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Ethnomedicinal Use of Fishes by Tribal Communities in India: a Review

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Ethnomedicinal Use of Fishes by Tribal Communities in India: a Review The Pharma Innovation Journal 2021; 10(5): 1315-1321 ISSN (E): 2277- 7695 ISSN (P): 2349-8242 NAAS Rating: 5.23 Ethnomedicinal use of fishes by tribal communities in TPI 2021; 10(5): 1315-1321 © 2021 TPI India: A review www.thepharmajournal.com Received: 20-02-2021 Sudhakar Prakash and Sadguru Prakash Accepted: 14-04-2021 Sudhakar Prakash DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/tpi.2021.v10.i5q.6395 Department of Zoology, Shia PG College, Lucknow, Uttar Abstract Pradesh, India Study on fish based Zootherapy could be a viable option for discovery of new compounds with therapeutic potentials. In India from primitive time animals are used as medicine to cure different Sadguru Prakash diseases by tribal communities. However, the present generation attitude toward traditional medicine as Department of Zoology, MLKPG being unscientific and acculturation are the main causes of decline of such practices in tribal societies. College, Balrampur, Uttar The present review article describes the traditional knowledge of the ichthyotherapy, the use of fishes as Pradesh, India medicine to cure human different diseases by tribal communities of India. Respondent listed about 45 fresh water fish species, which are used in primary health care needs of human being. Head, eyes, blood, gall bladder, bile, flesh, fins, bones, mucous, air bladder, otolith etc. are most commonly used parts to treat diseases such as asthma, cough and cold, chicken pox, small pox, kala-azar, diarrhea, malaria, anemia, general weakness, Premenstrual pain, abdominal pain, headache, fever, arthritic etc. The findings are more important for remedial measure and documentation although these have to be tested scientifically and clinically. It is essential to study in detail the use of these fish parts which may in future help medical science and also call for conservation of these fishes. Study on ichthyotherapy could be a viable option for discovery of new compounds with therapeutic potentials. The present ichthyotherapy work has been studied from different published research paper of various authors on ethnozoology/ zootherapeutic studies in India from 1987 to 2020 and it gave us an idea that many types of diseases are cured by fishes and their body parts. Keywords: Ichthyotherapy, ethnomedicine, cure, disease, tribal community Introduction Animals occupy an important position in culture and religion of traditional societies all over the world. Animals, whether domestic or wild, have always been providing a number of goods and services to human beings. The ethnic people maintained a healthy natural environment by making prudent use of the biological resources. The wildlife provides protein and other necessary food materials to the rural tribal communities of developing countries including India. Besides this, animals and animal derived products have always been source of traditional or folk medicine which still prevalent among the tribal communities in India as means of primary health care. Poverty and limited access to modern medicine are the main factors for their dependence on traditional medicine, particularly in rural areas. World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as “the sum total of knowledge, skill and practices based on theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures that are used to maintain health as well as to prevent, diagnose, improve or treat physical and mental illnesses.” Traditional medicine is not only a source of healing, but the practice is also an important part of their religion and culture. So, far as modern medicine is concerned, it is reported that more than half of the world’s modern drugs are of biological sources and out of 252 that has been selected by WHO as essential to human health, 8.7% comes from animal sources (Lohani, 2010) [21]. Although traditional medicine mainly relies on herbal treatment but animals (whole and their body parts) and their products are also used. It has been reported that more than half of the world's modern drugs are of biological resources. Due to the vast progress and researches in allopathic drugs there has been a great set-back for the traditional drugs all over the world and in India also. If one looks into the olden days, one Corresponding Author: can find the frequent use of such traditional drugs by our ancestors to cure the various human Sadguru Prakash ailments. World Health Organization has reported that about 80 percent of the world’s Department of Zoology, MLKPG populations rely primarily in folk medicine derived from plant and animal origin for College, Balrampur, Uttar [34] Pradesh, India immediate cure against illness (Soni et al., 2020) . ~ 1315 ~ The Pharma