Ian Nairn E O Manifesto Subtopia

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Ian Nairn E O Manifesto Subtopia referência Ian Nairn e o manifesto Subtopia Lorenza Pavesi Designer Gráfico formada pela Coventry University (Grã-Bretanha), Rua Madre Saint Bernard 151, Santa Mônica, São Carlos, SP, [email protected] urante sua curta mas extremamente produtiva a oásis isolados de monumentos preservados no Dcarreira, Ian Nairn teve profunda influência no meio de um deserto de fios elétricos, estradas de contexto da reconstrução do pós-guerra da Grã- concreto, lotes apertados e bangalôs. Não haverá Bretanha e ainda é considerado por muitos um distinção efetiva entre cidade e campo. dos críticos de arquitetura britânicos mais importantes de sua geração. Filho de John Nairn, Subtopia é “uma condição mórbida que se espalha um projetista da companhia real de dirigíveis, e de dos subúrbios ao campo e de volta para os centros Margaret Moor, Ian Douglas Nairn nasceu em desvitalizados de cidades e vilarejos: o mundo do Bedford no dia 7 de agosto de 1930. Ian Nairn caos universal de baixa densidade”. cursa matemática na universidade de Birmingham e entra na Royal Air Force britânica como piloto A Architectural Review documenta esse fenômeno oficial. Em 1952, ele se casa com Joan Elisabeth meticulosamente e a edição torna-se um livro, Parsons, mas o casamento acaba em divórcio. recebendo nos jornais nacionais e internacionais Decepcionado com o trabalho militar, ele pede um nível de atenção que hoje dificilmente seria demissão em 1953, determinado a escrever sobre concedido à iniciativa de uma revista de arquitetura. arquitetura. Nairn começa a trabalhar para a revista Em virtude da crescente insatisfação com o 1. Colin Boyle era na época Architectural Review em julho de 1954. Colin Boyle1 planejamento urbano diagramático e os preceitos presidente dos editores da lembra que ele visitava a sede da Review na Queen da Carta de Atenas, o termo Subtopia ganha Architectural Press. Anne’s Gate praticamente todo dia, ainda usando popularidade a ponto de Bruno Zevi chamar o um sobretudo tingido da RAF. Apresentando artigos projeto para a cidade de Marl, dos holandeses constantemente, ele exigia um emprego com tanta Bakema, Tijen e van den Broek, de “Subtopia convicção a não deixar escolha ao então editor Hugh Razionalistica”, devido ao desperdício de espaço e de Cronin Hastings. A decisão de Hastings, porém, à maneira como cada vizinhança tornava-se, no se demonstrou sábia com a publicação da edição projeto, indistinguível uma da outra. especial Outrage em junho de 1955, uma furiosa e influente crítica ao planejamento e à burocracia Em 1955, o jornal The Observer escreve: que estavam arruinando a paisagem urbana e rural da Grã-Bretanha. Essa edição documenta a A mesmice pode tornar-se uma forma muito forte disseminação de um fenômeno que Ian Nairn de feiúra; se não nos chocamos e reconhecemos denomina Subtopia: uma fusão das palavras subúrbio isso a tempo, podemos nos tornar nós mesmos e utopia. Nairn escreve: “Subtopia é a anulação da subtopianos, sub-humanos, cessar de ser indivíduos individualidade ao tentar criar um medíocre cenário para nos tornarmos apenas membros de uma 2. NAIRN, Ian, Outrage, Ar- padrão para área central, subúrbio, área rural e manada. chitectural Review, London, 1955. Em inglês: “The annihi- área selvagem”2. Subtopia passa a representar uma lation of the site, the stea- profecia de fracasso, segundo a qual, se for Até o cotidiano Daily Mirror, que nunca havia mrollering of all individuality of place to one uniform and permitida a multiplicação, no ritmo atual, do que demonstrado muita preocupação com questões mediocre pattern”. Todas as se convencionou chamar de desenvolvimento, então, ambientais, descreve Outrage como uma traduções que constam neste artigo são de nossa autoria. até o fim do século, a Grã-Bretanha estará reduzida “devastadora e terrível denúncia da doença industrial rsco 5 1[2007 revista de pesquisa em arquitetura e urbanismo programa de pós-graduação do departamento de arquitetura e urbanismo eesc-usp 139 Ian Nairn e o manifesto Subtopia Figura 1: Capa Outrage. que está destruindo o que foi uma vez a linda urbano, fiação elétrica, árvores mal podadas e Fonte: Architectural Review, paisagem da Inglaterra”. publicidade; a capa da edição ilustra de maneira edição especial, Outrage, ju- nho de 1955. muito evocativa a confusão urbana criada, em grande O uso de desenhos, o formato, os papéis de cores parte, por engenheiros de tráfego e entes públicos. Figuras 2 e 3: Imagens de diferentes e a tipografia: tudo em Outrage é Gordon Cullen, seqüências de fotos e desenho. Fonte: visualmente ousado, dinâmico e inteligente. Gordon Outrage nasce das observações feitas durante a Architectural Review, edição Cullen (na época, diretor de arte assistente da revista) viagem de Cullen e Nairn de Southampton e especial, Outrage, junho de 1955. mostra seqüências de fotos e desenhos de mobiliário Winchester, no sul da Inglaterra, até a fronteira rsco 5 1[2007 referência 140 Ian Nairn e o manifesto Subtopia Figura 