Chapter 44 - Population Ecology

Chapter 44 - Population Ecology Multiple Choice

1. Which issue is LEAST associated with Canada geese? a. Their feces can cloud lakes. b. Their feces contain harmful bacteria. c. They can destroy lawns. d. They can be dangerous to air traffic. e. They can become very aggressive towards humans. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.1 A Honking Mess LEARNING OBJECTI UDOL.STES.16.44.1 - The threats that a growing population of Canada VES: geese pose to humans.

2. Acts to protect Canadian geese were put into effect in the ____. a. 1700s b. 1800s c. early 1900s d. late 1900s e. 2000s ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.1 A Honking Mess LEARNING OBJECTI UDOL.STES.16.44.1 - The threats that a growing population of Canada VES: geese pose to humans.

3. The number of individuals in a specified portion of habitat is the population's ____. a. distribution b. carrying capacity c. density d. size e. birth rate ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.2 Population Demographics LEARNING OBJECT UDOL.STES.16.44.2 - Examine the different characteristics that are used IVES: to describe a population

4. Individuals in the population grouped according to levels of maturity define the population's ____. a. carrying capacity b. age structure c. density d. size e. birth rate ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.2 Population Demographics LEARNING OBJECT UDOL.STES.16.44.2 - Examine the different characteristics that are used IVES: to describe a population

5. The distribution of hippopotamuses in muddy shallows is generally ____. a. clumped b. random c. uniform d. constant e. homogeneous ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.2 Population Demographics LEARNING OBJECT UDOL.STES.16.44.2 - Examine the different characteristics that are used IVES: to describe a population

6. What distribution pattern is the most common in the natural world? a. random b. uniform c. clumped d. stratified or layered e. homogeneous ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.2 Population Demographics LEARNING OBJECT UDOL.STES.16.44.2 - Examine the different characteristics that are used IVES: to describe a population

7. The distribution of coral colonies is ____. a. clumped b. random c. uniform d. constant e. homogeneous ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.2 Population Demographics LEARNING OBJECT UDOL.STES.16.44.2 - Examine the different characteristics that are used IVES: to describe a population

8. Scientists use ____ sampling to estimate the population size of mobile animals. a. mark–recapture b. random c. plot d. base e. homogeneous ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.2 Population Demographics LEARNING OBJECT UDOL.STES.16.44.2 - Examine the different characteristics that are used IVES: to describe a population

9. The distribution of animals and plants in competition for scarce resources tends to be ____.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 Chapter 44 - Population Ecology a. clumped b. random c. near uniform d. constant e. homogeneous ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.2 Population Demographics LEARNING OBJECT UDOL.STES.16.44.2 - Examine the different characteristics that are used IVES: to describe a population

10. A population of dandelions in a field exemplifies a ____ population distribution. a. clumped b. random c. uniform d. constant e. homogeneous ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.2 Population Demographics LEARNING OBJECT UDOL.STES.16.44.2 - Examine the different characteristics that are used IVES: to describe a population

11. Random distribution of individuals in a population occurs when resource availability is ____ and individuals ____ one another. a. scarce; attract b. clumped; neither attract nor avoid c. random; avoid d. uniform; neither attract nor avoid e. scarce; avoid ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 44.2 Population Demographics LEARNING OBJECT UDOL.STES.16.44.2 - Examine the different characteristics that are used IVES: to describe a population

12. Zero population growth is achieved when ____. a. a population reaches the carrying capacity of the environment b. emigration and immigration are balanced, and the number of births equals the number of deaths c. births exceed deaths d. deaths exceed births e. emigration and immigration are prevented ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential Growth LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.3 - Discuss the factors that determine the size of a TIVES: population and its growth rate

13. When the birth rate plus immigration equals the death rate plus emigration the result is ____.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3 Chapter 44 - Population Ecology a. logistic growth b. exponential growth c. population saturation d. zero population growth e. geometric growth ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential Growth LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.3 - Discuss the factors that determine the size of a TIVES: population and its growth rate

14. The per capita growth rate (r) is ____ per mouse per month in a population of 1,000 mice where 500 mice are born and 400 mice die monthly. a. 0.1 b. 0.2 c. 0.3 d. 0.4 e. 0.5 ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential Growth LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.3 - Discuss the factors that determine the size of a TIVES: population and its growth rate

