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A Diplomacia Da Santa Sé ( Final Após Defesa).Pdf UNIVERSIDADE DE ÉVORA ESCOLA DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMIA A Diplomacia da Santa Sé: evolução e questões actuais Romina Alexandra Sim-Sim Tomé Orientação: Professor Doutor Marco António Gonçalves Barbas Batista Martins Mestrado em Relações Internacionais e Estudos Europeus Dissertação Évora, 2013 UNIVERSIDADE DE ÉVORA ESCOLA DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMIA A Diplomacia da Santa Sé: evolução e questões actuais Romina Alexandra Sim-Sim Tomé Orientação: Professor Doutor Marco António Gonçalves Barbas Batista Martins Mestrado em Relações Internacionais e Estudos Europeus Dissertação Évora, 2013 A diplomacia da Santa Sé: evolução e questões actuais 2 A diplomacia da Santa Sé: evolução e questões actuais 3 Resumo: No quadro das Relações Internacionais a diplomacia da Santa Sé é um dos temas menos conhecido e estudado. A singularidade desta diplomacia e a sua invulgar eficiência tornam-se marcantes neste domínio. Com o presente trabalho pretende-se dar a conhecer a actividade desta diplomacia, assim como expor a função que esta desempenha ao nível da diplomacia internacional. Destacando alguns períodos em que a sua actividade teve mais impacto ao nível das Relações Internacionais e, aprofundando o sentido da sua actividade no mundo contemporâneo, pretende-se assim ilustrar aquela que é considerada a mais antiga diplomacia no âmbito internacional, e que apesar de ser frequentemente olhada pelo prisma religioso, encerra em si uma intensa actividade com os círculos do poder. Palavras-Chave: Diplomacia; Igreja e Sociedade Civil; Relações Internacionais; Santa Sé. Abstract: The diplomacy of the Holy See: evolution and current issues In international relations, diplomacy of the Holy See is one of the least known and studied topics. The uniqueness of this diplomacy and its unusual efficiency becomes remarkable in this field. The present work aims to make known the activity of this diplomacy, as well as exposing the role it plays to the level of international diplomacy. Highlighting some periods where its activity had more impact on international relations and deepening the sense of its activity in the contemporary world, we intend to illustrate what is considered the oldest diplomacy operating in the international arena, and despite being often looking through the religious prism, enclose an intense activity with the circles of power. Key-words: Diplomacy, Church and Civil Society, International Relations; Holy See. A diplomacia da Santa Sé: evolução e questões actuais 4 Í NDICE Resumo/Abstract 3 INTRODUÇÃO 5 CAPÍTULO I 9 1 – A Santa Sé e o Vaticano: contextualização e distinção 9 2 – A Diplomacia da Santa Sé: primórdios e seus representantes 18 CAPÍTULO II 45 1 – As relações externas da Santa Sé 45 2 – A função da diplomacia pontifícia na cena internacional 58 3 – A geopolítica do Vaticano 70 CAPÍTULO III 80 1 – A diplomacia da Santa Sé durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial 80 Enquadramento e movimentações da Santa Sé 80 Pio XII e as questões rácicas 100 A diplomacia da Santa Sé e o final do conflito bélico 111 2 – A diplomacia da Santa Sé no período “Guerra Fria”: posições, 118 estratégias e jogos de bastidores CAPÍTULO IV 146 1 – Questões particulares da diplomacia da Santa Sé: China, Islão e 146 Médio Oriente 2 – Novos desafios diplomáticos e nova reestruturação 181 CONCLUSÃO 186 BIBLIOGRAFIA 191 A diplomacia da Santa Sé: evolução e questões actuais 5 I NTRODUÇÃO Ao longo da História podemos destacar inúmeros intervenientes que influenciaram o curso das Relações Internacionais e tiveram um peso importante no quadro internacional. De entre estes intervenientes, a Santa Sé continua a ser um elemento de importância maior na comunidade internacional. O papel que desempenhou ao longo dos séculos foi sofrendo muitas alterações. Todavia, ainda hoje detém um carisma bastante respeitado. Partindo deste pressuposto, este trabalho pretende analisar a função da Santa Sé no quadro internacional, tendo a sua história diplomática como orientadora para a compreensão das movimentações desta figura de relevo das Relações Internacionais. Este trabalho dividir-se-á em quatro capítulos. Num primeiro capítulo far- se-á um enquadramento da Santa Sé e uma análise do seu percurso diplomático ao longo dos séculos. O segundo capítulo estudará o peso da Santa Sé no contexto internacional, destacando o seu posicionamento e a verdadeira motivação do seu corpo diplomático num mundo cada vez mais complexo e dinâmico. O terceiro capítulo traduzirá uma exposição aprofundada de dois períodos históricos diplomaticamente bastante movimentados para a Santa Sé: o período da Segunda Guerra Mundial e o período “Guerra Fria”. Neste ponto serão tidos em conta os posicionamentos políticos da Santa Sé, bem como as acções que a Igreja Católica incentivou perante aquelas duas realidades políticas que marcaram indiscutivelmente o cenário internacional. Por fim, o quarto