A Comparative Insight Into Nicolae
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Scientific Exorcisms? the Memory of the Communist Security Apparatus
285 Stefano Bottoni PhD University of Florence, Italy ORCID: 0000-0002-2533-2250 SCIENTIFIC EXORCISMS? ARTICLES THE MEMORY OF THE COMMUNIST SECURITY APPARATUS AND ITS STUDY IN ROMANIA AFTER 1989 Abstract This article discusses the institutional attempts to deal with the archival legacy of the Romanian communist security police, Securitate (1945–1989), during the democratic transition in post-communist Romania. The first part draws a short outline of Securitate’s history and activities as one of the main power instruments of the communist dictatorship. The second part of the article shows the development of political attitudes towards institutional attempts to deal with the communist past in the post-communist Romania. This paper describes the reluctant attitude of the ruling circles in the 1990s towards the opening of the Securitate archives and the lustration attempts. The formation of the National Council for the Study of Securitate Archives (Consiliul Național pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securității, CNSAS, legally established 1999) hardly changed the general situation: the archives of the Securitate were transferred to CNSAS with significant delays, and the 2008 ruling of the constitutional court limited its lustration competences. The establishment of the Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes and the Memory of the Romanian Exile (Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului şi Memoria Exilului Românesc, IICCMER, established 2005) and formation in 2006 of the Presidential Commission for the Analysis of the Communist Dictatorship Institute of National Remembrance 2/2020 286 in Romania led by renowned political scientist Vladimir Tismăneanu together with the research and legal activities of CNSAS contributed to a broader evaluation of the communist regime (although its impact seems to be limited). -
Communism and Post-Communism in Romania : Challenges to Democratic Transition
TITLE : COMMUNISM AND POST-COMMUNISM IN ROMANIA : CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION AUTHOR : VLADIMIR TISMANEANU, University of Marylan d THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FO R EURASIAN AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE VIII PROGRA M 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, N .W . Washington, D .C . 20036 LEGAL NOTICE The Government of the District of Columbia has certified an amendment of th e Articles of Incorporation of the National Council for Soviet and East European Research changing the name of the Corporation to THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR EURASIAN AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARCH, effective on June 9, 1997. Grants, contracts and all other legal engagements of and with the Corporation made unde r its former name are unaffected and remain in force unless/until modified in writin g by the parties thereto . PROJECT INFORMATION : 1 CONTRACTOR : University of Marylan d PR1NCIPAL 1NVEST1GATOR : Vladimir Tismanean u COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 81 1-2 3 DATE : March 26, 1998 COPYRIGHT INFORMATIO N Individual researchers retain the copyright on their work products derived from research funded by contract with the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research . However, the Council and the United States Government have the right to duplicate an d disseminate, in written and electronic form, this Report submitted to the Council under thi s Contract, as follows : Such dissemination may be made by the Council solely (a) for its ow n internal use, and (b) to the United States Government (1) for its own internal use ; (2) for further dissemination to domestic, international and foreign governments, entities an d individuals to serve official United States Government purposes ; and (3) for dissemination i n accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of the United State s Government granting the public rights of access to documents held by the United State s Government. -
Romania Redivivus
