Endogenous Gibberellin Levels During Early Fruit Development of Macadamia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Endogenous Gibberellin Levels During Early Fruit Development of Macadamia African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 6(20), pp. 4785-4788, 26 September, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR DOI: 10.5897/AJAR11.902 ISSN 1991-637X ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Endogenous gibberellin levels during early fruit development of macadamia Stephen J. Trueman Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC 4558, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +61 7 54565033. Accepted 12 August, 2011 Gibberellins play a key role in flower and fruit development, and fruits often contain high gibberellin concentrations. This study quantified endogenous gibberellins in flowers and immature fruits of the macadamia cultivars, H2 and 246, to assist in developing growth-regulator treatments for improving fruit set. GA 1, GA 3, GA 8, GA 9 and GA 20 was detected in flowers or fruits of both cultivars, and GA 4 were detected in flowers of cultivar 246. The timing of gibberellin accumulation was consistent between cultivars but total concentrations were very low (< 7 pmol g -1 fresh weight). Low gibberellin levels are consistent with the inability of the gibberellin-synthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol, to influence fruit retention in macadamia. Key words: Abscission, fruit drop, kernel, nut, paclobutrazol, plant growth regulators, Proteaceae. INTRODUCTION Macadamia ( Macadamia integrifolia , Macadamia development (Wilkie et al., 2008; de Jong et al., 2009), tetraphylla and hybrids) is a subtropical evergreen tree and fruits often contain high levels of endogenous that is grown in plantations in South Africa, Australia, gibberellins (Zhang et al., 2007; Ayele et al., 2010). This Hawaii and Brazil. Macadamia trees produce masses of paper describes the identification and quantification of racemes in spring, each bearing 100 to 300 flowers gibberellins in developing macadamia fruits, and (Trueman and Turnbull, 1994a; Olesen et al., 2011). discusses their relationship with the effects of gibberellic More than 98% of flowers and immature fruits abscise acid and paclobutrazol applications on fruit retention during the first 10 weeks after anthesis (Trueman and (Trueman, 2010a). Such information is useful for Turnbull, 1994b). Fruits reach maturity about 24 weeks developing growth regulator treatments to improve post-anthesis, after which they fall to the orchard floor macadamia yield and kernel quality. and are harvested and dehusked to provide the nut-in- shell and edible kernel (Trueman et al., 2000, 2002; Walton and Wallace, 2008, 2009). MATERIALS AND METHODS Auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins and the gibberellin- Fruit samples synthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol, have been tested on macadamia to reduce flower and fruit drop but none has Fruits were collected from macadamia cultivars ‘H2’ (‘Hinde’) and increased final fruit set (Williams, 1980; Trueman, ‘246’ (‘Keauhou’) at Hidden Valley Plantations, Beerwah, Queensland (26 °50’S 152°56’E). Racemes were selected and 2010a). The cytokinin, benzyladenine, increases fruit tagged on four trees of each cultivar, approximately 3 d pre- retention for up to 8 weeks after anthesis but does not anthesis (28 Sep 1989). All selected racemes were pollinated using increase fruit set beyond the major abscission period at the test-tube method of Trueman and Turnbull (1994a) and Wallace 10 weeks post-anthesis (Trueman, 2010a). Endogenous et al. (1996), with cv. H2 racemes pollinated using cv. 246 pollen, cytokinin levels are very high in macadamia fruits around and cv. 246 racemes pollinated using cv. H2 pollen. Fruit samples 10 weeks post-anthesis, which suggests that fruits may were collected 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 21, 30, 36, 42, 56 and 70 days post- anthesis. Each sample consisted of all the fruits from four racemes, be, in effect, cytokinin-saturated and insensitive to with one raceme from each tree. Samples at 2 to 7 days post- applied cytokinins at this stage (Trueman, 2010b). anthesis also included sepals that had not yet abscised from some Gibberellins also play a key role in flower and fruit fruits. Fresh weights of all samples were recorded, and samples 4786 Afr. J. Agric. Res. Table 1. Gibberellin concentrations (pmol g -1 fresh weight) in macadamia cv. H2 fruits. Time post-anthesis (d) 2 4 7 11 14 21 30 36 42 56 70 GA 1 0.78 nd nd nd nd 0.40 0.29 1.26 0.52 0.57 nd GA 3 nd nd nd 0.49 0.92 0.75 1.45 nd nd 1.33 1.36 GA 4 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd GA 8 4.75 0.55 0.33 nd nd nd 0.91 nd 0.33 nd nd GA 9 nd nd nd nd nd 3.20 2.63 nd nd