Guía De Negocios Agosto Del 2005. (PDF)
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Romania 2008
Nations in Transit 2008 Romania Nations in Transit Ratings and Combined Scores 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Electoral Process 2.75 3.00 3.00 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 Civil Society 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.75 2.50 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 Independent Media 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.75 3.75 4.00 4.00 3.75 3.75 Governance 3.50 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 n/a n/a n/a n/a National Democratic n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.75 Governance Local Democratic n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Governance Judicial Framework 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.00 4.00 3.75 4.00 and Independence Corruption 4.25 4.50 4.75 4.50 4.50 4.25 4.25 4.00 4.00 Democracy Score 3.54 3.67 3.71 3.63 3.58 3.39 3.39 3.29 3.36 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Romania joined the European Union (EU) on January 1, 2007, having come a long way from Nicolae Ceauşescu’s dictatorship. Its evolution is all the more remarkable considering it was the only Eastern European country with a bloody revolution (1,000 dead in still unclear circumstances) and a transition dominated by former Communists. Ion Iliescu, a reformed apparatchik with authoritarian tendencies, enjoyed three out of the first four presidential mandates. -
The Role of the Romanian Press in Reporting Political Corruption
The Role of the Romanian Press in Reporting Political Corruption Lorela Viorica Broucher A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of Nottingham Trent University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy April, 2016 1 "This work is the intellectual property of the author. You may copy up to 5% of this work for private study, or personal, non-commercial research. Any re-use of the information contained within this document should be fully referenced, quoting the author, title, university, degree level and pagination. Queries or requests for any other use, or if a more substantial copy is required, should be directed in the owner(s) of the Intellectual Property Rights.” Supervisors: Dr. Simon Cross, Nottingham Trent University Dr. Olga Guedes Bailey, Nottingham Trent University 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Acknowledgements 7 Abstract 8 Introduction to the Thesis 9 The Importance of Romania 9 The Problem of Corruption 10 Research Questions and Aims 11 The Thesis Chapters in Brief 12 Chapter 1: Media and Democracy 14 1 Liberal Democracy and the Media 14 1.1 Liberal Democracy Vs Neoliberalism 14 1.2 Liberal Democracy 16 1.3 Freedom of Expression and Democracy 18 1.4 Media and Democracy 19 1.5 Media Holding Power to Account 21 1.6 Criticising the Liberal Model of the Media: The Critical Political Economy of Media Approach 23 1.6.1 Critical Political Economy of the Media 23 1.6.2 Critical Political Economy of the Media and the Post-Communist World 27 1.7 Keeping Media Accountable 29 2 The Post-Communist World: Romania -
Press Freedom in Romania 2006
FreeEx Program Press Freedom in Romania 2006 Released in May 2007 - Member of the Reporters without Borders Network - 1 This report was compiled within FreeEx Program implemented by Media Monitoring Agency (MMA). Freedom of Expression Program - FreeEx was started by MMA in August 1999 with a view to contribute to the protection and promotion of the right to free expression and to press freedom. MMA publishes annual reports on press freedom situation in Romania. This report is funded by Open Society Institute (OSI) and US Embassy in Bucharest. The content of this report doesn’t necessarily reflect the opinion of OSI or of US Embassy. FreeEx team Liana Ganea Răzvan Martin Thanks to all those who contributed to the publishing of this report: Mircea Toma Ştefan Cândea Special thanks to APADOR-CH for the legal expertise provided to FreeEx department during the entire year. Donors: Open Society Institute US Embassy in Bucharest Media Monitoring Agency Member of the Reporters without Borders Network Adress: Calea Plevnei, nr. 98, BL. 10C, sector 1, Bucuresti Mailing: CP 2 OP 67 Tel/Fax: 021-313 40 47 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.mma.ro; www.freeex.ro 2 Contents Methodology 1. General framework 1.1. Aggressions against press freedom 1.2. Media market 1.3. Legislation 1.4. Ethics 1.5. Access to public interest information 2. Casuistry 2.1. Aggressions and threats 2.2. Pressures made by authorities. Political and economic pressures 2.3. Access to public interest information 2.4. Law suits 2.5. Labor rights 2.6. Press and Corruption 2.6. -
Justice and Home Affairs and Romania's Accession to The
Justice and Home Affairs and Romania’s Accession to the European Union By Lara Scarpitta A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Centre for Russian and East European Studies School of Social Science The University of Birmingham October 2008 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract When compared to the other candidate states of Central and Eastern Europe, Romania emerged as a laggard of transition. Its integration into the European Union has been marked by much uncertainty and setbacks, as well as profound delays in fulfilling the EU's entry conditions. As a difficult case, the dynamics of Romania's EU accession provide insight into the potential and limits of the EU's leverage, revealing how domestic factors can be decisive in constraining external influence. Focusing on the reform trajectory in the fields of judiciary reforms, anti-corruption and external border policies between 1989 and 2007, this study assesses the interaction between EU politics and domestic politics and the role of domestic factors in slowing down internal reforms. -
ROMANIA Romania Is a Constitutional Democracy with a Multiparty
ROMANIA Romania is a constitutional democracy with a multiparty, parliamentary system and a population of approximately 22.2 million. The bicameral Parliament (Parlament) consists of the Senate (Senat) and the Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputatilor); both are elected by popular vote. The November-December 2009 presidential elections were judged generally free and fair. Security forces reported to civilian authorities. There were reports that police and gendarmes mistreated and harassed detainees and Roma. Prison conditions remained poor. The judiciary lacked impartiality and was sometimes subject to political influence. Property restitution remained extremely slow, and the government failed to take effective action to return Greek Catholic churches confiscated by the former Communist government in 1948. A restrictive religion law remained in effect. Government corruption remained a widespread problem. There were continued reports of violence and discrimination against women as well as child abuse. Occasional anti-Semitic incidents involving the desecration of religious property occurred, along with some lightly attended events hosted by extremist organizations. Persons were trafficked for labor, sexual exploitation, and forced begging. Government agencies provided inadequate assistance to persons with disabilities and neglected persons with disabilities who were institutionalized. Societal discrimination against Roma; gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender persons; and persons with HIV/AIDS, particularly children, remained problems. RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom From: a. Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life The government or its agents did not commit any politically motivated killings; however, there were reports that police officers shot and killed at least one man. On April 6, a police officer fired his weapon in an attempt to stop a car with three suspects during an attempted theft in the locality of Glodeanu Silistea, Buzau County. -