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Bushy Lake Restoration, Monitoring, and Adaptive Management on the American River, Sacramento, California

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Bushy Lake Restoration, Monitoring, and Adaptive Management on the American River, Sacramento, California Bushy Lake Restoration, Monitoring, and Adaptive Management on the American River, Sacramento, California Professor Michelle Stevens, PhD California State University Sacramento With funding from Sacramento County Department of Regional Parks * February 6, 2017 Table of Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................. iv Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. v Chapter 1 – Introduction Goals and Objectives ............................................................................................ 1-2 Public Engagement ............................................................................................... 1-7 Project Unveiling.................................................................................................... 1-7 Unveiling Event Feedback .................................................................................... 1-9 Follow Up ............................................................................................................... 1-9 Chapter 2 – Bushy Lake Project Area ............................................................. 2-1 Chapter 3 – Physical Resources 3.1 Geology and Soils – Background ................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Soils at Bushy Lake ......................................................................................... 3-1 3.3 Methods for Analysis of Soils .......................................................................... 3-2 3.4 Soils and Carbon Sequestration ..................................................................... 3-3 3.5 Results and Discussion ................................................................................... 3-4 3.5.1 Total and Labile Soil C ................................................................................. 3-4 3.5.2 Estimates of Soil C Sequestration ............................................................... 3-5 Chapter 4 – California Rapid Assessment Method 4.1 Bushy Lake CRAM Ambient Monitoring ......................................................... 4-1 4.2 CRAM Assessment Methodology ................................................................... 4-3 4.3 CRAM Results ................................................................................................. 4-3 4.4 Attribute 1: Buffer and Landscape Context .................................................... 4-4 4.5 Attribute 2: Hydrology...................................................................................... 4-5 4.6 Attribute 3: Physical Structure ........................................................................ 4-6 4.7 Attribute 4: Biotic Structure ............................................................................. 4-6 Chapter 5 – Biological Environment 5.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1 Project Goal ..................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2 Bird Habitat at Bushy Lake ............................................................................. 5-1 5.3 Wildlife Sighted while Monitoring at Bushy Lake ........................................... 5-2 5.3.1 Western Pond Turtle (Actinemys marmorata) ............................................ 5-2 5.3.2 North American River Otter (Lontra Canadensis) ....................................... 5-2 5.3.3 Elderberry (Sambucus Mexicana) .............................................................. 5-2 5.3.4 Nesting Red-Tailed Hawks ......................................................................... 5-2 5.3.5 Willow Flycatcher ......................................................................................... 5-2 5.4 Methods for avian and vegetation sampling................................................... 5-3 5.4.1 Point Bird Count ........................................................................................... 5-3 5.5 Avian Biodiversity ............................................................................................ 5-3 - i - 5.5.1 Avian Species and Breeding Evidence at Bushy Lake ............................... 5-3 Chapter 6 – Riparian Restoration Experiment 6.1 Native Fire-Resistant and Drought-Tolerant Plant Species ........................... 6-1 6.2 Methods – Restoration Experimental Design and Implementation ............... 6-3 6.3 Monitoring and Adaptive Management........................................................... 6-4 6.4 Results and Discussion ................................................................................... 6-4 6.4.1 Monitoring Plant Survival over Time (Weekly Basis) .................................. 6-4 6.4.2 Absolute Cover and Survival by Density and Plant Species ...................... 6-5 6.4.3 Two-Way ANOVA ........................................................................................ 6-8 6.5 Experiment B Herbicide vs. Umbrella Species Treatment............................. 6-9 6.5.1 Experiment B Hypotheses ........................................................................... 6-9 6.5.2 Experiment B Methods................................................................................. 6-9 6.5.3 Monitoring and Adaptive Management ..................................................... 6-10 6.5.4 Experiment B Results and Discussion ...................................................... 6-10 6.6 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 6-14 Chapter 7 – Future Adaptive Management and Monitoring Recommendations 7.1 Facilitation/Companion Planting Experimental Design and Implementation ......................................................................................... 7-1 7.2 Replanting and Adaptive Management .......................................................... 7-1 7.3 Carbon sequestration in riparian communities and soils ............................... 7-1 7.4 Monitoring Western Pond Turtle (Actinemys marmorata) ............................. 7-2 7.5 Monitoring Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle (Desmocerus Californicus dimorphus) and Post-Fire Blue Elderberry (Sambucus Mexicana) Survival ..................................................................... 7-2 7.6 Adaptive Management of Invasive Species ................................................... 7-3 7.6.1 Poison Hemlock ........................................................................................... 7-3 7.6.2 Perennial Pepperweed (Tall Whitetop) ....................................................... 7-4 7.6.3 Himalayan Blackberry .................................................................................. 7-5 7.6.4 Monitoring Recommendations ..................................................................... 7-5 References .......................................................................................................... R-1 Appendices ......................................................................................................... A-1 - ii - Tables and Figures Tables Table 3-1 Soils – Total and Labile Soil Carbon ................................................. 3-4 Table 3-2 Estimated Soil Carbon Stocks ........................................................... 3-6 Table 4-1 Bushy Lake Summary Assessment: CRAM Index Scores ............... 4-4 Table 4-2 CRAM Attribute, Metric, and Index Scores ....................................... 4-4 Table 5-1 Point 1 Avian Observations ............................................................... 5-5 Table 5-2 Point 2 Avian Observations ............................................................... 5-5 Table 5-3 Point 3 Avian Observations ............................................................... 5-6 Table 5-4 Point 4 Avian Observations ............................................................... 5-7 Table 5-5 Point 5 Avian Observations ............................................................... 5-8 Table 6-1 Restoration Experiment - Tests of Between-Subjects Effects.......... 6-8 Table A-1 Plant Species at Bushy Lake ............................................................ A-1 Table A-2 Common Species List for the Sacramento Region.......................... A-2 Figures Figure 1 Map of the American River Parkway along the Lower American River ....................................................... 2-1 Figure 2 Map of Bushy Lake and its Boundary Lines within the American River Parkway ............................................................. 2-2 Figure 3 Outlet Pipe into Bushy Lake from Cal Expo ...................................... 2-3 Figure 4 Bushy Lake Soil Survey Map............................................................. 3-2 Figure 4.1 Soil Pits Profile ................................................................................... 3-5 Figure 5 Bushy Lake CRAM Assessment Area Map ...................................... 4-2 Figure 6 Restoration Experimental Block Design ............................................ 6-3 Figure 7 Plant Survival by Treatment of Carex barbarae and Elymus triticoides for 30 Weeks ........................................................ 6-5 Figure 8 Week 30: Absolute Percent Cover .................................................... 6-5 Figure 9 Plant Survival by Cover of Carex barbarae and Elymus triticoides for 30 Weeks .......................................................
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