Byzantine Studies Conference University of Toronto October 11–14, 2007
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Heraclius Emperor of Byzantium
HERACLIUS EMPEROR OF BYZANTIUM WALTER E. KAEGI PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB21RP, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru,UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Walter E. Kaegi 2003 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions ofrelevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction ofany part may take place without the written permission ofCambridge University Press. First published 2003 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Adobe Garamond 11/12.5 pt. System LATEX 2ε [TB] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Kaegi, Walter Emil. Heraclius: emperor ofByzantium / Walter E. Kaegi. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0 521 81459 6 1. Heraclius, Emperor ofthe East, ca. 575–641. 2. Byzantine Empire–History–Heraclius, 610–641. 3. Emperors–Byzantine Empire–Biography. I. Title. DF574 .K34 2002 949.5 013 092 –dc21 [B] 2002023370 isbn 0 521 81459 6 hardback Contents List of maps page vi List of figures vii Acknowledgments viii List of abbreviations x Introduction 1 1 Armenia and Africa: the formative years 19 2 Internal and external challenges -
Chronological Overview
Chronological Overview 284-305 Diocletian and the tetrarchy 565-591 Wars with Persia 306-337 Constantine I (sole ruler from 324) 566 + Slavs begin to infiltrate across Danube frontier; pressure 311 Edict of toleration issued by Galerius on frontier fortresses from Avars 312 Constantine's victory at the Milvian bridge 568+ Lombards driven westward from Danube, invade Italy 313 Edict of toleration issued by Constantine and Licinius 572 Lombards besiege Ravenna 325 Council of Nicaea and condemnation of Arianism (first 577 Major invasion of Balkans led by Avars ecumenical council) 584, 586 Avaro-Slav attacks on Thessalonica 330 Consecration of Constantinople 591-602 Gradual success in pushing Avars back across Danube 337 Baptism and death of Constantine I 602 Maurice overthrown, Phokas proclaimed emperor 361-363 Julian the Apostate leads pagan reaction and attempts to 603 War with Persia; situation in Balkans deteriorates limit the influence of Christianity 610 Phokas overthrown by Heraclius, son of exarch of Africa 364 Jovian dies: empire divided between Valentinian 1 (West) at Carthage and Valens (East) 611-620s Central and northern Balkans lost 378 Defeat and death of Valens at hands of Visigoths at battle 614-619 Persians occupy Syria, Palestine and Egypt of Adrianople 622 Mohammed leaves Mecca for Medina (the 'Hijra') 381 First Council of Constantinople (second ecumenical 622-627 Heraclius campaigns in east against Persians council): reaffirms rejection of Arianism; asserts right of 626 Combined Avaro-Slav and Persian siege of Constantinople -
When Not in Rome, Still Do As the Romans Do? Africa from 146 BCE to the 7Th Century
Roland Steinacher When not in Rome, still do as the Romans do? Africa from 146 BCE to the 7th century Studying North Africa poses a variety of problems. Historical as well as archaeolog- ical research bears the burden of a colonial view on Africa’s past, which tends to overemphasize its Roman aspects. Berber (Numidian and Moorish) political entities together with Punic (Carthaginian) cities had a long history when Rome entered the African scene. The history of Roman North Africa in its narrow sense started with the forming of Africa vetus in 146 BCE, after the third Punic War and the destruction of Carthage. For the centuries to come, Rome relied on client kings in Numidia and Mauretania to secure the new province. Initially Africa consisted of the Carthaginian hinterland and had the fossa regia as a demarcation line drawn by Scipio the Young- er between the territory of the Numidian kings and the Roman province. Caesar added Africa nova (parts of the Numidian territory between the Tusca and Ampsaga rivers as well as Tripolitania) after the defeat of the Pompeians and their African al- lies, most prominently Juba I, at Thapsus in 46 BCE. The vast domains that were ac- quired helped the new political concept of Augustus’ principate to satisfy the claims of its followers. The process of full annexation of North Africa finished during the early principate under Emperor Claudius (41–54 CE) when Mauretania became part of the Empire.¹ Scholarship defined the spread of Roman civilization –‘Romanization’–as an acceptance of something like a Roman identity by local populations, or as a phenom- enon of migration. -
Augustus Caesar
