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The Broads " A breathing space for the cure of souls" Ted Ellis 1 The Broads "A breathing space for the cure of souls" Norwich City Council Broads Authority St Peters Street Yare House Edited by Lesley Marsden Norwich 62-64 Thorpe Road Designed by Norwich City Council NR2 1NH Norwich T 0344 980 3333 NR1 1RY December 2016 www.norwich.gov.uk T (01603) 610734 www.broads-authority.gov.uk 2 The Broads "A breathing space for the cure of souls" The Broads If viewing this document in pdf format please follow the links to supporting documents, partner websites and other information. 3 The Broads "A breathing space for the cure of souls" Contents Introduction 6 Section 1 Section 2 Section 1- Evolution and history 7 Evolution and History Landscape Types Section 2 - Landscape types 45 1.1 Introduction - evolution and history 8 2.1 The Landscape Types of the Broads 45 of the Broads landscape Section 3 - Landscape 81 1.2 How the Broads landscape has 10 1. Tidal estuary 46 character areas been shaped over many thousands 2. Rivers, ronds and floodbanks 48 of years 3. Coastal dunes 51 Section 4 - References, bibliography 228 1.3 The Human Dimension 26 4. Estuarine marshland 54 and acknowledgements 5. Peat “Fen” areas 59 6. Upper river valley “marshlands” 62 7. Broads 64 8. Carr Woodland 67 9. Heathland 69 10. Settled Broads 70 11. Settlement fringe 74 12. Industrial and post industrial 76 – disturbed or made up ground 13. Uplands 78 4 The Broads "A breathing space for the cure of souls" Section 3 Section 4 Landscape Character Areas References, Bibliography & Acknowledgements 3.1 The Landscape Character Areas 81 4.1 References & bibliography 228 of the Broads 4.2 Acknowledgements 231 1. Waveney - Outney Common and Bath 82 15. Yare - Cantley to Reedham 148 Hills Area 16. Yare - Norton Marshes to Haddiscoe 152 2. Waveney - East of A143 86 Dismantled Railway Bungay/Ditchingham to 17. Chet Valley 156 Shipmeadow/Geldeston 18. Haddiscoe Island 160 3. Waveney Barsham, Gillingham and 90 Beccles Marshes 19. Halvergate Marshes 164 170 4. Waveney - Aldeby to Burgh St Peter 94 20. Yare - Breydon Water 21. Yare - Burgh Castle Marshes 174 5. Waveney - Worlingham Wall to 98 Boundary Dyke, Barnby 22. Bure Valley - upstream of Wroxham 178 6. Waveney - Boundary Dyke, Barnby 102 Railway Bridge to The Fleet, Oulton 23. Bure Valley - downstream Wroxham to 184 Fleet Dyke, South Walsham 7. Waveney - Burgh St Peter to Haddiscoe 108 Dismantled Railway 24. Bure - South Walsham to Acle Marshes 190 8. Waveney - Blundeston/Flixton to 112 and Fens Herringfleet Marshes 25. Fleggburgh to Bure Loop Arable 196 9. Waveney - St Olaves to Burgh Castle 116 Marshlands 26. Muck Fleet Valley – The Trinity Broads 200 10. Yare - Whitlingham Lane and 122 Country Park 27. Ant Valley - Upsteam Wayford Bridge 204 11. Yare – Cary’s Meadow to Postwick 126 28. Ant Valley - Wayford Bridge to Turf Fen 208 Grove/Whitlingham Marsh 29. Ant/Bure – Ludham, Horning and 214 12. Yare Valley - Kirby/Postwick to 132 Neatishead Marshes Rockland/Strumpsham River Yare 30. Upper Thurne Open Marsh, Broads 218 13. Yare - Claxton to Hardley Marshes 138 and Fen 14. Yare - Buckenham and Cantley 144 31. Thurne and Bure East Marshes 224 Marshes Wreck remains on Breydon Water. Julian Claxton 5 The Broads "A breathing space for the cure of souls" Introduction The Norfolk and Suffolk Broads are a nationally In undertaking the assessment process we have unique mosaic of gentle landform, habitats, lakes sought to reflect the relationship between people and rivers. Much of the area forms the flood plains and place, and the part it plays in forming the of the main rivers of the Bure, Yare and Waveney setting to our everyday lives. The Broads landscape, with their associated tributaries. Those people as with any other landscape, is a product of the who live, work and visit the Broads will know that interaction of the natural and cultural components the area exhibits markedly different landscape of our environment, and how they are understood characteristics throughout the 303 square and experienced by people. kilometres that the area covers. The process of LCA follows a well-established This document is in in two parts. The first section process developed over many years. By setting summarises those physical processes which have down a robust, auditable and transparent shaped and moulded the landscape for humans baseline LCA not only helps us to understand our to ultimately manipulate and exploit to create the landscapes, it also assists in informing judgements landscape we see today. and decisions concerning the management of change. The second part analyses the current Broads landscape, setting out the key landscape features The original landscape character assessment was and elements throughout the area which gives completed in 2006, was subsequently added to in an area it's unique sense of place. This analysis 2012 and updated and edited in 2016 as part of a has used a process called Landscape Character second stage Heritage Lottery bid. Assessment (LCA). LCA is simply an accepted Many individuals have made contributions to this method of identifying and describing variation document. Full details of the individual credits, in character of the landscape. 