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The Endemic Tree Corynocarpus Laevigatus (Karaka) As a Weedy Invader in Forest Remnants of Southern North Island, New Zealand

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The Endemic Tree Corynocarpus Laevigatus (Karaka) As a Weedy Invader in Forest Remnants of Southern North Island, New Zealand New Zealand Journal of Botany ISSN: 0028-825X (Print) 1175-8643 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzb20 The endemic tree Corynocarpus laevigatus (karaka) as a weedy invader in forest remnants of southern North Island, New Zealand J.A. Costall , R.J. Carter , Y. Shimada , D. Anthony & G. L. Rapson To cite this article: J.A. Costall , R.J. Carter , Y. Shimada , D. Anthony & G. L. Rapson (2006) The endemic tree Corynocarpus laevigatus (karaka) as a weedy invader in forest remnants of southern North Island, New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Botany, 44:1, 5-22, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.2006.9513002 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2006.9513002 Published online: 17 Mar 2010. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 253 View related articles Citing articles: 8 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tnzb20 Download by: [203.173.191.20] Date: 05 August 2017, At: 07:54 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2006, Vol. 44: 5-22 5 0028-825X/06/4401-0005 © The Royal Society of New Zealand 2006 The endemic tree Corynocarpus laevigatus (karaka) as a weedy invader in forest remnants of southern North Island, New Zealand J. A. COSTALL North Island, South Island, and the Kermadec and R. J. CARTER Chatham Islands, involving elimination or control, depending on local cultural values. Y. SHIMADA D.ANTHONY Keywords competition; Corynocarpus laevig- G. L. RAPSON* atus; ethnobotany; invasion; forest regeneration; Ecology Group fragment; homogenisation; New Zealand; remnant; Institute of Natural Resources seedling; weed; woody Massey University Private Bag 11222 Palmerston North, New Zealand INTRODUCTION *Author for correspondence. [email protected] A weed species is generally considered to be an exotic species naturalising in a system in which it has no (recent) history of occupation, and so causing management concern (Williams & West 2000). Such Abstract Native species can display invasiveness species potentially have serious effects on pre-exist- even in their natural systems. Corynocarpus laevi- ing vegetation (e.g., Groves & Burdon 1986; Drake gatus (Corynocarpaceae), karaka, is a tree species et al. 1989; Williamson 1996). However, a species apparently native to the north of the North Island, does not need to be exotic to become ecologically New Zealand, with a history of human cultivation "out of balance" (Carr 2001), although something in further south, where it appears to be outcompeting its ecosystem has to change as a result of anthropic other native tree species. Invasiveness was assessed activities before its responses can reasonably be con- by comparing vegetation in paired plots with and sidered weedy. Native species have become weedy without karaka at 14 sites in forest remnants in the following human modification of the environment lower half of the North Island. Potential to spread in Victoria, Australia, including species native to was estimated via dispersal and recruitment patterns Victoria itself (Carr 2001). In New Zealand, the around parent trees. Karaka has several "weedy" liane Muehlenbeckia australis is aggressive around Downloaded by [203.173.191.20] at 07:54 05 August 2017 characteristics. Most seed falls near the parent, but the edges of Manawatu, lower North Island, forest recruitment apparently improves outside the shady remnants, within its natural range (M. Greenwood canopy, resulting in concentric invasion rings. Com- pers. comm; GLRpers. obs.), and a number of other pared with nearby non-karaka plots, karaka plots native species display weediness (Williams & West have fewer non-karaka trees, lower abundances 2000). of seedlings of other woody species, and slightly higher numbers of exotic species. Karaka appears A New Zealand "weedy native" species is Co- to be homogenising vegetation, through reduction rynocarpus laevigatus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (Co- in herb cover and increase in shrub cover and prob- rynocarpaceae), an endemic tree called karaka by the ably eventual replacement of canopy trees. With first (Maori) settlers to the New Zealand mainland, its range anthropically extended, management of wairarapa by Moriori (Shand 1896), and latterly karaka's invasiveness appears necessary in lower kopi by Chatham Islanders. Several reports indi- cate its potential weediness. Esler (1974) recorded that karaka increased in lowland forest remnants of the Manawatu after stock were removed. In the B05025; Online publication date 23 February 2006 adjacent Horowhenua district, Duguid (1990) noted Received 15 June 2005; accepted 17 October 2005 that karaka had "increased in bush remnants and 6 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2006, Vol. 44 Fig. 1 Location of the fourteen 'Okoki Pa areas sampled for karaka and non- Onaero Beach - 36"S karakaplots(»)inrelation to major X urban areas (×, italics). Hatching, New