LANCASTER PAMPHLETS Augustus Caesar David Shotter London and New York IN THE SAME SERIES General Editors: Eric J.Evans and P.D.King Lynn Abrams Bismarck and the German Empire 1871–1918 David Arnold The Age of Discovery 1400–1600 A.L.Beier The Problem of the Poor in Tudor and Early Stuart England Martin Blinkhorn Democracy and Civil War in Spain 1931–1939 Martin Blinkhorn Mussolini and Fascist Italy Robert M.Bliss Restoration England 1660–1688 Stephen Constantine Lloyd George Stephen Constantine Social Conditions in Britain 1918– 1939 Susan Doran Elizabeth I and Religion 1558–1603 Christopher Durston James I Eric J.Evans The Great Reform Act of 1832 Eric J.Evans Political Parties in Britain 1783–1867 Eric J.Evans Sir Robert Peel Dick Geary Hitler and Nazism John Gooch The Unification of Italy Alexander Grant Henry VII M.J.Heale The American Revolution Ruth Henig The Origins of the First World War Ruth Henig The Origins of the Second World War 1933–1939 Ruth Henig Versailles and After 1919–1933 P.D.King Charlemagne Stephen J.Lee Peter the Great Stephen J.Lee The Thirty Years War J.M.Mackenzie The Partition of Africa 1880–1900 Michael Mullett Calvin Michael Mullett The Counter-Reformation Michael Mullett James II and English Politics 1678– 1688 iii Michael Mullett Luther D.G.Newcombe Henry VIII and the English Reformation Robert Pearce Attlee’s Labour Governments 1945– 51 Gordon Phillips The Rise of the Labour Party 1893– 1931 John Plowright Regency England J.H.Shennan France Before the Revolution J.H.Shennan International Relations in Europe -
Power and Usurpation in Byzantium: Some Aspects of Communication, Legitimacy, and Moral Authority
‘THE GLORY OF RULING MAKES ALL THINGS PERMISSIBLE’: POWER AND USURPATION IN BYZANTIUM: SOME ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION, LEGITIMACY, AND MORAL AUTHORITY By ALISTAIR JAMES DAVIDSON A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman, and Modern Greek Studies Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham September 2017 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT In Byzantium, usurpation was made possible by the conflict between hereditary-dynastic and meritocratic-republican theories of rulership. Legitimacy was founded upon subjective notions of idealized moral-behavioural norms drawn from the imperial virtues and Christian ideology. Authority could be challenged when it was perceived to deviate from these norms. Investitures transformed a usurper from a private individual to an emperor on the basis of ratification by popular consent. The historic ritual of reluctance allowed emperors to present themselves as ‘moral ideals’ at the moment of proclamation, ridding them of blame for a usurpation. Guilt and sin were inevitable byproducts of usurpation, but imperial repentance facilitated an expiation and legitimized imperial authority in relation to moral ideals. -
From Monophysitism to Nestorianism
From Monophysitism to Nestorianism From Monophysitism to Nestorianism: AD 431-681 By Theodore Sabo From Monophysitism to Nestorianism: AD 431-681 By Theodore Sabo This book first published 2018 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by Theodore Sabo All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-0412-3 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-0412-7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ............................................................................................. vii Chapter One ....................................................................................... 1 Apollinarius, a Proto-Monophysite Chapter Two ...................................................................................... 7 The School of Antioch Chapter Three .................................................................................. 23 Cyril of Alexandria Chapter Four .................................................................................... 41 The Defeat of Nestorius at Ephesus Chapter Five .................................................................................... 59 The Formulary Compromise Chapter Six ..................................................................................... -
The Gracchi and the Era of Grain Reform in Ancient Rome Samuel Aly Harding, [email protected]