31 individual sources of information and useful websites can be character areas have been identified in the Broads found in Section 4. through this process.. The document also describes a series of landscape types of which there are 13 within the Broads. Landscape types are distinct types of landscape that are relatively homogeneous in character. They are generic in nature in that they may occur in different areas, but wherever they occur they share broadly similar combinations of geology, topography, drainage patterns, vegetation, historical land use, and settlement pattern. Image - Broads Authority 6 The Broads "A breathing space for the cure of souls" References and bibliography References and Bibliography Websites and publications General History/Archaeology A Vision of Britain Through Time Landscape Sensitivity Study Broads 2012 Fadens Map Digitally Redrawn http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/ http://www.broads-authority.gov.uk/news-and-publications/ http://www.fadensmapofnorfolk.co.uk/ publications-and-reports/planning-publications- Broadland Flood Alleviation Project Happisburgh Village Web Site and-reports/landscape-sensitivity-studies http://www.bfap.org/ http://www.happisburgh.org.uk/history/archaeology Broadland Rivers Catchment Plan Land Use, Ecology and Conservation of Broadland History of Boating http://www.broads-authority.gov.uk/data/assets/pdf_ Paperback publication - Martin George,1994 http://www.enjoythebroads.com/discover/videos/ file/0004/457177/Catchment-Plan-website-final.pdf National Archives history-broads-boating-holiday-1900s-1980s Broadland Memories www.discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ Norfolk Archaeological Trust http://www.broadlandmemories.co.uk/ Natural England http://www.norfarchtrust.org.uk/ Broads Authority Conservation Area https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/natural-england Norfolk Heritage Explorer Appraisals (built environment) Natural England National Character Area Profiles http://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/ http://www.broads-authority.gov.uk/planning/ https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national- Norfolk County Council Historic Maps Other-planning-issues/conservation-areas character-area-profiles-data-for-local-decision-making http://www.historic-maps.norfolk.gov.uk/ Broads Authority Conservation publications Suffolk Heritage Explorer The Great Estuary Story http://www.broads-authority.gov.uk/news-and-publications/ https://heritage.suffolk.gov.uk/ http://www.enjoythebroads.com/discover/ publications-and-reports/conservation-publications-and-reports videos/great-estuary-story Broads Authority Journey Through the Broads The Norfolk Broads: A Landscape History http://www.broads-authority.gov.uk/about-the-broads/journey Geology/Soils Hardcover publication - Tom Williamson,1997 East Anglian Film archives The Norfolk Windmills Trust http://www.eafa.org.uk/ British Geological Survey (BGS) https://www.norfolk.gov.uk/out-and-about-in-norfolk/ http://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/mapViewers/home.html Enjoy the Broads windmills/about-the-norfolk-windmills-trust http://www.enjoythebroads.com/area Cranfield University Soilscapes Drainage Mills Historic England http://www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes/ https://historicengland.org.uk/ The Geological Society of Norfolk Norfolk Mills http://www.norfolkgeology.co.uk/links.htm Historic England - National Mapping project www.norfolkmills.co.uk https://historicengland.org.uk/research/research-results/recent- Norfolk Geodiversity Partnership The Norfolk Windmills Trust research-results/east-of-england/norfolk-coast-and-broads-nmp/ https://sites.google.com/site/norfolkgeodiversity/ https://www.norfolk.gov.uk/out-and-about-in-norfolk/ In the Nature of Landscape: Cultural Geography Norfolk Museums Service - Geology of Norfolk windmills/about-the-norfolk-windmills-trust on the Norfolk Broads http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Whats_On/Virtual_ Publication - David Matless, 2014. Exhibitions/Geology_of_Norfolk/Introduction/index.htm Infrastructure Geograph http://www.geograph.org.uk/ Wildlife and Conservation Canal Routes Landscape Character Assessment Broads www.canalroutes.net/Waveney-River.html Authority 2006 plus addendum 2012 Norfolk wildlife Trust http://www.broads-authority.gov.uk/news-and-publications/ https://www.norfolkwildlifetrust.org.uk/home Art/Literature publications-and-reports/planning-publications-