nd nd GA 20 nd 0.81 nd nd 0.39 1.96 0.42 0.81 0.33 4.10 0.60 Total 5.53 1.36 0.33 0.49 1.31 6.31 5.70 2.07 1.18 6.00 1.96 nd’ = Not detected. were stored in liquid nitrogen. Extractions were performed on entire and GA 9. All samples and standards were assayed in duplicate. samples except for the 56 to 70 days samples, where only two fruits Each assay tube contained 100 µl Tris-HCl buffer (0.1 M pH 7.1) were used per extract due to the higher fresh weights of individual plus 0.1 M NaCl, 200 µg bovine immunoglobulin and 170 Bq tracer 3 fruits. ([ H]GA 1-Me, corresponding to a concentration of 0.7 nM). To this was added 50 µl of standard (GA 1-Me, 5 – 5000 pg) or sample. Water was used for determination of B max . Finally 50 µl of Extraction procedure appropriate diluted antiserum was added (water for non-specific binding blank) and the tubes were mixed and incubated for 1 h. Tissue samples were homogenised with an Ultra-Turrax tissue Next, 200 µl of saturated ammonium sulphate solution was added, disintegrator together with 90% methanol (10 ml g-1 fresh weight) thoroughly mixed and left to precipitate the antibody-antigen 3 12 -1 and 330 Bq of [1,2- H]GA 1 (1.21 x 10 Bq mmol ). Extracts were complexes for 20 min. Tubes were centrifuged (10000 g for 3 min) cleared by centrifugation. Insoluble material was reextracted in 90% and supernatants discarded. Pellets were washed with 150 µl of methanol. The combined extracts were reduced to an aqueous 50% saturated ammonium sulphate, centrifuged as before and residue by rotary evaporation at 40 °C. The extract was frozen to - decanted again. Pellets were dissolved in 225 µl water, mixed 20 °C, then thawed and centrifuged (10000 g for 5 min) to remove thoroughly for 1 h, before 1.2 ml of Beckman ReadyValue precipitated lipids and chlorophyll. The extract was then passed scintillation cocktail was added. Tubes were counted on a Packard through a column of insoluble polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (6 ml g-1 Minaxi 4000 scintillation counter for 2 min. Data was processed fresh weight) to remove phenolic compounds. Three volumes of using a custom-written program. The assays were calibrated using water were then passed through the column to recover the a least-squares linear regression plot of logit [B/B max ] v. log gibberellins. The eluate was rotary evaporated to < 3 ml, adjusted [standard concentration]. Compounds were identified on the basis to pH 2.9 with HCl, and extracted 5 times with 2/3 volume of ethyl of immunoreactivity and HPLC retention times, compared with acetate. The combined ethyl acetate fractions were washed with standard gibberellins. The lowest standard (5 pg) was regarded as water to remove excess acid, rotary evaporated to dryness, the detection limit for all samples. dissolved in 2 ml methanol, and then desiccated. The gibberellins were methylated with ethereal diazomethane, and the sample was again rotary evaporated to dryness. RESULTS Compounds with HPLC and radioimmunoassay behaviour HPLC of GA 1, GA 3, GA 8, GA 9 and GA 20 were detected in extracts of both cultivars, H2 (Table 1) and 246 (Table 2). Gibberellins were fractionated on a Shandon ODS 5 µm Hypersil column (250 × 4.6 mm) using a gradient of methanol in water at a GA 4 was only detected in the 2- and 4-days post- flow rate of 1 ml min -1. Samples were firstly dissolved in 900 µl of pollination extracts of cv. 246 flowers. The timing of 30% methanol and centrifuged at 10000 g for 5 min to remove gibberellin accumulation was consistent between particulate matter prior to injection. Samples were then fractionated cultivars (Figure 1), but the total concentrations of using the following gradient: 35% for 4 min, 35 to 47% over 7 min, extractable gibberellins were very low (max. 6.31 pmol g -1 47 to 87% over 10 min, 87 to 100% over 5 min, and 100% for 5 min. Thirty-five 0.6-min fractions were collected from 6 to 27 min. All fresh weight) throughout the first 70 d after anthesis collected fractions were dried in a Savant SVC100H centrifugal (Tables 1 and 2). sample concentrator at 45 °C, and then dissolved in 200 µl water. 3 Recoveries of [ H]GA 1 were estimated from the appropriate HPLC fractions to be 6 to 73%. DISCUSSION Macadamia fruits contained several gibberellins (viz. GA 1, Radioimmunoassay GA 3, GA 4 and GA 9) that have also been detected at low concentrations (max. 11.48 pmol g -1 fresh weight) in Radioimmunoassay was performed on all HPLC fractions. An apical buds or lateral buds of macadamia cv. 344 antiserum against GA 1 was used. This antiserum had a broad specificity for C -GAs, which allowed accurate simultaneous (Fletcher and Mader, 2007). The gibberellin levels in 19 -1 measurement of GA 1, GA 3, GA 4, GA 20 and, at lower sensitivity, GA 8 macadamia fruits (< 7 pmol g fresh weight) were much Trueman 4787 Table 2.