Tenor of Our Times Volume 6 Article 6 2017 The Gracchi and the Era of Grain Reform in Ancient Rome Samuel Aly Harding, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.harding.edu/tenor Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Aly, Samuel ( 2017) "The Gracchi and the Era of Grain Reform in Ancient Rome," Tenor of Our Times: Vol. 6, Article 6. Available at: https://scholarworks.harding.edu/tenor/vol6/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts & Humanities at Scholar Works at Harding. It has been accepted for inclusion in Tenor of Our Times by an authorized editor of Scholar Works at Harding. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE GRACCHI AND THE ERA OF GRAIN REFORM IN ANCIENT ROME By Samuel B. Aly Rome’s growing population in the late Republic was a positive sign. However, the metropolis was becoming larger than any before, indeed much larger. Exponential expansion and the booming capital city itself both forced society to adapt to an increasingly condensed metropolis. The days of food provisions from the city’s hinterland were over; Republican officials struggled to find ways to bolster the traditional method of supply. Fortunately, the developing trade network across the Mediterranean incrementally provided a solution to the problem. Republican officials had to find a way to facilitate the introduction of large-scale shipping in a way that allowed an effective, organized distribution of the grain that was so essential to the diet of ancient commoners. -
David Welch Thesis
From Germanicus to Corbulo: The Evolution of Generalship under the Principate in Tacitus’ Annales BY David George Welch, Jr. Submitted to the graduate degree program in Classics and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Anthony Corbeill ________________________________ Dr. Emma Scioli ________________________________ Dr. Tara Welch Date Defended: 25 April, 2016 The thesis committee for David George Welch, Jr. certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: From Germanicus to Corbulo: The Evolution of Generalship under the Principate in Tacitus’ Annales ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Anthony Corbeill Date Approved: 25 April, 2016 ii Abstract Tacitus’ Annales present a comprehensive account of the formative early years of the Roman principate. Though the effects of the change from republic to principate are most frequently made evident through Tacitus’ portrayal of politics in the city of Rome itself, his illustration of the change of the military’s role under the principate also demonstrates these effects. The biggest effect that this transition had on the military, as portrayed by Tacitus, is the dramatic difference in the way that generals had to conduct themselves – he exemplifies this change through his descriptions of Germanicus Caesar and Domitius Corbulo. Germanicus, serving in the early days of the principate, conducts his campaigns in a style similar to those conducted during the republic. Though he is described by the narrator as realizing that his actions needed to be changed in order to combat Tiberius’ growing jealousy toward his success, Germanicus loses his life because of Tiberius’ jealous attitude. -
The Proclamation of Peace on the Coinage of Carthage Under Constans II David Woods
The Proclamation of Peace on the Coinage of Carthage under Constans II David Woods Y THE REIGN of Constans II (641–668), the mint at Carthage was the second most important in the empire, Bstriking coins in gold, silver, and copper.1 Over the reign of Constans, it struck only one denomination of silver coin, a third siliqua, but struck this in four different types. Un- fortunately, none of these types bear dates, but their order of production can be determined from the changing styles of the portraits on the obverse, in particular the presence or length of the emperor’s beard. Furthermore, the approximate dates of these portrait types can also be determined by their use on dated gold and copper coins from Constantinople and else- where. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new inter- pretation of the reverse on the second of the four successive types of third siliqua struck at Carthage under Constans, that 1 In general see Philip Grierson, Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection II.2 Heraclius Constantine to Theodosius III (641–717) (Washington 1968: henceforth DOC ) 412–413, 468–484; Wolfgang Hahn, Moneta Imperii Byzantini III Von Heraclius bis Leo III. alleinregierung (610–720) (Vienna 1981: henceforth MIB ) 126–127, 134– 135, 142–145. I refer to the coins of Heraclius and his successors by their numbers under their names in the latter volume. For coins of the earlier periods I cite their numbers under the relevant emperors in Wolfgang Hahn and Michael Metlich, Money of the Incipient Byzantine Empire: Anastasius I– 2 Justinian I, 491–565 (Vienna 2013: henceforth MIBE ), and Money of the Incipient Byzantine Empire Continued: Justin II–Revolt of the Heraclii, 565–610 (Vienna 2009: henceforth MIBEC ). -
Life of Constantine
