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Urban Land Grab Or Fair Urbanization?

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Urban Land Grab Or Fair Urbanization? Urban land grab or fair urbanization? Compulsory land acquisition and sustainable livelihoods in Hue, Vietnam Stedelijke landroof of eerlijke verstedelijking? Landonteigenlng en duurzaam levensonderhoud in Hue, Vietnam (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Chiếm đoạt đất đai đô thị hay đô thị hoá công bằng? Thu hồi đất đai cưỡng chế và sinh kế bền vững ở Huế, Việt Nam (với một phần tóm tắt bằng tiếng Việt) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. G.J. van der Zwaan, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 21 december 2015 des middags te 12.45 uur door Nguyen Quang Phuc geboren op 10 december 1980 te Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam Promotor: Prof. dr. E.B. Zoomers Copromotor: Dr. A.C.M. van Westen This thesis was accomplished with financial support from Vietnam International Education Development (VIED), Ministry of Education and Training, and LANDac programme (the IS Academy on Land Governance for Equitable and Sustainable Development). ISBN 978-94-6301-026-9 Uitgeverij Eburon Postbus 2867 2601 CW Delft Tel.: 015-2131484 [email protected]/ www.eburon.nl Cover design and pictures: Nguyen Quang Phuc Cartography and design figures: Nguyen Quang Phuc © 2015 Nguyen Quang Phuc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing from the proprietor. © 2015 Nguyen Quang Phuc. Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen, of op enig andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijketoestemming van de rechthebbende. Table of contents List of figures v List of maps vi List of tables vii List of text-boxes viii Abbreviations ix Units of measurement xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Rationale 1 1.2 Urbanization and peri-urban transformation 3 1.3 Debates on land acquisition for urban development 5 1.4 Research design 9 1.4.1 Research questions 9 1.4.2 Analytical framework 10 1.4.3 Research site 12 1.4.4 Research approaches 13 1.4.5 Methods and research activities 14 1.5 Structure of the book 17 References 20 2 Land acquisitions for urban development 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Land acquisitions for urban development in Vietnam 25 2.2.1 Overview 25 i 2.2.2 Drivers of land acquisition 30 2.2.3 Emerging issues behind land acquisition 33 2.3 Hue, a tourism City in Central Vietnam 34 2.3.1 Location and historical context 34 2.3.2 Major changes in socio-economic structure 39 2.3.3 Land acquisitions for urban expansion 44 2.3.4 Impacts of urban growth on peri-urban areas 45 2.4 Conclusions 49 References 50 3 Processes and stakeholders involved in land acquisitions 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Compulsory land acquisition and compensation 57 3.3 Evolution of land policies in Vietnam 58 3.4 The process of land acquisition in two project cases 64 3.4.1 Huong So: land acquisition for resettlement housing 64 3.4.2 Dong Nam Thuy An: land acquisition for a new urban area 66 3.5 Discussion 68 3.5.1 State power and participation of affected people 68 3.5.2 Profit – driven multiple stakeholders 70 3.6 Conclusions 72 References 74 4 Livelihood reconstruction in peri-urban areas 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Livelihood dynamics: a literature review 78 4.3 Changes in livelihood assets 81 4.4 Livelihood dynamics after land loss 86 4.5 Livelihood outcomes 92 4.6 Discussion and conclusions 98 References 100 ii 5 Determinants of household income and roles of compensation 105 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Determinants of household income: A literature review 108 5.3 Regression analysis 110 5.3.1 Demographic variables 112 5.3.2 Livelihood assets 113 5.3.3 Land loss characteristics 114 5.3.4 Context 115 5.3.5 Agency 116 5.4 Determinants of household income and roles of compensation 116 5.4.1 Demographic factors 117 5.4.2 Livelihood assets 118 5.4.3 Land loss characteristics 119 5.4.4 Context 120 5.4.5 Agency 120 5.5 Conclusions and policy implications 121 References 123 6 Farmers’ reactions to land loss 127 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 Farmers’ resistance: A literature review 129 6.3 Reasons for increasing social tensions and reaction 132 6.4 Forms and outcomes of farmers’ reactions to land acquisition 135 6.4.1 Hidden reaction by individuals 136 6.4.2 Open individual reaction 139 6.4.3 Open reaction by collective actions 141 6.5 Discussion 144 6.6 Conclusions 146 References 147 iii 7 Conclusions and discussion 153 7.1 Synthesis of findings 153 7.2 The way forward: together towards fair urbanization 160 7.3 Dynamics of strengthening institutions 163 7.4 Final reflections 167 References 169 Annex 173 A1. Questionnaires for household survey 173 