The First Global Age (1450-1770)
I. The rise of Mesoamerican Empires: Olmec, Mayan, Aztec and Inca Empires before 1500.
A. Olmec-1500 BCE and 500BCE
- ______
-located in the river valleys near the Gulf of Mexico
-small civilization ______
-they raised crops (maize) using the slash and burn method
-they traded with other civilizations- their artwork and ideas have been found throughout the area.
B. Mayas: (flourished from 300 - 900AD) -flourished from the ______through much of Central America.
1 1. Mayan farmers cleared dense rain forests (______) and built raised fields that caught and held rainwater. - Long term effect –______,______leading to wide spread food shortages
-Mayans grew beans, maize, squash, fruit trees, cotton and flowers.
2. Religion was ______and ceremonies for good harvests and success in war
3. Tikal-largest Mayan city-many pyramid temples
4. Wealth of the cities came from trade
5. Developed system of ______(infrastructure much like the Romans)
6. Each city had a ruling chief with nobles who collected taxes, enforced laws and served in the military
7. Advances in Learning -carvings which showed daily life
-developed hieroglyphic writing form (written on bark)
-ideographs- picture writing
-Priests: ______
2 -developed ______like the Gupta in India & excelled in math, astronomy, architecture, sculpture, ceramics.
8. 900 AD, Mayans abandoned their cities may have been due to constant warfare or over population, which led to over farming, which exhausted the soil.
C. Aztecs: 1200AD/CE - 1535AD/CE (______) -Tenochtitlan was capital of the empire -moved from a hunting to farming civilization
1. As population grew, Aztecs found new ways to create more farmland (______) -grew corn, beans and squash
2. Created canals for transportation
3 3. Polytheistic- honored the gods of the sun and war. Wage war to expand empire.
4. Priests were extremely powerful. ______(often to excess)
5. Abundant natural resources of gold and silver. Used these for jewelry.
D. Inca Empire: 1200-1535 AD - ______-Inca-“Children of the Sun” 1. Cuzco-capital, totalitarian state. 2. Used natural resources of gold and silver to make jewelry 3. Built roads, irrigation systems, terrace farmed on mountains 4. Quipu-______. 5______
4 ______– advanced and as organized as they are ______(small pox______(cannon, guns steel weapons).
II. Rise and Fall of African Civilizations: Ghana, Mali and Songhai Empires
A. Ghana (300 AD-1200AD) 1. located in ______
2. named for their leader-ghana meant king or war chief
3. ______
5 4. Two way traffic between cities in north Africa and Ghana brought salt from the north to trade for gold -Ghana traded their gold for salt and other goods with traders from Morocco and Spain. (salt was important to life below the Sahara as a food preserver and flavor)
______. The religion of those in the north (Islam) was brought through the Sahara to Ghana and many in Ghana converted to this new religion.
B. Mali (1200 CE-1450CE)
1. With the collapse of the Ghana empire by Muslims from the north, Mali eventually emerged as the next powerful kingdom in west Africa (an area that soon included the old kingdom of Ghana).
6 2. Trade was restored with the north and agriculture became an important industry.
3. Mansa Musa (ruled 1312-1332) - ______
-achieved international fame when he went on a lavish pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah), bringing over 12,000 slaves and giving away so much gold that the price of gold fell in the world market.
-brought back an architect to build mosques and a palace in the Mali capital of Timbuktu
C. Songhai (1450-1600) 1. After civil wars weakened Mali, the kingdom of Songhai took over Mali and became the dominant force in western Africa.
Songhai Empire
7 2. Askia Muhammed
- ruled according to Muslim law. ______-divided the kingdom into five provinces with a governor, tax collector, a court of judges and a trade inspector.
-with the building of universities at the capital, ______.
2. Songhai fell to Moroccans using advanced weapons (guns and cannons) as opposed to their spears, knives and bows and arrows.
a. ______
*The kingdoms of______All traders coming through their kingdoms had to pay a tax.