capítulo, dedicar-se-á a uma abordagem mais actual: tratará de examinar as relações da Santa Sé com o Islão e Médio Oriente e a China tentando analisar de que forma a conquista a longo prazo de relações convincentes e plenas da Santa Sé com a China e a tentativa de diálogo e moderação relativamente a questões do Médio Oriente e sobre o Islão, poderá A diplomacia da Santa Sé: evolução e questões actuais 6 ser um dos principais objectivos actuais da Santa Sé. Para além disso, serão examinados os novos desafios internos e externos com que a Igreja Católica tem que se deparar, analisando nesse sentido o pontificado de Bento XVI, e tentando evidenciar os desafios que se impõem à posição da Igreja Católica no mundo contemporâneo e à importância da diplomacia da Santa Sé no presente. A diplomacia da Santa Sé ocupa um lugar à parte no universo diplomático. Sendo o Papa o chefe de toda a Igreja Católica é indiscutivelmente uma voz que opera a favor da paz e como guia moral de um mundo cada vez mais susceptível a grandes ameaças. Contudo, a motivação principal que orienta este trabalho não é olhar para a diplomacia da Santa Sé como um pilar moral do mundo contemporâneo. Este trabalho pretende acima de tudo destilar o peso da Santa Sé no mundo, frisando que foi através da sua diplomacia que se criou uma Igreja mais estruturada e forte e que ainda hoje se deve muito ao trabalho que os primeiros legados pontifícios levaram a cabo em nome da Igreja de Roma. Para além disso, pretende-se aludir a momentos de destaque do cenário internacional em que a diplomacia da Santa Sé teve um papel mais dinâmico. Ao longo dos tempos a Igreja reforçou a sua acção no mundo. Durante séculos ocupou mesmo um lugar de primazia. Hoje pretende afastar-se da imagem pujante que outrora deteve e reserva para si o papel de guardiã da concórdia e do respeito entre os povos. Porém, será que a Santa Sé se afastou actualmente das grandes decisões políticas? A sua diplomacia não favorecerá os interesses dos grandes? O que sabemos ao certo sobre os meandros da sua diplomacia? Perante o secretismo que envolve o interior da Santa Sé, não só pelo misticismo inerente mas também por toda a sua complexa estrutura e resoluções, é possível que nunca tenhamos uma resposta completamente verdadeira sobre a influência da sua diplomacia em determinados momentos históricos e, quiçá, no presente. Para além disso, a verdadeira essência de que A diplomacia da Santa Sé: evolução e questões actuais 7 se reveste a Santa Sé continua longe de ser conhecida. Compreender uma Igreja duas vezes milenar nunca será uma tarefa completa. Aos olhos das Relações Internacionais, não se poderá olhar a Santa Sé como um simples “instrumento” religioso. A Santa Sé é um dos intervenientes mais antigos do cenário internacional, um dos que mais interesse desperta. A sua teia de ligações e o seu legado à Europa e ao Mundo ultrapassam a esfera religiosa, abrangendo a política, a sociedade, a cultura e, sobretudo, limitando o Homem de acordo com os desígnios do Evangelho, desígnios esses que a “Santa Madre Igreja” delineou como a vontade divina que define a conduta moral dos Homens. É perante este quadro amplo e complexo que se levará a cabo este estudo. Conseguir aprofundar a essência diplomática desta Instituição a que muito devemos, mas à qual indiscutivelmente se aponta também o dedo acusador por posições e acções menos apropriadas. Ao termos em conta essas posições e acções menos apropriadas, encontramos na célebre frase de Alfred Loisy um sentido revelador: “Jesus anunciava o Reino, mas foi a Igreja que apareceu”1. Tendo em conta esta frase, podemos referir que os ensinamentos de Cristo não nos deram uma direcção significativa no sentido da criação de uma Igreja tal como hoje a conhecemos. Contudo, como todas as ideias originais são mutáveis e susceptíveis de adaptação a novas realidades, também a palavra de Cristo foi objecto de adaptações. Resta perceber até que ponto a Igreja teve sempre em conta o Reino proclamado por Cristo, pois é neste ponto que nasce toda uma ambiguidade de valores e princípios que a Igreja sustentou desde os seus primórdios. A percepção dos acontecimentos que marcaram o mundo sempre foi indispensável para compreendermos não só a evolução dos tempos, mas também a evolução do pensamento humano. Esta compreensão oferece-nos 1 Cf. BESSIÈRE, Gérard, Jesus o deus surpreendente, p. 164. A diplomacia da Santa Sé: evolução e questões actuais 8 registos importantes a ter em conta na construção do presente e de um futuro mais promissor para todos. A Igreja Católica foi e continua a ser indiscutivelmente um elemento importante da História. A herança que deixou na Europa e no Mundo é bem evidente, com os seus pontos positivos e negativos. Contudo, não podemos olhá-la como uma entidade ultrapassada. Apesar de já não ser a matriz da sociedade em que vivemos, a verdade é que a Igreja sempre se adaptou à evolução dos tempos, mantendo-se porém, sempre firme nas suas convicções morais e teológicas num mundo cada vez mais hedonista.
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