A2. Lists of key informants 181 A3. Indicators of the regression model 182 A4. Monthly deposit and lending rate between 2008 and 2013 183 A5. The growth of Vietnam’s population (2004-2014) 184 A6. Trends of urbanization in Vietnam in comparision with 184 China, Indonesia, and Thailand between 1980 and 2013 A7. Change in number of cities in Vietnam (1998-2020) 184 A8. List of Non-Government Organizations in Hue City 185 Summary 187 Samenvatting 191 Tóm tắt 195 Curriculum Vitae 199 iv List of figures 1.1: Analytical framework of the research 11 1.2: Structure of the book 19 2.1: A corner of Hue City in 1928 and 1930 37 2.2: Share of Hue’s GDP by sectors (2005-2012) 41 3.1: The resettlement area of Huong So 65 3.2: The project of Dong Nam Thuy An 67 4.1: Decline of agricultural land, 2004-2012 82 4.2: Use of compensation money 85 4.3: Food self-sufficiency of households 96 6.1: The district government explains why compensation has 142 not been not paid 6.2: Farmers explain the origin of agricultural land 142 7.1: The illustration of the two-price system on land 159 v List of maps 1.1: Map of Vietnam, Thua Thien Hue Province, Hue City, and 12 the studied localities 2.1: Map of Hue City 35 2.2: Map of Hue City in 2010 and urban expansion plan until 2030 44 vi List of tables 2.1: Vietnam land deals in other countries and foreign deals in Vietnam 27 2.2: Land use change between 2000 and 2013 28 2.3: Trends of population growth in Hue (2002-2012) 40 2.4: Tourist arrivals and economic contributions to Hue City 42 2.5: Spatial development strategy of Hue City (2015-2030) 43 2.6: Land acquisition in Hue’s peri-urban zones (2000-2012) 45 2.7: Population growths in Hue’s peri-urban areas (2003-2013) 47 2.8: Changes in planted area, yield, and production of major 48 crops (2000-2013) 2.9: Labor structure in the peri-urban areas of Hue in 2011 49 3.1: Land use planning for DNTA new urban area 66 4.1: Comparison of agricultural land before and after land loss 82 4.2: Financial compensation and additional support packages 83 4.3: Comparison compensation rate between years of land loss 84 4.4: Number of economically active household members before 87 and after land loss 4.5: Household livelihood strategies before and after land loss 87 4.6: Household income by source of income, in percent 93 4.7: Comparison of income situation before and after land loss 94 4.8: Self-assessment by respondents regarding the effects of urban 97 expansion on the life of the peri-urban population 5.1: Definition and measurement of the explanatory variables 111 5.2: Determinants of household income after land loss 117 6.1: Increase in land prices following the completion of projects 133 6.2: The reaction forms to land acquisition 135 vii List of text-boxes 3.1: Mechanism of compulsory land acquisition, compensation, 62 and resettlement policy in Thua Thien Hue Province 4.1: Challenges of a vulnerable household after land loss 88 4.2: Livelihoods of a household based on the casual work and 89 farming strategy 4.3: Livelihoods of a household based on the self-employment and 90 farming strategy 6.1: Land loss without compensation: Disputes between farmers and 143 local governments viii Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AFLU Association of Farmers and Landowners of Ukraine AMA Aliansi Masyarakat Adat BCSR Board of Compensation, Support and Resettlement CIC8 No. 8 Investment and Construction Joint Stock Company CORENARM Consultative and Research Centre on Natural Resources Management CPC Commune People’s Committee CPV Communist Party Vietnam CRD Center for Rural Development CSOs Civil Society Organizations CSR Corporate Social Responsibility CSRD Centre for Social Research and Development DFID Department for International Development DNTA Dong Nam Thuy An DoNRE Department of Natural Resources and Environment DPC District People’s Committee FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FDI Foreign Direct Investment FPIC Free, Prior and Informed Consent FPP Forest Peoples Programme GDP Gross Domestic Product GSO General Statistics Office HAGL Hoang Anh Gia Lai HCMC Ho Chi Minh City HPI Hue Planning Institute IBS Investment and Building Section ix IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute ILC International Land Coalition NGOs Non-Government Organizations PPC Provincial People’s Committee SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises UBT Urban Bias Thesis UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization VFA Vietnam Farmer Association VFF Vietnam Fatherland Front VRG Vietnam Rubber Group VTV-Hue Vietnam Television in Hue x Units of measurement 1 Sào = 500 square meters 1 USD = 20,828 VND (official exchange rate by 2012) xi Acknowledgements This study is the result of a long journey with challenges of capacity, endurance and family life.
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