Naming Binary Acids

Binary acids are acids with only two elements.  Prefix –hydro, stem of anion, and suffix –ic

 Exception is HN3: Hydroazoic acid, where the root – azo is used for nitrogen.

Naming Ternary Acids and Bases

Ternary acids are acids that contain 3 elements.  Usually no prefix is used and the suffix is –ic.  Exceptions:  One less O than the most common : no prefix and suffix used is –ous  Two less O than the most common: prefix hypo- and suffix –ous  One more O than the most common: prefix per- and suffix –ic

 Ex. HClO3 is the most common: Chloric acid

 HClO2 has one less O so: Chlorous acid  HClO has two less O so: Hypochlorous acid

 HClO4 has one more O than most common so: Perchloric acid Ternary bases  Arrhenius bases are composed of metallic, or positively charged ions and the negatively charged hydroxide ion. Therefore, these bases are named by adding the word hydroxide to the name of the positive ion.  Ex. Sodium hydroxide is NaOH.

Naming Organic Acids and Bases

First you need to determine the functional group. Note: You can name organic compounds by their IUPAC name or Common name. 1. Alkanes: Family of saturated hydrocarbons.  Cn H2n + 2  Molecules that contain only H and C that are connected by single bonds and with –ane ending.

 Ex. Methane: CH4 (1 Carbon and 4 Hydrogens)  Has sp3 hybrid, tetrahedral structure, with bond angles of 109.5 degrees.  Others:2-14 (IUPAC Names) CH3CH3 Ethane CH3CH2CH3 Propane CH3(CH2)2CH3 Butane CH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 Hexane CH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 Octane CH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8CH3 Decane CH3(CH2)9CH3 Undecane CH3(CH2)10CH3 Dodecane CH3(CH2)11CH3 Tridecane CH3(CH2)12CH3 Tetradecane

Alkyl Group: If a H atom is removed from an alkane, a partial structure that remains is an alkyl.  Alkyl groups are named by replacing the –ane ending of the parent alkane with an –yl ending.  Ex. Methyl: -CH3  Others: -CH2CH3 Ethyl -CH2(CH2)5CH3 Heptyl -CH2CH2CH3 Propyl -CH2(CH2)6CH3 Octyl -CH2(CH2)2CH3 Butyl -CH2(CH2)7CH3 Nonyl -CH2(CH2)3CH3 Pentyl -CH2(CH2)8CH3 Decyl -CH2(CH2)4CH3 Hexyl  The alkyl groups are often used to determine the common names of compounds.  R represents an alkyl group

2. Alkenes: Family of unsaturated hydrocarbons with Carbon=Carbon double bonds. Cn H2n  Since fewer H’s than in alkanes they are unsaturated with an –ene ending.  Ex. Ethylene (IUPAC name is ethene): H2C=CH2  Ex. Propylene (IUPAC name is propene): CH3CH=CH2  Has sp2 hybrid, planar structure with bond angles of about 120 degrees.

3. Alkynes: Family of unsaturated hydrocarbons with CarbonCarbon triple bonds. Cn Hn  alkynes use the suffix: -yne  Line drawing representation would be RCCH Ex. Propyne: CH3CCH  Has sp hybrid, linear structure with bond angles of 180 degrees.  Ex. Acetylene (IUPAC name is ethyne): H-CC-H  Used to prepare acetic acid 4. Amines: Family of organic derivatives of ammonia, NH3.  Amines are named by adding the ending –amine to the name of the hydrocarbon from which it is derived.  Organic bases contain nitrogen with unshared pair of electrons.  Line drawing representation would be R-NH2  Ex. Methylamine H3C-NH2 and Ethanamine CH3CH2-NH2 5. Carboxylic Acid: Family of the most useful building blocks for synthesizing other molecules. O ║  Line drawing representation would be C R OH  They are named by adding the ending –oic acid to the name of the hydrocarbon from which the acid is derived.  Ex. HCOOH is methanoic acid, which is also known as formic acid.  Derivatives of carboxylic acid are: O ║ C R X Acid halide (X=F,Cl, Br, or I) With ending –yl halide  Ex. Acetyl chloride (from acetic acid) where the R is CH3 and the X is Cl.  Ex. Acetic anhydride where both the R’s are replaced with CH3. O O ║ ║ C C R O R Acid anhydride: With ending anhydride