Innovation Journal http://www.thepharmajournal.com The traditional medicinal knowledge of the indigenous people 2017; Prakash and Yadav, 2020) [3, 14, 34, 29]; however, the across the globe has played an important role in identifying documented report on the therapeutic use of fish in health care living organisms which are used in treating livestock and practices among the tribal population was very scanty and human health problems, and loss the knowledge may exert a scattered. significance adverse impact on the development of modern India is gifted immense faunal and floral biodiversity, because medicine (Yirga et al., 2011) [37]. Hence, it is important to of the extreme variation in geographical and climatic document, as much as possible, the traditional knowledge of condition prevailing in the country (Bagde and Jain, 2013) [5]. various tribal communities which are on the verge of losing The freshwater fish fauna of India is highly diverse in nature their socio-economic and cultural characteristics (Alves and and constituting 1027 species (Gopi et al. 2017) [13]. In India, Rosa, 2007; Jamir and Lal, 2005; Chanu et al., 2014) [1, 9, 16]. different tribal and ethnic communities are lived throughout Research interest and activities in the area of ethnobiology the country. People of these communities great knowledge and ethnomedicine have increased tremendously since last about ichthyofauna and their medicinal value, and they also decade. By the end of the 20th century, the life of the provide considerable information about the use of freshwater traditional communities was disturbed and disrupted, causing fishes and their by-products as medicine. Most of the rural imminent danger of extinction of their culture and areas, tribal and ethnic people are totally dependent on local ethnomedicinal practices which their forefathers had. In India traditional medicinal system for their health care because they the traditional knowledge system is fast eroding due to are living in remote areas where hospital and other modern urbanization. So, there is an urgent need to inventories and medicinal facilities are not available, so they use their systematic documentation of such precious ethnobiological traditional knowledge for medicinal purpose and this knowledge among different ethnic communities before the knowledge is passed through oral communication from traditional cultures are completely lost. generation to generation (Jaroli et al., 2010) [17]. Ethnozoology focuses at direct relationship of animals to This review paper illustrates the therapeutic use of fish mankind. Ethnozoology is a branch of biology which deals species by Indian ethnic societies. It provides an inventory of the relationship with tribal people to animals and their the species that have been used for medicinal purposes from interaction. Ethnozoology is divided into number of branches ancient times to the present, and analyses the medical use of such as ethnoentomology (deals the therapeutic use of insect fishes in the 20th century. Thus, our main objective is to in human health care), ethnoichthyology (deals the therapeutic obtain an inventory of the fish species that have been used in use of fishes in human health care), ethnoherpetology (deals India for therapeutic purposes from antiquity to the present. the therapeutic use of snakes in human health care) and From this we determine which medicinal species have ethnoornithology (deals the therapeutic use of birds in human survived to recent times and what diseases or medical health care). Zootherapy is an integral part of traditional conditions they have been used for. health care practice among the ethnic communities in India but there is a dearth of reports in this regard. A large Ethnomedicinal use of some fishes by ethnic communities number of animals had been found providing a number of of India sobstances with medicinal properties which the people use to Traditional medicine is an indispensable part of primary treat a wide range of ailments (Chanu et al., 2014) [9]. In India health-care among the tribal communities in India. Traditional there has been only few articles have been published with an health-care practices of these tribal communities are generally ethnozoological approach, although some anthropological, based on religious beliefs and therefore, are an important folk and ethnomedicinal studies have focused on the driver for continuation of their culture (Teronpi et al., 2012) connections between human society and animals (Joseph, [34]. Fishes are the cheapest way for cure of various health 1982; Gupta, 1987; Puspagandhan, 1990; Sharma, 1990; disorders. Approximately 45 fresh water fish species are Azmi, 1989 & 1991; Jamir and Lal, 2005; Azmi and Bharti, reported to use in the treatment of about 45 disease conditions 2013; Chanu et al., 2014; Borah and Prasad, 2017; Prakash, as traditional
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