alexander clapp ROMANIA REDIVIVUS nce the badlands of neoliberal Europe, Romania has become its bustling frontier. A post-communist mafia state that was cast to the bottom of the European heap by opinion- makers sixteen years ago is now billed as the success story Oof eu expansion.1 Its growth rate at nearly 6 per cent is the highest on the continent, albeit boosted by fiscal largesse.2 In Bucharest more politicians have been put in jail for corruption over the past decade than have been convicted in the rest of Eastern Europe put together. Romania causes Brussels and Berlin almost none of the headaches inflicted by the Visegrád Group—Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia— which in 1993 declined to accept Romania as a peer and collectively entered the European Union three years before it. Romanians con- sistently rank among the most Europhile people in the Union.3 An anti-eu party has never appeared on a Romanian ballot, much less in the parliament. Scattered political appeals to unsavoury interwar traditions—Legionnairism, Greater Romanianism—attract fewer voters than do far-right movements across most of Western Europe. The two million Magyars of Transylvania, one of Europe’s largest minorities, have become a model for inter-ethnic relations after a time when the park benches of Cluj were gilded in the Romanian tricolore to remind every- one where they were. Indeed, perhaps the aptest symbol of Romania’s place in Europe today is the man who sits in the Presidential Palace of Cotroceni in Bucharest. Klaus Iohannis—a former physics teacher at a high school in Sibiu, once Hermannstadt—is an ethnic German head- ing a state that, a generation ago, was shipping hundreds of thousands of its ‘Saxons’ ‘back’ to Bonn at 4,000–10,000 Deutschmarks a head. -
The Documents of the Securitate (The Romanian Communist Secret Service) and the Historial Research
HISTOIRE RÉCENTE DE ROUMANIE THE DOCUMENTS OF THE SECURITATE (THE ROMANIAN COMMUNIST SECRET SERVICE) AND THE HISTORIAL RESEARCH SORIN D. IVĂNESCU The communist regime meant, beyond the class struggle, the control over all the activities, the creation of mechanisms meant to generate submissive attitudes and to guarantee that the discontent of the citizens could by no means change into organized opposition. On August 30, 1948 the text of the Decree No. 221 was published in “The Official Monitor” about the establishment and organization, within the framework of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, of the General Direction of the People’s Security (DGPS). At first, it started with the personnel and the structure of the Genera l Direction of the State Security, but, shortly after, the leadership imposed by the NKDV (Alexandru Nikolski, Gheorghe Pintilie and Vladimir Mazuru) proceeded to reorganizing and enlarging the new department. Half a year later, based on the Decree No. 25, on January 23, 1949, the General Direction of Militia was founded, and on February 7, 1949, the Gendarmerie was dissolved, being replaced by the troops of the Securitate. Even though the Securitate suffered lots of changes in its structure since 1948 till 1989 (in 1951, 1952, 1953, 1956, 1963, 1967, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1978), all those reorganizations had in common the following functional model (Chart I). Central units (Direction) Regional units Chart 1 - The functional model. Rev. Roum. d’Hist., XLIII, 1-4, p. 303-313, Bucarest, 2004 304 Sorin D. Ivănescu 2 The Directions (as a part of the central institution) were the lines of the Securitate work, each of them having a unique structure at the national level (e.g., Direction I - internal information, Direction III - counter-information). -
Jurnal Contemporan Fluxul Memoriei Prezenta Lucrare Este Un Pamflet Publicistic Şi Trebuie Tratată Ca Atare