15. There will be approximately ____ mice in four months in a population of 1,000 mice where 500 mice are born and 400 mice die monthly. a. 1,060 b. 1,160 c. 1,260 d. 1,360 e. 1,460 ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential Growth LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.3 - Discuss the factors that determine the size of a TIVES: population and its growth rate

16. Which of these is not a direct factor that controls biotic potential? a. the age at which reproduction generally begins b. the resources available for each individual c. reproductive rate d. predators and pathogens e. genetic mutations ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential Growth LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.3 - Discuss the factors that determine the size of a TIVES: population and its growth rate

17. Populations ____.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4 Chapter 44 - Population Ecology a. are only limited by one factor at a time b. increase arithmetically c. may increase indefinitely d. are limited by the carrying capacity e. overcome limiting factors by increasing their biotic potential ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population Growth LEARNING OBJECTIV UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on ES: population growth

18. The effect of resource availability on population size ultimately determines ____. a. the carrying capacity of the environment b. exponential growth c. the doubling time of a population d. the population's biotic potential e. the loss of species in an ecosystem ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population Growth LEARNING OBJECTIV UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on ES: population growth

Figure 44.6 19. The wood duck shown in the above photograph was adversely affected by ____ and is making a comeback thanks to ____. a. global cooling; heat producing chemical added to their diet b. sexually transmitted viruses; a new vaccine c. limited numbers of natural cavities; artificial nesting boxes d. high incidence of males being born; transplantation of females from other areas e. invasive species; removal of introduced predators ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population Growth PREFACE NAME: fig 2 LEARNING OBJECTIV UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on ES: population growth

20. Density-independent factors that limit population growth include ____. a. parasites b. temperature c. disease d. competition e. predation ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population Growth LEARNING OBJECTIV UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on ES: population growth

Figure 44.7

The following three questions refer to the figure above illustrating logistic growth. 21. The initial carrying capacity of an environment is indicated by ____. a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population Growth PREFACE NAME: fig 3 LEARNING OBJECTIV UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on ES: population growth

22. The effect of population growth limiting factors begin to become evident at about the letter ____. a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population Growth LEARNING OBJECTIV UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on ES: population growth

23. The population is entering exponential growth at letter ____. a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population Growth LEARNING OBJECTIV UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on ES: population growth

24. A cohort is ____. a. a group of individuals of the same species born during the same time interval b. any member of the same species c. a group of individuals with the same parents d. a group of individuals of the same sex e. any group of closely related individuals ANSWER: a

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6 Chapter 44 - Population Ecology DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.5 Life History Patterns LEARNING OBJECTI UDOL.STES.16.44.5 - Discuss how ecologists study life history patterns VES: of different species.

25. Type II survivorship curves ____. a. are characteristic of humans and elephants b. indicate a fairly constant rate of death at all ages c. indicate a high mortality rate in the very young d. are characteristic of species in which most individuals live a relatively long life and die of old age e. are typical of species with high biotic potentials ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.5 Life History Patterns LEARNING OBJECTI UDOL.STES.16.44.5 - Discuss how ecologists study life history patterns VES: of different species.

26. A study of a cohort of 1,000 animals showed a 90 percent death rate per individual in the first year, 10 percent the second year, and 5 percent the third year. This population's survivorship is _____. a. type I b. type II c. type III d. type I the first year and type II in years two and three e. type I the first year, type II the second year, and type III the third year ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 44.5 Life History Patterns LEARNING OBJECTI UDOL.STES.16.44.5 - Discuss how ecologists study life history patterns VES: of different species.

27. Equilibrial species are shaped by ____, and tend to have a ____. a. K-selection; small body and short generation time b. r-selection; large body and long generation time c. K-selection; large body and long generation time d. r-selection; small body and long generation time e. r-selection; large body and short generation time ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 44.5 Life History Patterns LEARNING OBJECTI UDOL.STES.16.44.5 - Discuss how ecologists study life history patterns VES: of different species.

28. Reznick and Endler’s research with guppies suggested four of the following. Which one is the exception? a. Life history traits can be inherited. b. Life history traits evolve. c. Life history traits can be altered over a short period of time. d. Life history traits are not influenced by predation patterns.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7 Chapter 44 - Population Ecology e. Life history traits are coded for in DNA. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: Effects of Predation on Life History LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.6 - Discuss how predation affects life history traits.