Recommended publications
  • PROTEACEAE – It's All About Pollination
    PROTEACEAE – it’s all about pollination …….Gail Slykhuis Illustration Philippa Hesterman, images Ellinor Campbell & Marg McDonald A predominantly southern hemisphere plant family, Proteaceae is well represented in Australia, particularly in the West, but we do have our own equally special local representatives, some of which are outlined below. A characteristic feature of many genera within this plant family is the ‘pollen presenter’, which is a fascinating mechanism by which the pollen, which would otherwise be difficult to access for potential pollination vectors such as bees, birds and nectarivorous mammals, is positioned on the extended style of the flower, facilitating cross- pollination. The stigma, which is part of the style, is not mature at this time, thus avoiding self-pollination. A hand lens would enable you to clearly see pollen presenters on the following local representatives: Banksia marginata, Grevillea infecunda, Hakea spp., Isopogon ceratophyllus and Lomatia illicifolia. It is interesting to note that both Victorian Smoke-bush Conospermum mitchellii and Prickly Geebung Persoonia juniperina, also found in our district, do not have pollen presenters. Silver Banksia Banksia marginata This shrub or small tree is readily recognisable when flowering (Feb – July) by the conspicuous yellow pollen presenters, which are an obvious floral part of the banksia flower. These flowers then slowly mature into our iconic woody banksia cones. It is interesting to observe the changes in the nature of the pollen presenters as the flower develops. The white undersides of the leathery leaves provide a clue to the choice of common name with their tip being characteristically blunt or truncate. Anglesea Grevillea Grevillea infecunda One of our endemic plants, the Anglesea Grevillea was first named in 1986 and is Anglesea Grevillea found in several locations north west of Anglesea.
    [Show full text]
  • Persoonia Levis Broad-Leaved Geebung
    Persoonia levis Broad-leaved Geebung Geebung is an unusual name derived from Aboriginal languages: geebung is the name used by the Dharuk in the Sydney Region, and Jibbong by the Wiradjuri1. The genus name Persoonia, to our ears, is also unusual until you find out that it is named after a Dutch mycologist (someone who studies fungi), Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. Geebungs are endemic to Australia and there are almost 100 species which, for the most part, are found in eastern Australia, and in the SW corner of Western Australia. They are mostly small trees or shrubs. This particular species, Persoonia levis, common in Sydney bushland, grows along the central and north coast of NSW, and in the SE corner of NSW and NE corner of Victoria. We are accustomed to the subtle olives, blues, greys and yellowish greens of the foliage of the Australian bush but the Broad-leaved Geebung is quite a contrast with bright, apple green foliage. The fruits, too, are unusual, round and succulent, bright green colouring to purple, very different from the dry, hard fruits of other genera in the same (Proteaceae) family, for example, Needle Bush (Hakea), Telopea (Waratah), Grevillea and Woodly Pear (Xylomelum). Geebungs are also unusual in that they have seven chromosomes that are much larger than those of other Proteaceae2. Broad-leaved Geebung has papery bark that provides some protection from bushfires. Peel back the superficial burnt bark and you will find glorious, rich crimson beneath the blackened exterior. This species also has the potential to resprout after fires, and regenerate from seed.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathogens Associated with Diseases. of Protea, Leucospermum and Leucadendron Spp