Ioan Pînzar Jurnal contemporan Fluxul memoriei Prezenta lucrare este un pamflet publicistic şi trebuie tratată ca atare. Ioan Pînzar Jurnal contemporan Fluxul memoriei Editura MUŞATINII Suceava, 2015 Consiliul Judeţean Suceava Preşedinte: Ioan Cătălin NECHIFOR Vicepreşedinţi: Ilie NIŢĂ, Alexandru RĂDULESCU Centrul Cultural „Bucovina“ Manager: Viorel VARVAROI Secţia pentru Conservarea şi Promovarea Culturii Tradiţionale Suceava Director: Călin BRĂTEANU Editura „Muşatinii” Suceava, str. Tipografiei nr. 1, Tel. 0230 523640, 0757 076885 (I.D.) Director general: Gheorghe DAVID tipar: Motto (mamei): În ce vară? În ce an? Anii trec ca apa. El era drumeţ sărman, Muncitor cu sapa. (George Topîrceanu) 5 Jurnal contemporan n anii luminoşi ai copilăriei mele, când s-a stins din viaţă tovarăşul ÎIosif Vissarionovici Stalin, trăia la Costâna şi mătuşa mea, Ecaterina, abia ieşită din adolescenţă, cu o gropiţă în obraji, cu părul roşu cârlionţat, de o blestemau flăcăii cu cântecul urbanEcaterino, vede-te-aş moartă/ Cu dric la poartă/ Şi cai mascaţi. Mama era înnebunită s-o mărite cu un flăcău bogat. Ea nici să audă. Şi-a găsit un tânăr chipeş, pe care l-a aşteptat să facă armata, s-a măritat şi a dus o lungă viaţă fericită, până ce s-a stins în anul 2012. Tânărul nu era bogat, dar hărnicia lor i-a îmbogăţit cu timpul. Despre generalissimul Stalin nu se putea spune atunci că a murit. S-a stins, a plecat de lângă noi, mă rog, expresii elegante. Ţăranii ar fi spus că a crăpat antihristul, nu credeau incă că va veni colhozul lui Stalin şi la noi. Numai bătrânul Feodor Karamazov, amorezat împreună cu Dimitri, fiul lui, de aceeaşi fată frumoasă şi neserioasă, Gruşenka, a strigat la moartea soţiei sale de-o viaţă, în faţa porţii, pe stradă: a crăpat căţeaua! Cred că la fel ar fi strigat şi genialul Tolstoi, dacă soţia lui nu ar fi fost mai tânără cu 15 ani decât el. -
The Tragicomedy of Romanian Communism
RESEARCH REPORT T O NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : THE TRAGICOMEDY OF ROMANIAN COMMUNIS M AUTHOR : Vladimir Tismanean u CONTRACTOR : Foreign Policy Researc h Institute PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Vladimir Tismanean u COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 903-0 4 DATE : September, 198 9 The work leading to this report was supported by funds provided b y the National Council for Soviet and East European Research . Th e analysis and interpretations contained in the report are those o f the author . a NOTE This report, based on an article to be published i n Eastern EuropeanPolitics andSocieties, is an inciden- tal product of the Council Contract identified on the title page . It is not the Final Report, which wa s distributed in August, 1989 . TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Stalin's Romanian Disciples 1 1 The Comintern and the RCP 1 6 Stalinism for All Seasons 3 4 The Anti-De-Stalinization Platform 3 9 The Road to Absolute Power 43 The Manipulated Manipulator 47 Assault on the Party Apparatus 5 2 Notes 57 The Tragicomedy of Romanian Communis m Vladimir Tismanean u Un monde sans tyrans serait aussi ennuyeux qu'un jardi n zoologique sans hyenes . E . M . Cioran, Histoire et utopi e Now, despite eternal cabals in the inner clique and unendin g shifts of personnel, with their tremendous accumulation o f hatred, bitterness, and personal resentment, the Leader' s position can remain secure against chaotic palace revolution s not because of his superior gifts, about which the men in hi s intimate surroundings frequently have no great illusions, bu t because of these men's sincere and sensible conviction tha t without him everything would be immediately lost . -
Cold War Perceptions
Cold War Perceptions Cold War Perceptions Romania’s Policy Change towards the Soviet Union, 1960-1964 By Elena Dragomir Cold War Perceptions: Romania’s Policy Change towards the Soviet Union, 1960-1964 By Elena Dragomir This book first published 2015 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2015 by Elena Dragomir All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-7073-0 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-7073-3 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ............................................................................................. vii Abstract .................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... x Abbreviations ............................................................................................ xii Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 The research problem Theory and method Previous research Sources of the study Structure of the study Chapter One .............................................................................................. -
Post-Communist Romania