29. The Reznick and Endler guppy study showed that life history traits in guppies ____. a. evolve primarily due to migration patterns b. are unpredictable and random from a human standpoint c. change very slowly, and only in response to individual guppy needs d. are unchanged in response to the preferences of predators e. can evolve rapidly in response to the preferences of predators ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 44.6 Effects of Predation on Life History LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.6 - Discuss how predation affects life history traits.

30. Which factor is most responsible for the rapid population explosion of humans? a. more prevalence of microorganisms to fight diseases naturally b. increasing availability of natural resources c. decreasing migration of human and animal populations d. decline in death rates without an equivalent decline in birth rates e. advances in reproductive technology ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.7 Human Population Growth LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.7 - Examine the factors responsible for the rapid TIVES: increase in human population size.

31. It took more than 100,000 years for the human population to grow to one billion individuals and took about ____ years to add five billion more. a. 200 b. 20,000 c. 100,000 d. 200,000 e. 500,000 ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.7 Human Population Growth LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.7 - Examine the factors responsible for the rapid TIVES: increase in human population size.

32. Presently, the replacement fertility rate in developed countries is ____ a. 2.0 b. 2.1 c. 2.4 d. 2.6 e. 2.8

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8 Chapter 44 - Population Ecology ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.8 Anticipated Growth and Consumption LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.8 - Determine the factors that will affect future changes TIVES: in the human population.

Figure 44.15

The following question refers to the age structure diagrams above. 33. Which statement reflects the age structure of these three countries? a. India has the greatest proportion of older adults. b. The United States has the greatest proportion of young people. c. India has the greatest proportion of young people. d. China has the greatest proportion of young people. e. China has the greatest proportion of older adults. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES: 44.8 Anticipated Growth and Consumption PREFACE NAME: fig 4 LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.8 - Determine the factors that will affect future changes TIVES: in the human population.

34. The ____ of a human population is the average number of children born to a woman during her reproductive years. a. global reproductive rate b. mean reproductive rate c. average fertility rate d. total fertility rate e. replacement fertility rate ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES: 44.8 Anticipated Growth and Consumption LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.8 - Determine the factors that will affect future changes TIVES: in the human population.

35. A population grows as long as its ____. a. total fertility rate exceeds the replacement fertility rate b. replacement fertility rate exceeds the total fertility rate c. total fertility rate equals the replacement rate d. total fertility rate is at least twice the replacement fertility rate e. total fertility rate falls below the average replacement fertility rate ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES: 44.8 Anticipated Growth and Consumption LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.8 - Determine the factors that will affect future changes TIVES: in the human population.

36. Which of the following refers to the area of Earth’s surface that is required to sustainably support a particular level of development and consumption? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9 Chapter 44 - Population Ecology a. demographic transition model b. carrying capacity c. ecological footprint d. biosphere e. ecological cohort ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s : Remember REFERENCES: 44.8 Anticipated Growth and Consumption LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.8 - Determine the factors that will affect future changes TIVES: in the human population.

37. The average person in the United States has an ecological footprint nearly _____ times that of an average world citizen. a. two b. three c. four d. five e. six ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.8 Anticipated Growth and Consumption LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.8 - Determine the factors that will affect future changes TIVES: in the human population.

Matching

Choose the most appropriate response for each: a. growth pattern which appears as a J-shaped curve when population increases are plotted against time b. for some interval, the added number of individuals divided by the initial population size. c. the distribution of individuals at each age level in a population d. for example, the amount of glucose in a culture flask containing bacteria DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.2 Population Demographics LEARNING OBJECT UDOL.STES.16.44.2 - Examine the different characteristics that are used IVES: to describe a population

38. age structure ANSWER: c

Choose the most appropriate response for each: a. describes a population that is growth which when plotted appears as a J-shaped curve b. for some interval, the added number of individuals divided by the initial population size. c. the distribution of individuals at each age level in a population d. for example, the amount of glucose in a culture flask containing bacteria DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential Growth LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.3 - Discuss the factors that determine the size of a TIVES: population and its growth rate

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10 Chapter 44 - Population Ecology 39. per capita growth rate ANSWER: b

Choose the most appropriate response for each: a. describes a population that is growth which when plotted appears as a J-shaped curve b. for some interval, the added number of individuals divided by the initial population size. c. the distribution of individuals at each age level in a population d. for example, the amount of glucose in a culture flask containing bacteria DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential Growth LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.3 - Discuss the factors that determine the size of a TIVES: population and its growth rate