    PATHOGENS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASES. OF PROTEA, LEUCOSPERMUM AND LEUCADENDRON SPP. Lizeth Swart Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture at the University of Stellenbosch Supervisor: Prof. P. W. Crous Decem ber 1999 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION 1, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own original work and has not previously in its entirety or in part been submitted at any university for a degree. SIGNATURE: DATE: Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za PATHOGENS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASES OF PROTEA, LEUCOSPERMUM ANDLEUCADENDRONSPP. SUMMARY The manuscript consists of six chapters that represent research on different diseases and records of new diseases of the Proteaceae world-wide. The fungal descriptions presented in this thesis are not effectively published, and will thus be formally published elsewhere in scientific journals. Chapter one is a review that gives a detailed description of the major fungal pathogens of the genera Protea, Leucospermum and Leucadendron, as reported up to 1996. The pathogens are grouped according to the diseases they cause on roots, leaves, stems and flowers, as well as the canker causing fungi. In chapter two, several new fungi occurring on leaves of Pro tea, Leucospermum, Telopea and Brabejum collected from South Africa, Australia or New Zealand are described. The following fungi are described: Cladophialophora proteae, Coniolhyrium nitidae, Coniothyrium proteae, Coniolhyrium leucospermi,Harknessia leucospermi, Septoria prolearum and Mycosphaerella telopeae spp. nov. Furthermore, two Phylloslicla spp., telopeae and owaniana are also redecribed. The taxonomy of the Eisinoe spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Rarity: Species Distributional Patterns, Population Genetics, Pollination Biology, and Seed Dispersal in Persoonia (Proteaceae)
    University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Year Plant rarity: species distributional patterns, population genetics, pollination biology, and seed dispersal in Persoonia (Proteaceae) Paul D. Rymer University of Wollongong Rymer, Paul D, Plant rarity: species distributional patterns, population genetics, pollination biology, and seed dispersal in Persoonia (Proteaceae), PhD thesis, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2006. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/634 This paper is posted at Research Online. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/634 1 Plant rarity: species distributional patterns, population genetics, pollination biology, and seed dispersal in Persoonia (Proteaceae). PhD Thesis by Paul D. Rymer B.Sc. (Hons) – Uni. of Western Sydney School of Biological Sciences UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG 2006 2 DECLARATION This thesis is submitted, in accordance with the regulations of the University of Wollongong, in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The work described in this thesis was carried out by me, except where otherwise acknowledged, and has not been submitted to any other university or institution. 3 “Yes, Duckie, you’re lucky you’re not Herbie Hart who has taken his Throm-dim-bu-lator apart” (Dr. Seuss 1973) 4 Abstract An understanding of rarity can provide important insights into evolutionary processes, as well as valuable information for the conservation management of rare and threatened species. In this research, my main objective was to gain an understanding of the biology of rarity by investigating colonization and extinction processes from an ecological and evolutionary perspective. I have focused on the genus Persoonia (family Proteaceae), because these plants are prominent components of the Australian flora and the distributional patterns of species vary dramatically, including several that are listed as threatened.
