Coral Reef Review

Coral Reef Review storms;

1. three of: reference to acid; [3]

sediment covers coral polyp;

plus any two of: 6. any 5 of:

prevents feeding; reference to radioactive isotope carbon-14; less light can reach zooxanthellae; taken in during photosynthesis, passes reduced/little photosynthesis; [3] through food chain;

reference to constant proportionof 2. carbon dioxide dissolves in sea water; carbon-14 atoms to carbon-12 atoms;

sea water becomes acidic; reference to same as the proportion in the atmosphere; dissolves coral skeleton; [3] reference to carbon-14 decays;

reference to half-life; 3. (a) 40%; [1] dead organisms stop taking in new (b) 30%; [1] carbon-14 atoms.

ratio of carbon-14 atoms to carbon-12 atoms in a living thing is a constant; 4. three of: count number of carbon-14 atoms; create new habitat for marine organisms; compare with original number;

reference to tourism/fishing/diving; calculate age; [5]

prevent erosion of shore;

dissipate energy of waves; 7. any 3 of:

protect anchorages; coral growth;

reference to research/owtte; [3] subsidence/island/volcano sinks;

erosion/wave action/energy;

5. any 3 of: changes in sea levels;

wave action; sedimentation/owtte; [3]

action of other organisms/e.g;

human activity/e.g. dredging 8. any 2 of: carbon dating; 10. reference to storms / cyclones / hurricanes / extreme wave action ; drilling/core sampling; breakage / eq of corals ; rock analysis/geomorphology; [2] exposure to air / sea level falls ;

causes drying ; 9. (coral reefs) absorb wave energy / dissipate wave energy ; temperature change / global warming ;

reduce wave action / reduce size or reference to coral bleaching / loss of strength of waves / slow down waves ; algae / loss of zooxanthellae ;

reduce erosion of shore / shore not presence of predators ; washed away / not worn down ; e.g. crown-of-thorns starfish /parrot provide protection to coastal fish ; properties ; increased carbon dioxide / increased reference to protection of ecosystems; acidity / acid rain ;

[accept a named example, such as dissolves coral skeleton ; mangroves] reference to garbage / pollution / run- safer for ships to anchor / moor / off / sediments / (damage by) human dock ; [5] activity ;

reference to physical damage to corals ; [5] Total: 34