Plymouth IslanNorth^Jd IPL l distribution of karaka according to - lip Sawyer et al. (2003). - 40"S r • Bushy Park /,< ^ South " f Island x Wanganui Westoe* 1 70"E 1 74°E 178°[ 1 1 1 1 1 1 Palmerston North x» Bledisloe Park • Round Bush Levin £• Waiopehu Lake Papaitonga Aklt'° Otari-Wilton's Ove"rto [was] now shading out other vegetation beneath Island, and down the dry east coast to Banks Penin- its heavy canopy". Gabites (1993, p. 42) noted it sula (Fig. 1), as well as in the Kermadec Islands and spreading into Wellington bush areas, appearing in Chatham Islands (Sawyer et al. 2003; Stowe 2003). Downloaded by [203.173.191.20] at 07:54 05 August 2017 the Wellington Botanical Gardens (in native forest It grows 15-20 m tall, has large (to 30 cm long), areas) after 1875 (Gabites 1993, p. 97). Sawyer et thick, elliptic-oblong, glossy leaves, and prolific al. (2003) reported that there were "several places production of large, orange drupes usually around where aggressive regeneration of karaka is leading 30-40 mm long (van Essen & Rapson 2005) and up to replacement of existing plant communities by to 63 mm (Platt 2003), which are conspicuous in late stands of karaka", including the important conserva- summer and autumn (Salmon 1993; Sawyer et al. tion reserve of Kapiti Island where karaka formed 2003). As a genus Corynocarpus is taxonomically "dense thickets" after elimination of vertebrate pests. isolated by characters such as its petaloid scales It is also colonising and establishing populations in and discrete nectaries (Philipson 1987). Currently several Manawatu forest remnants (P. R. van Essen it is placed in the Cucurbitales, in the monogeneric & M. Greenwood pers. comms; Greenwood 2004). family Corynocarpaceae, which probably evolved Thus, karaka may be invasive even in its own coun- in the palaeotropics (Wagstaff & Dawson 2000). try, a situation which we examine here. The ancestral taxon had two independent southward Corynocarpus laevigatus occurs in coastal and radiations, one to New Guinea, Solomon Islands, lowland forest of northern North Island, coastal re- Vanuatu, and Australia (Queensland and northern gions of the lower North Island and northern South New South Wales), and the other to New Caledonia, Costall et al.—Invasive potential of karaka 7 where the endemic species C. dissimilis is closely Maori folklore states that karaka was brought to related to C. laevigatus, and on to the New Zealand New Zealand from their ancestral homeland of Ha- region (Molloy 1990; Wagstaff& Dawson 2000; cf. waiki (Best 1942), and at least two "introductions" Stevenson 1978). are recorded, one in the Aotea canoe (Smith 1913) Fossils of fruits resembling karaka have been about AD 1350, from an island called Rangituhua found in a Miocene deposit 5-24 million years old (equated with Sunday/Raoul Island in the Kerma- in a deltaic coastal ecosystem in eastern Southland, dec Islands group; Best 1942, p. 45) to Patea River South Island (Campbell 2002). Karaka is relatively banks, south Taranaki (Houston 1965), and one in frost-intolerant (Molloy 1990), and firmly coastal in the Nukutere canoe from which karaka were sown at the South Island, though it can survive as far south Waioeka, Bay of Plenty (Best 1925, p. 91). Karaka as Dunedin when planted (Bannister et al. 1996). may have originated in the Kermadec Islands, as Thus, it was probably eliminated from southern New oral history suggests (Buck 1949, p. 46, 63), to be Zealand during glacial periods, to survive only in the transferred thence to New Zealand, but karaka has northern North Island or offshore islands. Karaka limited occurrences on the main island, Raoul, and pollen does not preserve well (Macphail & McQueen some adjacent islets (Sykes et al. 2000), where it 1983) and is poorly recorded by palynological stud- formed "lofty trees" with "thick patches" of seed- ies, although palynology led Mildenhall (1980) to lings (Oliver 1910, but see Sykes et al. 2000, p. suggest that it arrived as late as the Quaternary. 101). Stevenson (1978) suggested that Maori actu- Byrami et al. (2002) and Wilmshurst et al. (2004) ally took karaka in the reverse direction, from the have recorded karaka pollen, the latter from deposits New Zealand mainland to Raoul Island. If Maori up to 300 years old, during an early period of Maori brought karaka seeds across water as oral history planting. describes, then its probable origin was Northland, Karaka drupes were widely used by Maori as a New Zealand, or nearby islands (Molloy 1990), food source, the dry flesh for immediate consump- but a wider Pacific origin is improbable, as it is not tion, while the kernels, called kopia by Maori, or water-dispersed (Oliver 1910; JAC pers. obs.). Maori peanut or karakaranut by Europeans (Anon. When the ancestors of the Moriori people jour- 1988; Sawyer etal. 2003), could be stored. Lengthy neyed from New Zealand to the Chatham Islands preparation of kernels was required to remove the about 400-800 years ago (King 2000) in the canoe neurotoxin karakin (Skey 1871; Best 1942; Bell Rangimata, they carried karaka seed to the north 1974), an especial danger to children, as was the coast of Rekohu or Wharekauri, local names for stringent treatment thereof (Skey 1871; Best 1942).
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