4: Mapa de roteiro com a Escócia, através da região dos lagos, e sugere Em uma edição precedente da Architectural Review, da viagem de Cullen do sul que “o fim de Southampton é parecido com o o artigo “Man Made America”, editado por da Inglaterra até a fronteira com a Escócia. Fonte: começo de Carlisle e as partes no meio parecem Christopher Tunnard, na época professor de Architectural Review, edição ou com o fim de Carlisle ou com o começo de Planejamento Urbano da Yale University, descreve especial, Outrage, junho de 1955. Southampton”. uma viagem parecida nos Estados Unidos, onde o rsco 5 1[2007 referência 141 Ian Nairn e o manifesto Subtopia Figura 5: “O fim de desenvolvimento incontrolado havia danificado uma No manifesto que encerra Outrage, Nairn e Cullen Southampton é parecido com grande parte do cenário rural ao longo de caminhos organizam uma lista destinada ao leigo e que envolve o começo de Carlisle”. Fon- te: Architectural Review, edi- que iriam se tornar mais tarde rodovias interestaduais. questões como: se a cidade havia se rendido ao ção especial, Outrage, junho Em seguida, Tunnard produz, com o mesmo título, transporte veicular com um trânsito mais pesado e de 1955. um livro que gera muita polêmica entre arquitetos mais rápido; se o centro da cidade havia se tornado norte-americanos, engenheiros e planejadores. um estacionamento; se o habitante poderia ou não ir ao trabalho a pé em caso de greve dos transportes A edição especial Outrage, juntamente com os públicos; se edifícios históricos haviam sido preservados artigos e a coluna especial, publicados na Architectural adequadamente; se as árvores estavam sendo Review, constitui uma séria e importante pesquisa respeitadas e cuidadas e se o sistema de fiação sobre as falhas em planejamento e os danos causados estava tomando um lugar importante ou não na à paisagem urbana e rural britânica no período pós- paisagem. guerra e serviu para enfatizar que a Europa não estava imune aos ataques à paisagem aos quais se referia A Arquitectural Review encoraja essa abordagem e, 3. O Civic Trust é uma orga- nização nacional que reúne Christopher Tunnard. em 1956, publica Counter-Attack Against Subtopia, mais de 250 organizações uma segunda edição especial que inclui propostas locais dedicadas a salvaguar- dar a qualidade de cidades e Na verdade, Subtopia para Nairn era mais do que de soluções para os problemas levantados em preocupadas com o impacto uma realidade física, tratava-se de “uma psicose Outrage e que também é republicada como livro. É que estas têm nas pessoas. O Civic Trust foi estabelecido de massa enraizada na fantástica aceitação da interessante notar que o crítico de arquitetura Gavin pelo ministro conservador mediocridade”: “Nós estamos destruindo o meio Stamp considera as duas publicações como as que Duncan Sandys e encorajava a idéia de que arquitetura ambiente para que o homem possa ver sua projeção inspiraram a fundação do Civic Trust 3 em 1957 e moderna e conservação não e o reflexo de sua vida suburbana: desejos mornos, Ian Nairn como o mais influente crítico de arquitetura estão necessariamente em oposição. medos mornos, tudo morno”. de sua geração. rsco 5 1[2007 referência 142 Ian Nairn e o manifesto Subtopia Ao descreverem uma paisagem comum que as desempenhava um papel crucial nos anos 50 em pessoas podiam facilmente identificar, mas que promover uma metodologia conhecida como ainda não havia sido catalogada, Nairn e Cullen Townscape e inspirada na nostálgica tradição conseguem capturar o estado de espírito dos anos Pitoresca, mas o entusiasmo em relação aos ideais pós-guerra na Grã-Bretanha, e essas edições revelam- do Movimento Moderno era certamente de praxe se capazes de atingir uma audiência também fora para seus colaboradores naquela época e ele ainda da profissão. Devido ao grande interesse, chega está presente no livro Modern Buildings in London, até a ser implantado um “Counter-Attack Bureau” publicado por Nairn em 1964. No entanto, em suas para lidar com o grande número de perguntas de críticas posteriores, ele conclui que “o Movimento arquitetos, planejadores e cidadãos comuns. O Moderno não cumpriu muitas de suas promessas interesse também chega aos Estados Unidos e, em eleitorais”. Ian Nairn deixa a Review em 1962 e 1958, o editor da revista Fortune, William H. Whyte, torna-se um jornalista muito prolífico, escrevendo pede que Nairn e Cullen contribuam com um ensaio para diversos jornais e produzindo uma série fotográfico e desenhos para um artigo de chamada Nairn’s Travel para a BBC em 1970. Em Jane Jacobs, em conclusão à série Exploding seu livro Your England Revisited, também publicado Metropolis. em 1964,Nairn desenvolve o tema de que “cada pedaço do mundo visível pode ser estimulante, A chegada de Ian Nairn, na época com apenas 25 expressivo e individual” e inclui sua própria definição anos de idade, à equipe editorial da revista em de Townscape: “a arte ausente a meio caminho entre 1955 coincide com o ápice da reconstrução do planejamento urbano e arquitetura”.
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