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B. TARGET Yahack RECOMMENDATIONS

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B. TARGET Yahack RECOMMENDATIONS TARGET ANALYSIS B. TARGET yAHACK RECOMMENDATIONS The groups of targets discussed hereinafter" ars'tlros^ &&%£ Ifl" c. Covered artillery positions operations involving £ fl lieved important in either prolonged air ««esfiJrir # Mobile artillery positions 2 attack to reduce the efficiency of OKINAWA GUNTO as a military E". Pillboxes establishment, or attack to precede and support landing opera- F. Trenches, foxholes, rifle pits, machine-gun & tions. The same groups are not important to both type of opera- positions CD ations. Only airfields, shipping, and urban areas are discussed G. Land mines and wire UJ from the standpoint of the former operation. H. Antitank barriers I. Off-shore obstacles The target groups, not necessarily in order of priority, are: J. Potential positions (burial vaults) I 111. SHIPPING I. AIRFIELDS IV. URBAN AREAS 11. MILITARY DEFENSES V. LAND TRANSPORT A. Coast defense and dual-purpose batteries VI. COMMUNICATIONS (RADIO) B. Antiarcraft batteries VII.MISCELLANEOUS TARGETS. I CD < 2 IAIRFIELDS v < 1. Purpose. An attack analysis on the OKINAWA Airfields abilities for all revetments within the diameter of a circle 1500 & must depend on the purpose- for which attacks are to be carried or 2000 feet if about 900 bombs are dropped. For high altitude out. In sections 2 5, it is assumed that the goal is a short- (25,000 feet) about 3600 bombs would attain similar results within G term neutralization of local enemy air strength (in order, for a 3000-or 4000-foot circle. example, to facilitate amphibious operations). Prolonged general reduction of enemy operating efficiency is treated in section 6. In order to protect his planes, the enemy has under construc- tion or completed 19 concrete arch-type fighter shelters at YON- 2. Target Systems. Local enemy air strength can be absolute- TAN Airfield, Target OK-2-06, and four more at NAHA Airfield, Tar- ly neutralized by either of two methods: gets OK-5-4.1, OK-0-24 and OK-7-05. Captured drawings reproduced © herewith give details of the construction and Indicate that slid- (a) By destroying o* otherwise rendering inoperative the ing anti-straf ing barriers are intended to be present on comple- enemy »s aircraft; tion of the work. One such barrier is nearly completed at NAHA, 0< (b) By attacking the enemy's airfield runways in such a Target OK-5-41. manner as to make it impossible for him to take off and land. Construction of the arches is of reinforced concrete 11 inches O Attack against other targets, such as maintenance and repair thick at the top of the arch and considerably thicker near the facilities, communications and control installations, fuel and footings. At least two feet of earth covers the entire arch and ammunition dumps, warehouses, and barracks, may serve to lower on this grass and small bushes are planted. To be effective in the efficiency of the enemy airforce, to one extent or another, damaging the planes, bombs must either perforate the roof of the but cannot in general prove decisive. shelter or detonate in the area behind the anti-straf ing barricade. The one-hundred pound GP bomb will not perforate the overhead cov- Because of the inherent temporary nature of these two prin- ering. If used, it should be fused instantaneously. The 250 cipal methods (new aircraft can be flown in, runways can be re- pound GP willperforate if dropped from altitudes of 9000 feet or paired) , to maintain neutralization attack willhave to be repeat- above. For level bombing, the 500-pound GP willperforate from ed from time to time. 8000 feet and the 1000 and 2000 pound GP from 4000 feet. The 500 pound SAP will also perforate from 4000 feet in level bombing. 3. Destruction of Aircraft. Throughout the war to date, With standard dive bombing attacks (60 degree dive, T.A.S. 220 fighter machine-gun fire has proved the most effective means of knots, release at 2000 feet), either the 500-pound SAP or the attacking planes, both in the air and on the ground. The recent 1000-or 2000-pound GP can be expected to pierce the roof. Straf- addition of rockets to fighters presumably increases the effective- ing attacks must be made from the front, preferably at an angle of ness of these aircraft. 