III. Rise and Fall of Chinese Civilization A. The Ming Dynasty(1368-1644) 1. Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang (HongWu), a peasant, Buddhist monk and army officer who______2. Reorganized the tax system and land reform by imposing new laws, reorganizing the tax system, and reformed local government 3. Revitalization agriculture flourished -______to people willing to move and farm in northern China. -Farmers were able to sell surplus crops in market
8 4. Arts and education flourished -libraries built -histories and novels written 5. Exploration a. Jheng He (Cheng Ho) ______-early in the Ming dynasty, he sailed to Southeast Asia, India, Arabia and the east coast of Africa showing the wealth and power of the dynasty and demanding tribute for the emperor.
Zheng He’s treasure ship was over 400 feet long – compared to Columbus’s Santa Maria at 85 feet. For 28 years, he traveled more than 30,000 miles and visited over 30 countries
-later Ming dynasties did not continue exploration-too costly, build up army at home, did no trading with foreign countries because trading was considered low level occupation.
6. Middle Kingdom -China was the center of the universe (middle kingdom) -China considered their culture superior to all others (ethnocentric ) -all foreigners were considered barbarians
9 7. Beijing -1421 government of China moved to the northern city of Beijing
-the Forbidden City-the home of the emperors of China
10 8. Decline of the Ming Dynasty -______ran the government -Manchurian invaders conquered China and in 1644 set up the Ch’ing Dynasty
IV. The Impact of the Ottoman Empire on the Middle East and Europe A. Turks 1. 1500’s- ______
2. Suleiman: 1520-1566 -military commander, administrator and art patron -known as “The Lawgiver” for organizing Ottoman laws
11 -acted as both sultan (political ruler) and caliph (Religious leader) 3. 1453-the Ottomans captured Constantinople, ______4. This propelled European countries to look for alternate water routes to the east leading to the Age of Exploration!! 5. The Ottomans ruled diverse cultures that had many Religions 6. Non Muslims were organized into millets or religious communities. 7. a special “tax” was levied on Balkan Christians a. young sons were to be turned over to the gov’t where they were converted to Islam and joined the military as “Janizaries”
V. Spain on the Eve of the Encounter A. Reconquista (reconquest) of lands in Spain that had been in the hands of Muslims since 700AD.
-Ferdinand and Isabella married and united their two kingdoms and strengthened the monarchy in Spain
-in 1492 their armies were able to defeat the last of the Muslims in Granada in southern Spain.
B. Exploration and Overseas Expansion
-In 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to fund the expedition of Christopher Columbus who wanted to sail west to reach the east (India).
12 VI. The Encounter Between Europeans and the People of Africa, the Americas and Asia. The Columbus Exchange (flora, fauna and diseases)
A. Impact and ______1. Gutenberg’s printing press -able to spread ideas and discoveries quickly 2. Gunpowder -used in guns and cannons -able to defeat civilizations who lacked this advanced technology 3. Cartography- new and improved maps to aid in exploration
-multiple masts for speed and stability -the work of the Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy reappears- we still use his grid system based on the coordinates of latitude and longitude
Naval Engineering- the use of triangular shaped sails helped sail not only with the wind but also into it.
Navigational Devices: compass- determined geographical direction (Chinese) astrolabe- determined altitude of the sun. (Muslim)
13 B. Result: European countries are now able to compete and establish colonies in both the Americas and Asia
VII Case Study: The Columbus Exchange (flora, fauna and diseases)
A. Columbus sails for Spain and discovers the Americascultural diffusionpotatoes, corn and tomatoes from America horses and small pox, measles and influenza from Europe.
B. ______due to these new diseases and the harsh treatment by the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors.
C. To replace dying Native American workers, the Europeans looked elsewhere for a new source of laborAfrica.
D. Triangular Trade and Slavery
Europe Americas
Africa
The Africans were a good source for labor because they had knowledge of planting and harvesting.
14 While a small portion of enslaved Africans went to the southern colonies of North America, most of the slave trade was in South America and the Caribbean.
VIII. European Expansionism becomes Global
A. Mercantilism (economic imperialism) - ______- This was a ______for the European countries = export more than you import
Spain and Portugal controlled Latin America and the islands in the Caribbean
England, France and the Dutch have colonies in North America.
