Chapter 5 Classification

5.1 Classifying Living Things

A. ______- science of classifying living things

1. 1.5 million different kinds of living things

2. ______- scientist that classifies living things

3. Why classify? a. ______

b. ______

B. History 1. ______- classified living things into plants and animals a. Animals were divided into land, water and air animals

2. ______- classified plants by stems and sizes, herbs, shrubs and trees

3. ______- classified 18000 plants, and animals a. Species- group of organisms that looked alike and could reproduce among themselves

4. ______- developed new way to classify organisms a. Founder of Modern Taxonomy b. Classified organisms by their physical characteristics C. Why the need for new classifying tools?

1. ______a. More traveling to exotic places b. New scientific tools like the microscope

2. ______a. Mountain lion was also called puma, cougar, panther, depending on where you lived

5.2 Modern Taxonomy

A. ______- slow change of living things over time

1. Fossils a. Scientists studied remains of living things from long ago b. Indicated that living things have changed

2. ______- “Survival of the Fittest” a. Believed that organisms survived because they had special qualities to help them survive b. Examples: ______

3. Classification and Evolution a. Phylogeny- taxonomists classified organisms based on evolutionary history b. Evolutionary Tree- shows relationships between different species

B. Modern Classification 1. Observe physical appearances 2. Chromosome structure and Blood Proteins a. If organisms have similar chromosome structures and blood proteins, they are related

3. Natal Development a. What does natal mean?______

b. ______- study of developing embryos

1) ______- person who studies developing embryos

c. Embryos- organisms in the early stages of development

C. Binomial Nomenclature 1. Organisms identified by 2 part scientific name

a. ______- first part of the name, group of related species

b. ______- second part of the name

c. Example: Canis is the Latin word for dog, Canis familiaris - domesticated dogs, Canis lupus - wolves, Canis latrans – coyotes

d. What are humans called?______

D. Classification Groups Kingdom- related divisions Phylum- related classes grouped together Class- related orders grouped together Order- related families grouped together Family- related genus grouped together Genus- related species Species- organisms that can reproduce together, and look alike

______

5.3 Five Kingdoms

A. Kingdom Monera- ______

1. Monerans- single celled microscopic organism, do not have nuclear membrane

a. ______- organisms that make their own food

b. ______- organisms that can not make their own food, take in food from the outside

B. Kingdom Protista- ______1. Protists- single and multicelled organisms, can be autotrophs and Heterotrophs

C. Kingdom Fungi- ______

1. Fungi- ______

2. Single and Multicellular 3. All have cell wall made up of chitin 4. Heterotrophs- obtain food by absorbing it from plants, animals, or environment

5. ______- mushrooms help break down dead material D. Kingdom Plantae- ______

1. Multicellular, autotrophs- make food through photosynthesis 2. Cell wall made of cellulose 3. Chloroplasts contain ______

E. Kingdom Animalia- ______

1. Multicellular, heterotrophs- take food in 2. Have organ systems 3. Do not have cell walls or chloroplasts Chapter 5 Classification

5.1 Classifying Living Things D. Taxonomy- science of classifying living things 1. 1.5 million different kinds of living things 2. Taxonomist- scientist that classifies living things 3. Why classify? a. Organize information so that it is easier to understand b. Shows relationships between organisms E. History 1. Aristotle- classified living things into plants and animals a. Animals were divided into land, water and air animals 2. Theophrastus- classified plants by stems and sizes, herbs, shrubs and trees 3. Ray- classified 18000 plants, and animals a. Species- group of organisms that looked alike and could reproduce among themselves 4. Linnaeus- developed new way to classify organisms a. Founder of Modern Taxonomy b. Classified organisms by their physical characteristics F. Why the need for new classifying tools? 1. New animals and plants were being discovered quickly a. More traveling to exotic places b. New scientific tools like the microscope 2. Common names were difficult a. Mountain lion was also called puma, cougar, and panther, depending on where you lived

5.2 Modern Taxonomy E. Evolution- slow change of living things over time 1. Fossils a. Scientists studied remains of living things from long ago b. Indicated that living things have changed 2. Charles Darwin- “Survival of the Fittest” a. Believed that organisms survived because they had special qualities to help them survive b. Examples: 3. Classification and Evolution a. Phylogeny- taxonomists classified organisms based on evolutionary history b. Evolutionary Tree- shows relationships between different species F. Modern Classification 1. Observe physical appearances 2. Chromosome structure and Blood Proteins a. If organisms have similar chromosome structures and blood proteins, they are related 3. Natal Development a. What does natal mean? b. Embryology- study of developing embryos c. Embryos- organisms in the early stages of development G. Binomial Nomenclature 1. Organisms identified by 2 part scientific name a. Genus- first part of the name, group of related species b. Species- second part of the name c. Example: Canis is the Latin word for dog, Canis familiaris are the domesticated dogs, Canis lupus are the wolves, Canis latrans are coyotes H. Classification Groups Kingdom- related divisions Phylum- related classes grouped together Class- related orders grouped together Order- related families grouped together Family- related genus grouped together Genus- related species Species- organisms that can reproduce together, and look alike

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5.3 Five Kingdoms

F. Kingdom Monera- Bacteria 1. Monerans- single celled microscopic organism, do not have nuclear membrane a. Autotrophs- organisms that make their own food b. Heterotrophs- organisms that can not make their own food, take in food from the outside G. Kingdom Protista- Algae 1. Protists- single and multicelled organisms, can be autotrophs and heterotrophs H. Kingdom Fungi- Molds and Mushrooms 1. Fungi- yeast, mold, mushrooms 2. Single and Multicellular 3. All have cell wall made up of chitin 4. Heterotrophs- obtain food by absorbing it from plants, animals, or environment 5. Decomposers- mushrooms help break down dead material I. Kingdom Plantae- Plants 1. Multicellular, autotrophs- make food through photosynthesis 2. Cell wall made of cellulose 3. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll J. Kingdom Animalia- Animals, Humans 1. Multicellular, heterotrophs- take food in 2. Have organ systems 3. Do not have cell walls or chloroplasts