Monarda, variety, yield of aboveground mass, essential oil, thymol, carvacrol INTRODUCTION the relevance of the introduction and study of the agricultural techniques for growing essential oil Global pharmaceutical, perfume, cosmetic plants in different soil and climatic zones. and food industries experience a constantly grow- Until 2014, essential oil crops were cultivated ing demand for natural essential oils due to their on the territory of the Autonomous Republic of content, which, in contrast to that of the chemi- Crimea. For comparison, the total arable area of cally synthesized oils, is rich in natural aromatic essential oil plants in Ukraine was 18.5 thousand compounds, organic acids, phenols, alcohols, hectares in 2013 but decreased nearly 4 times, to aldehydes and more. This renders essential oils 4.9 thousand hectares, in 2018 [Statistical bulle- expensive on the world market and underscores tins 2010–2018]. Thus, the current agro-industrial 99 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(8), 2020 complex of Ukraine is facing two challenges: the activity of essential oil, rendering it unusable in introduction of valuable essential oil crops in the perfume and cosmetic industries [Mastelic et other regions of the country, since it is known al. 2008, Mehdi et al. 2011]. From the perspec- that the soil and climatic conditions do not sig- tive of aromatherapy, the Monarda essential oil nificantly affect the content of essential oils and should predominantly contain thymol, with mini- are less important than species and varietal fea- mal amounts of g-terpene. However, even in such tures, as well as the development of new varieties case, its uncontrolled use can induce allergic reac- and hybrids of own selection with high economic tions and have an irritating effect [Fedotov 2015]. value [Svidenko et al. 2015, Makukha et al. 2018, High biological activity of the Monarda Markovska et al. 2020]. essential oil against pathogenic microorgan- Promising essential oil plants of the Lamiace- isms such as Escherichia coli, Erwinia amy- ae family, the raw material of which is a source of lovora, Candida albicans, Rhizoctonia solani valuable essential oil, are members of the Monar- and Botrytis cinerea has been experimentally da L. genus, which entails 20 species and origi- validated, thereby confirming the fungicidal ac- nates from North America. After becoming the tion of its components [Fraternale et al. 2006, most widespread in Europe and America, the Mo- Gwinn et al. 2010, Mattarelli et al. 2015]. The narda didyma L. and Monarda fistulosa L. species phytotoxic activity of components of Monarda were first imported to Ukraine in the middle of the didyma L.essential oil (thymol, п-cymene and 20th century. Monarda fistulosa L. has a wider terpinolene) on germinating seeds of Papaver distribution area than Monarda didyma L. due to rhoeas L., Taraxacum officinale FH Wigg., Av- the higher yield of essential oil and more sophis- ena fatua L., Raphanus sativus L. and Lepidium ticated aroma [Fedotov 2015]. However, there sativum L. was tested in the in vitro experiments are many varieties and forms of hybrid Monarda in central Italy, which is relevant due to the need (M. × hybrida hort.), developed using the M. did- for the development of bioherbicides capable of yma L. and M. fistulosa L. species [Collicutt et al. controlling the growth of weeds without posing 1999]. Scientists note the extraordinary versatil- risks to the environment [Ricci et al. 2017]. The ity of the essential oil from this plant in medicine essential oils from Italian ecotypes M. didyma (greater than that of lavender, eucalyptus, mint, L., M. fistulosa L. and their main compounds thyme etc.) owing to its potent biological activ- (carvacrol, thymol, g-terpinene, п-cymene) ex- ity (prevention of bronchitis and acute respiratory hibit strong nematocidal activity against phyto- diseases; increase in body’s resistance to infec- parasitic nematodes Meloidogune incognita and tious diseases etc.) [Kharchenko et al. 2015]. The Pratylenchus vulnus [Laquale et. al. 2018]. high phenol content, with thymol and carvacrol The aforementioned data corroborate the constituting 67–89%, makes the Monarda essen- relevance and necessity of developing new va- tial oil bactericidal, antiseptic, deodorizing, an- rieties and hybrids of Monarda plants with high tihelmintic, antibiotic, antispasmodic, cytotoxic, indicators from both ecological and economic fungicidal and microbe-repelling. Furthermore, perspectives. it was found that bacteria develop the resistance to the Monarda oil more slowly than to antibiot- ics and for instance, Staphylococcus spp. do not MATERIALS AND METHODS develop the resistance to this essential oil at all. Higher content of thymol and carvacrol in fresh The purpose of this study was to determine the plant materials allows obtaining more thymoqui- morphobiological features, valuable economic none and thymohydroquinone from the dry mass and selective traits of Monarda didyma, Monarda of M. fistulosa plants, the analgesic, anticonvul- fistulosa and Monarda × hybrida hort., which sant and cytotoxic properties of which have been were developed in the sector of mobilization and proven in numerous studies [Rohlfsen 2017]. conservation of plant resources at the Institute Thymol is of greater medical value than car- of Rice of NAAS in accordance with the task vacrol, its isomer. The latter is commonly used GDR24.01.01 .32. P. “Formation of collections of as a food additive during canning owing to its aromatic plants for the development of varieties spiciness. The Monarda essential oil also con- adapted to the steppe zone of southern Ukraine”. tains п-cymeneandg-terpinene, high content of The experimental part of the work was performed which negatively affects the odour and biological on the experimental fields of the state enterprise 100 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(8), 2020 (SE) “Research farm “Novokakhovske” of the Methods… 2016, Methods… 2017]. The essen- Institute of Rice” of National Academy of Agrar- tial oil was extracted from the freshly harvested ian Sciences (NAAS) of Ukraine, located in the raw materials. Afterwards, the mass fraction of first northern agroclimaticzone of Kherson re- essential oil was determined by means of the gion. Experimental plots for Monarda didyma, Ginsberg method on a Clevenger apparatus based Monarda fistulosa and Monarda
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