    [Show full text]
  • Species of Botryosphaeriaceae Occurring on Proteaceae
    Persoonia 21, 2008: 111–118 www.persoonia.org RESEARCH ARTICLE doi:10.3767/003158508X372387 Species of Botryosphaeriaceae occurring on Proteaceae S. Marincowitz1, J.Z. Groenewald 2, M.J. Wingfield1, P.W. Crous1,2 Key words Abstract The Botryosphaeriaceae includes several species that are serious canker and leaf pathogens of Pro-­ teaceae. In the present study, sequence data for the ITS nrDNA region were used in conjunction with morphological Botryosphaeria observations to resolve the taxonomy of species of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with Proteaceae. Neofusicoccum Fusicoccum luteum was confirmed from Buckinghamia and Banksia in Australia, and on Protea cynaroides in South Africa. Neofusicoccum A major pathogen of Banksia coccinea in Australia was shown to be N. australe and not N. luteum as previously Saccharata reported. Neofusicoccum protearum was previously reported on Proteaceae from Australia, Madeira, Portugal and South Africa, and is shown here to also occur in Hawaii and Tenerife (Canary Islands). Furthermore, several previous records of N. ribis on Proteaceae were shown to be N. parvum. Saccharata capensis is described as a new species that is morphologically similar to S. proteae. There is no information currently available regarding its potential importance as plant pathogen and pathogenicity tests should be conducted with it in the future. Article info Received: 4 September 2008; Accepted: 25 September 2008; Published: 1 October 2008. INTRODUCTION recently added lineage representing the anamorph genus Aplosporella (Damm et al. 2007b). Botryosphaeria spp. and The Proteaceae (proteas) is a prominent Southern Hemisphere similar species are prevalent on proteas under environmental plant family consisting of approximately seven subfamilies, 60 stress, causing stem cankers, dieback or leaf blight (Crous et genera and 1 400 species (Rebelo 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Western Australian Natives Susceptible to Phytophthora Cinnamomi
    Western Australian natives susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi. Compiled by E. Groves, G. Hardy & J. McComb, Murdoch University Information used to determine resistance to P. cinnamomi : 1a- field observations, 1b- field observation and recovery of P.cinnamomi; 2a- glasshouse inoculation of P. cinnamomi and recovery, 2b- field inoculation with P. cinnamomi and recovery. Not Provided- no information was provided from the reference. PLANT SPECIES COMMON NAME ASSESSMENT RARE NURSERY REFERENCES SPECIES AVALABILITY Acacia campylophylla Benth. 1b 15 Acacia myrtifolia (Sm.) Willd. 1b A 9 Acacia stenoptera Benth. Narrow Winged 1b 16 Wattle Actinostrobus pyramidalis Miq. Swamp Cypress 2a 17 Adenanthos barbiger Lindl. 1a A 1, 13, 16 Adenanthos cumminghamii Meisn. Albany Woolly Bush NP A 4, 8 Adenanthos cuneatus Labill. Coastal Jugflower 1a A 1, 6 Adenanthos cygnorum Diels. Common Woolly Bush 2 1, 7 Adenanthos detmoldii F. Muell. Scott River Jugflower 1a 1 Adenanthos dobagii E.C. Nelson Fitzgerald Jugflower NP R 4,8 Adenanthos ellipticus A.S. George Oval Leafed NP 8 Adenanthos Adenanthos filifolius Benth. 1a 19 Adenanthos ileticos E.C. George Club Leafed NP 8 Adenanthos Adenanthos meisneri Lehm. 1a A 1 Adenanthos obovatus Labill. Basket Flower 1b A 1, 7 14,16 Adenanthos oreophilus E.C. Nelson 1a 19 Adenanthos pungens ssp. effusus Spiky Adenanthos NP R 4 Adenanthos pungens ssp. pungens NP R 4 Adenanthos sericeus Labill. Woolly Bush 1a A 1 Agonis linearifolia (DC.) Sweet Swamp Peppermint 1b 6 Taxandria linearifolia (DC.) J.R Wheeler & N.G Merchant Agrostocrinum scabrum (R.Br) Baill. Bluegrass 1 12 Allocasuarina fraseriana (Miq.) L.A.S. Sheoak 1b A 1, 6, 14 Johnson Allocasuarina humilis (Otto & F.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Dispersal, Herbivory and Recruitment Failure of Persoonia Elliptica (Proteaceae) in Western Australian Jarrah (Eucalyptus Marginata) Forest
    Seed dispersal, herbivory and recruitment failure of Persoonia elliptica (Proteaceae) in Western Australian Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest Sophie Monaco Bachelor of Science (Conservation and Wildlife Biology) School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University 2012 This thesis is my original work and has not been submitted, in whole or in part, for a degree at this or any other university. Nor does it contain, to the best of my knowledge and belief, any material published or written by another person, except as acknowledged in the text: Sophie Monaco, October 2012 Word count for all parts of the thesis, excluding references, figures and tables: 14,300 ii ABSTRACT Persoonia elliptica is a resprouting understorey tree species of the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forests of South-Western Australia. All known populations are lacking in seedlings and saplings, resulting