Political Science • Eastern Europe Carey Edited by Henry F. Carey Foreword by Norman Manea “Henry Carey’s collection captures with great precision the complex, contradic- tory reality of contemporary Romania. Bringing together Romanian, West European, and American authors from fields as diverse as anthropology, politi- Romania cal science, economics, law, print and broadcast journalism, social work, and lit- ROMANIA SINCE 1989 erature, the volume covers vast ground, but with striking detail and scholarship and a common core approach. Romania since 1989 provides perhaps the most comprehensive view of the continuing, murky, contested reality that is Romania today and is a must read for any scholar of modern Romania, of East-Central Europe, and of the uncertain, troubled, post-socialist era.” since 1989 —David A. Kideckel, Central Connecticut State University Sorin Antohi “The wealth of detail and quality of insights will make this an excellent source- Wally Bacon book for students of political change after the Cold War. It should be taken seri- Gabriel Ba˘ descu ously by policy practitioners increasingly involved with Romania’s problems.” Zoltan Barany —Tom Gallagher, Professor of Peace Studies, Bradford University, U.K. Politics, Jóhanna Kristín Birnir Larry S. Bush Those who study Romania must confront the theoretical challenges posed by a Economics, Pavel Câmpeanu country that is undergoing a profound transformation from a repressive totali- Henry F. Carey tarian regime to a hazy and as yet unrealized democratic government. The most and Society Daniel Da˘ ianu comprehensive survey of Romanian politics and society ever published abroad, Dennis Deletant this volume represents an effort to collect and analyze data on the complex prob- Christopher Eisterhold lems of Romania’s past and its transition into an uncertain future. -
The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist
00-C1478-FM 11/22/00 12:42 PM Page i Ana Pauker 00-C1478-FM 11/22/00 12:42 PM Page ii 00-C1478-FM 11/22/00 12:42 PM Page iii Ana Pauker The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist Robert Levy UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley . Los Angeles . London 00-C1478-FM 11/22/00 12:42 PM Page iv Frontispiece: Ana Pauker, 1926. Courtesy of Tatiana Bra˘tescu and Gheorghe Bra˘tescu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2001 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Levy, Robert, 1957–. Ana Pauker: the rise and fall of a Jewish Communist / Robert Levy. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-520-22395-0 (cloth: alk. paper). 1. Pauker, Ana, 1893–1960. 2. Romania— Politics and government—1944–1989. 3. Cabinet officers—Romania—Biography. 4. Communists—Romania—Biography. 5. Jews—Romania—Biography. I. Title. dr267.5.p38 l48 2001 949.803Ј1Ј092—dc21 [b] 99-087890 cip Manufactured in the United States of America 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 10987654321 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (r 1997) (Permanence of Paper). ᭺ϱ 00-C1478-FM 11/22/00 12:42 PM Page v To Mary and Isaac Rosenberg 00-C1478-FM 11/22/00 12:42 PM Page vi Last, but most certainly not least, there was Ana Pauker.... I have always felt when I was with her that she was like a boa constrictor which has just been fed, and therefore is not going to eat you—at the moment! Heavy and sluggish as she seemed, she had all that is repellent and yet horribly fascinating in a snake. -
Memorial Submitted by Romania
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING MARITIME DELIMITATION IN THE BLACK SEA (ROMANIA v. UKRAINE) MEMORIAL SUBMITTED BY ROMANIA 19 AUGUST 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 5 (1) The dispute submitted to the Court 5 (2) The Court’s jurisdiction over the dispute 5 (3) Summary of Romania’s Position 9 (4) The structure of this Memorial 11 PART I GEOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL AND DIPLOMATIC BACKGROUND 13 CHAPTER 2 THE GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION 14 (1) The general geographical setting 14 (2) Brief introduction on Serpents’ Island 17 CHAPTER 3 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 20 (1) Earlier period 20 (2) The period 1700-1939 20 (3) Serpents’ Island in and after World War II 27 (4) The Events of 1948 29 CHAPTER 4 MARITIME