d:/3cameron/pre.3d ± 6/7/99 ± 14:51 ± disk/mp CLARENDON ANCIENT HISTORY SERIES General Editors Brian Bosworth Miriam Grin David Whitehead Susan Treggiari d:/3cameron/pre.3d ± 6/7/99 ± 14:51 ± disk/mp The aim of the CLARENDON ANCIENT HISTORY SERIES is to provide authoritative translations, introductions, and commentaries to a wide range of Greek and Latin texts studied by ancient historians. The books will be of interest to scholars, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates. d:/3cameron/pre.3d ± 6/7/99 ± 14:51 ± disk/mp e u s e b i u s Life of Constantine Introduction, translation, and commentary by Averil Cameron and Stuart G. Hall C L A R E N D O N P R E S S ´ O X F O R D 1 9 9 9 d:/3cameron/pre.3d ± 6/7/99 ± 14:51 ± disk/mp 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford and furthers the University's aim of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris SaÄ o Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York # Averil Cameron and Stuart Hall 1999 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 1999 All rights reserved. -
Constantine the Great: the Coins Speak
MIDDLE TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY CONSTANTINE THE GREAT: THE COINS SPEAK A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY VICTOR CLARK MURFREESBORO, TENNESSEE DECEMBER 2009 [email protected] 2 CONTENTS Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................ 3 2. CHRISTIAN SYMBOLISM ON COINS OF CONSTANTINE.................................................................. 10 3. COINS AND THE CITY OF CONSTANTINE — CONSTANTINOPLE........................................................ 30 4. THE PRINCE, THE HELMET, THE GERMANS AND THE COINS................................................................. 58 5. CONCLUSION................................................................... 85 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................. 92 Appendix 1. Analysis of the coins............................................................ 115 2. Reverse Coin Types for Constantine.................................... 138 3 INTRODUCTION In Italy during the fourteenth century some men began to study ancient Roman coins. This should not be a surprise though, as it was the Renaissance, and there was a great interest in the classical past. The humanist Petrarch was the most famous of these early numismatists. Petrarch said in a letter that often people would approach him with a request to identify a newly discovered ancient coin. “Often there came to me in Rome a vinedigger, holding in his hands an ancient jewel or a golden Latin coin, sometimes scratched by the hard edge of a hoe, urging me either to buy it or to identify the heroic faces inscribed on them.”1 At this time, people were mostly concerned with iconography— they mainly wanted to know which emperor was on the front of their coin. A quote from Petrarch illustrates the Renaissance interest in the portraits on the coins. In 1354, Petrarch gave some Roman coins to Emperor Charles IV. “I presented him with some gold and silver coins, which I held very dear. -
Jesus and Tiberius: an Examination of Source Reliability
Eleutheria Volume 4 Issue 1 Article 2 May 2015 Jesus and Tiberius: An Examination of Source Reliability Timothy B. Chrisman Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/eleu Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, Intellectual History Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Chrisman, Timothy B.. 2015. "Jesus and Tiberius: An Examination of Source Reliability." Eleutheria 4, (1). https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/eleu/vol4/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Divinity at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Eleutheria by an authorized editor of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Jesus and Tiberius: An Examination of Source Reliability Abstract Since the introduction to the critical method of studying the Old and New Testament in the nineteenth century, doubt has been thrown on the historical reliability of the biblical narrative accounts, especially the four Gospels. Yet, far less scrutiny and denigration have been applied to historical sources written during the time of the Roman Empire. A comparison, then, is proposed. It would be beneficial ot compare the sources that detailed the life and ministry of Jesus of Nazareth, namely, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John and the four sources which chronicled the life of Tiberius, emperor of the Roman Empire during the Ministry of Jesus. How do the sources compare as to their composition in proximity to their subject? Do the sources agree with one another? Is there a level of objectivity in the sources that allowed them to present the correct details of their subject? These questions will determine the reliability of the documents in question and whether the four Gospels measure up to critical examination.