in population structures made up solely of mature trees and exhibiting clear recruitment failure. Little research has been done on this species other than a single study by Abbott and Van Heurck (1988) which described population structures and speculated that increased kangaroo herbivory might be the cause of recruitment failure. This study addresses the issue of recruitment failure, in particular with regards to seed production, viability and dispersal, and herbivory. This work describes the ecology of the species including fruit production, seed viability and population structure. The relationship between P. elliptica and the fauna of the region is examined with regard to seed dispersal vectors and dispersal distances, while the role macropods play in seedling and new growth herbivory and the link with recruitment failure is also examined.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1: Introducing the Protea Family
    > BACK TO CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCING THE PROTEA FAMILY There are around 1700 species and 79 genera of plants in the Proteaceae (Protea) family, and most are indigenous to the southern hemisphere. Around half of these species come from Australia and a quarter from southern Africa. Protea is internationally, one of the best-known and most widely grown genera from the Proteaceae family. Proteas originate in southern Africa and many species are known and grown for their large colourful flower heads. This book focuses mostly on Proteas, but also considers some of the other Proteaceae genera that are more widely cultivated. History & include Central and South America which have about 90 species. The New Guinea Distribution islands have about 45 species. A smaller number of species are found in South The name ‘Protea’ was first published East Asia, New Caledonia and New in 1735 by the famous botanist Carl Zealand, and mainland New Guinea. Linnaeus who referred to the genus now known as Leucadendron. Linnaeus was Many Australian native genera belong impressed by the diversity of these plants to the Proteaceae family including: and named them after the Greek sea god Grevillea, Hakea, Banksia, Dryandra, Proteus who was believed to be able to Stenocarpus, Dryandra, Isopogon, change his form at will. The Proteaceae Persoonia, Conospermum, Franklandia, family includes many prized garden plants. and Petrophile. South African Proteaceae plants are Closely related South African genera mostly from the Cape Province region, are often included when people talk but also come from north to central loosely about the Protea, including Africa extending to tropical areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Aboriginal Plant Use in South Eastern Australia
    INFORMATION RESOURCES Aboriginal Plant Use in south-eastern Australia Stages in the making of a basket from Spiny-headed Mat-rush by Wally Mongta, 1991 Text by Daphne Nash Artwork Donna Wahl Cover (Stages in the making of a basket from Spiny-headed Mat-rush by Wally Mongta, 1991) P2 (banksia, needle), p8 (spear thrower), p14 (stages in basket- making). Christine Payne p2 (indigo), p3, p4 (native cherry, rafts), p5, p6, p7, p8 (all except spear thrower), p9 (lily, kurrajong, net), p10 (nardoo), p11, p12, p13 (mat-rush, eel traps), p15, p16. Bev Bruen p13 (tree-fern). Cameron McDonald p4 (common reed, necklace) p9 (bowl, grinding stone). Maryanne Traill p9 (kangaroo grass). Franki Sparke p10 (mistletoe) Leife Shallcross p14 (eel trap, finished basket) This material can only be copied for non-commercial education purposes. Revised February 2004 Produced by Education Services Australian National Botanic Gardens. Clunies Ross Street, Acton ACT 2601 The Australian National Botanic Gardens – Mission: grow, study and promote Australian plants. 2. AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL BOTANIC GARDENS Aboriginal Plant Use in South-eastern Australia Contents : Page Planning the Excursion 1 x About the Questions x Purpose x Curriculum links Aboriginal Plant Use in South-east Australia 2 x Austral indigo 2 x Banksia 2 x Blackwood 3 x Bulrush, Cumbungi 3 x Cherry Ballart, Native Cherry 4 x Common Reed 4 x Flax Lily 5 x Geebung 5 x Gum Trees 7 x Gymea Lily 9 x Kangaroo Grass 9 x Kurrajong 9 x Mistletoe 10 x Nardoo 10 x Native Cypress Pine 11 x Native Raspberry 11 x She-Oaks 12 x Soft Tree Fern 13 x Spiny-headed Mat-Rush 13 x Yam Daisy or Murnong 15 Student Worksheet Answers 17 Bibliography 19 Map of the Gardens 20 AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL BOTANIC GARDENS Planning the Excursion We want you to use the Information Resource Notes and example Student Worksheets as resources for planning your excursion.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Pathogens of Proteaceae