BOUNDARY NEGOTIATIONS AFTER 1948 31 (1) Introduction 31 (2) Negotiations and agreements concluded with the Soviet Union 31 (a) The land border and the maritime boundary around Serpents’ Island 31 (b) Subsequent continental shelf and exclusive economic zone negotiations with the Soviet Union 43 (3) Negotiations with Ukraine following its independence 43 (a)The 1997 treaties 43 (b) The 2003 Border Regime Treaty 45 (c) Negotiations in relation to the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zones 47 (4) Conclusions 49 CHAPTER 5 THE INFLUENCE OF HISTORY 51 CHAPTER 6 EXISTING DELIMITATIONS IN THE BLACK SEA 61 (1) Introduction 61 (2) Delimitation Agreements with and between third States 63 (a) Turkey/USSR (Ukraine, Georgia, Russian Federation) 63 (b) Turkey/Bulgaria 65 (3) Relevance of other delimitations to the Court’s task -
Towards a Critical Theory of Postcommunism? Beyond Anticommunism in Romania
Towards a critical theory of postcommunism? Beyond anticommunism in Romania Ovidiu Ţichindeleanu In Eastern Europe, 1989–2009 has been a time of At the level of the governmental organization of fundamental changes in the meaning of social and power, the postcommunist transition is also of the political concepts, accompanied at different speeds order of closure: the progressive integration of the by the radical transformation of society. I consider former Eastern Bloc into Western structures of power.2 transition the fundamental thematic concept of this The political meaning of transition/integration/acces- historical shift, its operative terms being integration sion is therefore the top-to-bottom alignment of East and accession. Of course, transition had been also the European governmentality in the order of Western fundamental concept of East European regimes before governmentality, and of local economies into the 1989, then defined as the gradual passage from feudal world system of capitalism. As an integration of the agrarian societies to socialism, on the way to com- former Second World into the global periphery or munism.1 Transition used to be the total idea that sub- semi-periphery, this alignment comes is out of sync jected debates, theories and statistics in state-socialist with the Free World: the postcommunist durée of countries, with rhythms punctuated in the daily life transition is inseparable from the generalization of an by party congresses, quintennial and yearly plans, as allochronic regime of perception that converts space well as organized waiting times for the acquisition of into time, to the effect of undermining local histories apartments and consumer goods. -
PCR Şi Guvernanţi – Nomenclatura Şi Colaboratorii [Sinteză Livia Dandara]
AUTORII GENOCIDULUI: PCR şi guvernanţi – nomenclatura şi colaboratorii [sinteză Livia Dandara] [LD: Paradoxal, ei apar foarte rar în documentele care descriu represiunile , deoarece ordinele lor de arestare , date pe linie ierarhică de guvern şi partid, erau executate de Securitate şi Miliţie , iar procesele erau în competenţa procurorilor şi judecătorilor .De aceea am pus în fruntea acestor tabele adevăraţii autori politici şi morali ai genocidului .Istoricii -sau Justiţia ? sau Parlamentul ? -ar trebui să scoată la iveală Tabelele cu activiştii de partid -centrali şi locali - care , în fond, au alcătuit "sistema " regimului totalitar comunist. Pentru că : Gheorghiu -Dej, Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu , Petru Groza, Teohari Georgescu , Vasile Luca , Ana Pauker, Miron Constantinescu , ş.a ş.a, au depus tot zelul pentru a emite decrete-legi, instrucţiuni, circulare , ordine de zi, prin care s-a realizat crima decapitării elitelor româneşti Vezi Tabelul Cronologia represiunii] ------------------------------------------------ - Nicoleta Ionescu-Gură, Nomenclatura Comitetului Central al PMR. Editura Humanitas, Bucureşti, 2006. Anthologie cu 75 documente./ Reorganizarea aparatului CC al PMR (1950-1965) / Secţiile CC al PMR / Aparatul local / Evoluţia numerică şi compoziţia aparatului de partid / Salarizarea, orarul de lucru, regimul pensiilor, bugetul PMR / Nomenclatura CC al PMR :evoluţia numerică ; evidenţa cadrelor / Privilegiile nomenclaturii CC al PMR : Casele speciale,centrele de odihnă, policlinici şi spitale cu regim special, fermele partidului