20 to 30 degrees with the horizontal. The same angle and approach would be best for rocket attacks. In addition, grounded planes can be attacked by bombing. By GP bombs are another far the most effective type is the 20-pound Frag, bomb, (from possibility for minimum altitude attack if made from the front; minimum altitude the 23-pound Frags, with parachute must be used) however, the vertical target area presented is small. Glide bomb- which will probably destroy any revetted plane within whose revet- ing is not recommended because of the likelihood of ricochet. ment it strikes. For planes in which 20-pound Frags, cannot be efficiently loaded, like the SB2C, larger bombs should be used up 4. Immobilization of Runways. The main method of immobiliz- to 500 pound GP. ing runways is by cratering their surface sufficiently to prevent planes from taking off and landing. In addition, use may be made The destruction of revetted aircraft by bombing, however, of the threat of unexploded (long delay) bombs, and of anti-dis- requires the expenditure of a large effort. For example, in dive turbance butterfly bombs. These should only be considered as bombing against a revetted fighter, in order to achieve a 50 per- supplementing the chief method, that of cratering. cent probability of destroying the plane, 50 or 60 bombs must be dropped. This number of bombs will yield an 80 percent probability A runway will be immobilized by cratering when nowhere on the against a bomber revetment. To achJLsv^e the same effect with nor- runway can there be found a portion large enough for a plane to mal glide k^Mng ttphß^tfe ~(TBMl requires the release of about take off and land. Thus, because bombers require a larger runway twice t||^lmifiqy| of\bx>Abs (but, not twice as many sorties). Heavy than do fighters, a strip will be inoperative with respect to bombers t| $]|es?jj|tiiig at higher altitudes "will be simultaneously at- bombers before it is with respect to fighters. In general, such tacking ijajfoHrevet&e^fe^over a whole area. Bombing from medium immobilization requires more or less uniform distribution of cra- altitude (12,500 feet), heavy bombers will attain the above prob- ters over the entire runway area. This form of attack is well 108 ™™™"*"" """"™"""">"^™"~™"""""^™"""""™""™""""""™"^^___ _^^a^^^B^B^^B TARGET ANALYSIS IAIRFIELDS continued [^CLASSIFIED suited to heavy bombers, with their great bomb loads, and large If TBMs oarry 20 x 100-pound GP bombs (as they now can with the bomb pattern. Carrier-type aircraft are capable of carrying out new method of suspension) instead of 12, then the number of car- such an attack, but are less suited for it because of their limit- rier-based sorties can be reduced from 402 to 273 (144, 45, 31, » ed bomb load, and because uniform distribution of craters over a 45, 8 sorties respectively for the fields in the order given). • large area imposes additional tactical problems. .In order to maintain the immobilization throughout the night The optimum bomb for most runways is the 100-pound GP (tail various procedures can, and generally must, be followed. These fuze .01 sec, nose fuze .10 sec), or in case these cannot be include: harassing night bombing attacks on the runways (prefer- loaded efficiently, the smallest GP available should be used. In ably with 100-pound GP bombs); post-twilight attacks on the runways the case of SB2Cs this means two 500 pound bombs plus two 250-pounc with butterfly bombs (fuzed for ant i-disturbance) ; pre-twilight i bombs under the wings. attacks on the runways with long delay 100-pound GP bombs (about one-half 12-hour and one-half 24-hour nominal delay. These delays 5. Force Requirements Against Runways. If both land-based should function in about three hours and eight hours respectively 5 heavy bombers and oarrier- based planes are available, the contin- at temperature of 80°F.). ued immobilization can be achieved at less expense than by either type alone. This can be done by having the initial immobilization 6. Prolonged Attack. If it is assumed that the purpose of the accomplished by formations of heavy bombers, with their great bomb attacks is not to secure total neutralization of local enemy air loads and large bomb pattern. Then, as soon as the enemy's repair strength in preparation for other operations, but to effect a re- I efforts threaten to clear a portion of the runway large enough to duction of the operating efficiency of this airforce over a pro- accommodate fighters, the particular portion could be struck again tracted period, then runways no longer retain their great target GO by a few carrier based bombers, which are capable of relatively importance, for it is in general not feasible to maintain for a great accuracy. Such a method requires constant patrol over the long time a sufficient weight of attack to keep runways inoperative. inoperative airfields, but with far smaller total effort than ini- Probably the most important targets in this circumstance, other than I tial immobilization of the runways by carrier-based bombers, or enemy aircraft, are maintenance and repair facilities. Against their continued neutralization by heavy bombers. most such facilities the optimum bomb is the 500-pound GP, fuzed v .01 sec. tail, .10 sec.
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