    Persoonia 27, 2011: 20–45 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158511X606239 Fungal pathogens of Proteaceae P.W. Crous 1,3,8, B.A. Summerell 2, L. Swart 3, S. Denman 4, J.E. Taylor 5, C.M. Bezuidenhout 6, M.E. Palm7, S. Marincowitz 8, J.Z. Groenewald1 Key words Abstract Species of Leucadendron, Leucospermum and Protea (Proteaceae) are in high demand for the interna- tional floriculture market due to their brightly coloured and textured flowers or bracts. Fungal pathogens, however, biodiversity create a serious problem in cultivating flawless blooms. The aim of the present study was to characterise several cut-flower industry of these pathogens using morphology, culture characteristics, and DNA sequence data of the rRNA-ITS and LSU fungal pathogens genes. In some cases additional genes such as TEF 1- and CHS were also sequenced. Based on the results of ITS α this study, several novel species and genera are described. Brunneosphaerella leaf blight is shown to be caused by LSU three species, namely B. jonkershoekensis on Protea repens, B. nitidae sp. nov. on Protea nitida and B. protearum phylogeny on a wide host range of Protea spp. (South Africa). Coniothyrium-like species associated with Coniothyrium leaf systematics spot are allocated to other genera, namely Curreya grandicipis on Protea grandiceps, and Microsphaeropsis proteae on P. nitida (South Africa). Diaporthe leucospermi is described on Leucospermum sp. (Australia), and Diplodina microsperma newly reported on Protea sp. (New Zealand). Pyrenophora blight is caused by a novel species, Pyrenophora leucospermi, and not Drechslera biseptata or D.
    [Show full text]
  • Seedling Establishment in a Pyrogenic Flowering Species: the Role of Time-Since-Fire, Litter and Post- Dispersal Seed Predation
    University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Year Seedling establishment in an pyrogenic flowering species: the role of time-since-fire, litter and post-dispersal seed predation Andrew J. Denham University of Wollongong Denham, Andrew J., Seedling establishment in a pyrogenic flowering species: the role of time-since-fire, litter and postdispersal seed predation, M.Sc.-Res. thesis, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2007. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/681 This paper is posted at Research Online. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/681 Seedling establishment in a pyrogenic flowering species: the role of time-since-fire, litter and post- dispersal seed predation A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE (RESEARCH) from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by Andrew J. Denham BSc University of Sydney SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2007 Certification I, Andrew John Denham, declare that this thesis, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the award of Master of Science (Research), in the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, is entirely my own work except where otherwise acknowledged, and has not been submitted for qualifications to any other university or institution. Andrew Denham Part of the life-cycle of a plant, as illustrated by Timothy, age 6. If only it were that simple…. Table of Contents List of figures .............................................................................................vii
    [Show full text]
  • THE WARATAH and OTHER PROTEACEAE
    Australian Plants Society NORTH SHORE GROUP Ku-ring-gai Wildflower Garden Topic 23: THE WARATAH and OTHER PROTEACEAE The Proteaceae is a very ancient family occurring in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, South America and Eastern Asia. It contains about 79 genera, 46 of which occur in Australia through about 1110 species TELOPEA This genus was named by Robert Brown in 1810, from the Greek “telepos”, meaning “seen from afar”, and refers to the conspicuous nature of the crimson head of flowers. The Aborigines called these beautiful shrubs Waratah. It is a small genus which contains 5 species only, all of which are confined to the south-eastern regions of the continent and Tasmania. Telopea speciosissima (meaning “most handsome”) occurs in New South Wales from Gosford, Putty and the Blue Mountains, south to Conjola, usually on sandstone. It occurs naturally in the Ku-ring-gai Wildflower Garden. There is an isolated occurrence in the Gibraltar Range east of Glen Innes but this population is now accepted as a separate species, Telopea aspera, and is differentiated by rusty-coloured hairs on stem and leaf under-surface and its wider, rougher leaves. Telopea speciosissima “Wirrimbirra White” Photo J. Plaza ©Royal Botanic Gardens & Photo J. Plaza ©Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia. Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia. Telopea oreades (meaning belonging to the mountains) is the third species occurring in New South Wales. It is found in the Bombala District and far south coast of New South Wales, extending into East Gippsland in Victoria. There is an isolated population in the Mongarlowe Valley, west of Ulladulla.
    [Show full text]