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Improving Coexistence Orientation Through Mixed-Model Encounters

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Improving Coexistence Orientation Through Mixed-Model Encounters A Theory and Practice of Coexistence: Improving Coexistence Orientation through Mixed-Model Encounters between Jews and Palestinians in Israel by Maor Shani A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology Approved Dissertation Committee: Prof. Dr. Klaus Boehnke (Chair) Prof. Dr. Margrit Schreier Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Kempf Prof. Dr. Arvid Kappas Date of Defense: April 16, 2015 Acknowledgement At the outset of this thesis, I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to several people who made this work possible. First, I am indebted to my supervisor, Klaus Boehnke, for his constant and valuable support, guidance, and encouragement throughout the entire process that culminated in this written document, as well as during my entire graduate studies in Bremen. His mentorship and passionate dedication to this work, as well as to my professional development, with inexhaustible patience, has been a tremendously motivating factor in this project and in gneral. I reserve a special gratitude to the members of my dissertation committee, Margrit Schreier, Arvid Kappas, Sonia Roccas, and Wilhelm Kempf, for their helpful guidance and suggestions, comments and reflections, throughout my studies, and for always being willing to help and contribute to the success of this project. I hope you will be satisfied with the result. I furthermore wish to express my heartfelt and sincere gratitude to the many people who were involved in this endeavor in different stages and contributed to its realization. A special gratitude goes to the educators and facilitators in Givat Haviva, led by Ayelet Roth and Netzach Gooli, who granted me access to their field and accompanied me ththroughout the data collection. Considering the intensity of their important and challenging work, this is not something to take for granted and therefore I am very grateful for that. I wish to thank Fawzia AbuNemer and Bilal Canaan for their assistance in collecting the data and valuable feedback throughout the research process. I also want to express my appreciation to prominent scholars in this field who provided me with valuable suggestions and advice, and particularly to Eran Halperin, Ifat Maoz, Gavriel Salomon, and Daniel Bar-Tal, whose inspiring works also provided the infrastructure for this research. I am also very grateful to the Marc Rich Foundation and to Scholars for Peace in the Middle East for their financial contribution to this study. Finally, I thank the PhD fellows and other members of the BIGSSS community for their support, feedback, and encouragement, all of which played a key role in my personal and professional life over the past few years. Declaration I, Maor Shani, hereby declare that I have written this PhD thesis independently, unless where clearly stated otherwise. I have used only the sources, the data and the support that I have clearly mentioned. This PhD thesis has not been submitted for conferral of degree elsewhere. I confirm that no rights of third parties will be infringed by the publication of this thesis. Tel Aviv, February 13, 2016 Signature ___________________________________________________________ Table of content Summary ..................................................................................................................................... I Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. An overview of Jewish-Palestinian relations in Israel ..................................................... 2 1.2. Sociopsychological dimensions of intractable conflicts .................................................. 3 1.3. Peacebuilding and reconciliation in theory and practice ................................................. 6 1.4. Peace education and people-to-people activities in the Jewish-Palestinian context........ 7 1.5. Planned encounters between Jews and Palestinians: From coexistence to confrontation ....................................................................................... 10 1.6. The effectiveness of peace education ............................................................................ 12 1.7. The goals and structure of the thesis ............................................................................. 12 1.7.1. Constructing an evaluation framework: Coexistence Orientation and its domains ........................................................................................................................ 13 1.7.2. Increasing methodological rigor in research on planned encounters ...................... 15 1.7.3. Affective and cognitive mechanisms in planned encounters .................................. 17 1.7. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 2: Conceptualizing, Operationalizing, and Measuring Coexistence Orientation among Jewish and Palestinian Youth in Israel ......................................................................... 20 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 21 2.2. From reconciliation to coexistence: Sociopsychological dimensions of post-conflict positive relations ................................................................................................................... 23 2.3. Coexistence and its psychological underpinnings ......................................................... 26 2.4. Is there Jewish-Palestinian coexistence in the State of Israel? ...................................... 28 2.5. The meta-construct of Coexistence Orientation and its psychological domains ........... 31 2.5.1. Emotional Coexistence Orientation ........................................................................ 33 2.5.2. Cognitive Coexistence Orientation ......................................................................... 35 2.5.3. Motivational Coexistence Orientation .................................................................... 37 2.5.4. Behavioral Coexistence Orientation ....................................................................... 38 2.5.5. Political Coexistence Orientation............................................................................ 38 2.6. The index of Jewish-Palestinian Coexistence Orientation: Scale development and pilot testing ........................................................................................................................... 40 2.6.1. Cognitive pretesting ................................................................................................ 41 2.6.2. Pilot test .................................................................................................................. 42 2.7. Methods ......................................................................................................................... 43 2.7.1. Sample and participants .......................................................................................... 43 2.7.2. Materials and procedure .......................................................................................... 44 2.7.3. Measures ................................................................................................................. 46 2.7.4. Data analysis ........................................................................................................... 53 2.8. Results ........................................................................................................................... 56 2.8.1. Results for CO indicators (level 1) ......................................................................... 56 2.8.2. Results for CO domains (level 2) and Overall CO (level 3) ................................... 60 2.8.3. Antecedents of CO and assessment of convergence validity .................................. 62 2.8.4. The contribution of CO to predicting political attitudes ......................................... 65 2.8.5. Person-centered approach: Cluster analysis ............................................................ 67 2.9. Summary ........................................................................................................................ 73 Chapter 3: The Contribution of Jewish-Palestinian Encounters to Coexistence Orientation: Assessment of Longitudinal Effects ......................................................................................... 78 3.1. Planned face-to-face encounters between Jews and Palestinians in Israel .................... 79 3.2. Two ideal type models of Jewish-Palestinian encounters ............................................. 81 3.3. The mixed-model of Jewish-Palestinian encounters and the focus on intergroup dialogue ................................................................................................................................ 83 3.4. The effectiveness of Jewish-Palestinian encounters: Four shortcomings in the current literature ................................................................................................................... 85 3.4.1. Shortcoming 1: The lack of conceptual criteria for evaluating encounters and he suggested framework of Coexistence Orientation ....................................................... 86 3.4.2. Shortcoming 2: The practical and methodological problems of self-selection ....... 92 3.4.3. Shortcoming 3: The threat of pretest sensitization and the Solomon Four-Group
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