England is beginning colonial control of India and the Dutch are bidding for total control of present day Indonesia
B. Spanish Colonization and the Introduction of the Ecomienda System to Latin America
15 1. Treaty of Tordesilla - improved upon the Line of Demarcation- Portugal received all land east of the line and Spain got the land west of the line
2. ______, forcing them to work the mines and on the farms-this was known as the______or hacienda system
3. The Spanish colonies had their own hierarchy: a) Peninsulares- (______) official sent from Spain to rule colonies get jobs in government and the church
b) Creoles- ______of Spanish settlers-they were not guaranteed any high ranking jobs
c) Mestizos- A ______descent-they held jobs as shop owners, artisans and farmers
d) Mulattos-______mix in Brazil
e) African Slaves-Sent from Africa by slave trade to Latin America- worked for colonists
f) Native Americans- ______- worked for colonists on their farms and were forced to become Christian.
IX. Political Ideologies: Global Absolutism
Absolutism- political system in which a monarch has
16 complete control over the country and its people
A. Absolute Rulers:
1. ______(Mogul Empire-Northern India)
-expanded the Mogul empire that his grandfather, Babur, established
- ______
-worked to end fighting among the Muslims and Hindus of northern India
-repealed the tax on Hindus
-brought order and peace to his empire -encouraged education and the arts
3. Philip II (Spain- 1556-1598)
-staunch defender of the Catholic faith- he was in favor of the inquisition and even attended sentencing -involved in costly wars -religious war with the Netherlands-he wanted to impose Catholicism and they wanted to be Protestant
-______because they supported the Netherlands -in 1588, after two years of planning and Spending Philip’s ______set sail for England
17 -within three months ______and lost 40 ships and 15,000 men.
4. Louis XlV- France (1638-1715)
-became king at age 5 and ruled for 73 years
-ruled absolutely by divine right
-“I am the state”- Absolute ruler
-waged many wars during his reign which depleted the French economy -when so many of his subjects went without- he built the ______- a lavish and ornate palace outside of Paris
-known as the “______”
-during his reign, France became a center of culture and trade
-when he died in 1715, Louis ______that would eventually lead to revolution (French Revolution)
5. Peter the Great-Russia (1682-1725) - Goal: ______along western lines and to achieve czarist absolutism - Peter was nearly 7 feet tall, very intelligent, handsome and subject to violent blind rages. - Wanted to break the semi-oriental Russian customs by ______
18 - He traveled throughout Europe to gain knowledge on western European ideals - Had Europeans move to Russia to work and teach (engineers, surgeons, artists, goldsmiths, etc.) - Peter reforms Russia-“Westernizing” -beards were forbidden -western clothes adopted -seclusion of women ended -calendar and alphabet were reformed -modern army and navy formed -killed anyone who stood in his way
-Wanted the new capital of St. Petersburg to be a “window on the west” - ______under absolute power of the czar (tsar)
-“Westernization was aimed at the upper class- serfs still suffered -serfs constructed roads, canals, ports, bridges and the city of St. Petersburg.
19 6. The English Exception: England’s movement toward Democracy 1) MAGNA CARTA- (1215) England’s kings guaranteed nobles certain rights over the monarch. a) ______b) Limited his power c) ______d) The Magna Carta was not always followed
2) Petition of Right (1628) further limited the power of the king a) The king was forbidden to collect taxes without the consent of Parliament (power of the purse) b) the king could not imprison anyone without just cause i) Habeas Corpus - no one could be kept in prison without being charged with a crime c) troops could not be housed in private homes without the consent of the owner d) the king could not declare martial law unless the country was at war
3) Petition of Right isn’t followed either a) However it is seen ______. b) Glorious Revolution in England resulted in the king fleeing the country, c) A new monarch is established (William and Mary)
20 i) Before they are crowned, they must sign the English Bill of Rights
4) English Bill of Rights (1689): again set up to limit power of the Monarch: a) monarchs had to summon Parliament regularly b) House of Commons had power of taxation c) monarch could not interfere with Parliamentary laws or suspend laws d) ______(aka Constitutional Monarchy) e) trial by jury and eliminate cruel and unjust punishment
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