40. exponential growth ANSWER: a

Choose the most appropriate response for each: a. describes a population that is growth which when plotted appears as a J-shaped curve b. for some interval, the added number of individuals divided by the initial population size. c. the distribution of individuals at each age level in a population d. for example, the amount of glucose in a culture flask containing bacteria DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population Growth LEARNING OBJECTIV UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on ES: population growth

41. limiting factor ANSWER: d

Classification. Respond to the following statements used by ecologists with reference to the five terms listed below: a. carrying capacity b. emigration c. immigration d. density-dependent limiting factor e. density-independent limiting factor DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential Growth LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.3 - Discuss the factors that determine the size of a TIVES: population and its growth rate

42. movement of individuals out of a population ANSWER: b

43. movement of individuals into a population ANSWER: c

Classification. Respond to the following statements used by ecologists with reference to the five

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11 Chapter 44 - Population Ecology terms listed below: a. carrying capacity b. emigration c. immigration d. density-dependent limiting factor e. density-independent limiting factor DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population Growth LEARNING OBJECTIV UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on ES: population growth

44. the maximum number of individuals that a given habitat can support ANSWER: a

45. as population density increases this increasingly limits population growth ANSWER: d

Classification. Respond to the following statements used by ecologists with reference to the five terms listed below: a. carrying capacity b. emigration c. immigration d. density-dependent limiting factor e. density-independent limiting factor DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: LIMITS ON POPULATION GROWTH LEARNING OBJECTIV UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on ES: population growth

46. this limits population growth to the same degree regardless of population density ANSWER: e

Completion

47. Demographics include population ______and ______structure, such as the size of the ______base. ANSWER: size; age; reproductive DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES: 44.2 Population Demographics LEARNING OBJECT UDOL.STES.16.44.2 - Examine the different characteristics that are used IVES: to describe a population

48. ______sampling can be used to estimate the population density for mobile animals and involves capturing and releasing individuals. ANSWER: Mark-recapture DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.2 Population Demographics LEARNING OBJECT UDOL.STES.16.44.2 - Examine the different characteristics that are used IVES: to describe a population

49. The size of a population depends on its rates of births, deaths, ______, and ______. ANSWER: emigration; immigration immigration; emigration DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential Growth LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.3 - Discuss the factors that determine the size of a TIVES: population and its growth rate

50. In cases of ______growth, a population's growth is proportional to its size. ANSWER: exponential DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential Growth LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.3 - Discuss the factors that determine the size of a TIVES: population and its growth rate

51. The maximum possible rate of increase is a species' ______potential. ANSWER: biotic DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential Growth LEARNING OBJEC UDOL.STES.16.44.3 - Discuss the factors that determine the size of a TIVES: population and its growth rate

52. With ______growth, a small population starts growing slowly, then grows rapidly, and then levels off once ______is reached. ANSWER: logistic; carrying capacity DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population Growth LEARNING OBJECTIV UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on ES: population growth

53. At low population density, ______is favored, quickly producing as many offspring as possible. ANSWER: r-selection DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population Growth LEARNING OBJECTIV UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on ES: population growth

54. At high population density, ______is favored, with organisms investing more time and energy in fewer, higher quality offspring. ANSWER: K-selection DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population Growth LEARNING OBJECTIV UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on ES: population growth

55. A(n) ______is a group of individuals born during the same time interval. ANSWER: cohort Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13 Chapter 44 - Population Ecology DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember REFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population Growth LEARNING OBJECTIV UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on ES: population growth

Subjective Short Answer

56. A population of deer is sampled. 25 deer are caught and tagged. Two months later, the researchers return and find that 4 of the 16 deer they observe have tags. This would suggest a total population size of what number? Explain your answer. ANSWER: When the researchers returned, 25% of the deer they observed had tags. This suggests that they tagged 25% of the total population. Therefore, the total population would be 25 times 4 for a total of 100 deer. DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES 44.2 Population Demographics : LEARNING O UDOL.STES.16.44.2 - Examine the different characteristics that are used to BJECTIVES: describe a population

57. The dinosaurs are thought to have gone extinct due to an asteroid strike. How would this impact on population growth be described? ANSWER: Asteroids would be an example of a density-independent factor. The asteroid strike did not depend on the population of the dinosaurs. DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population Growth LEARNING OBJ UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on population ECTIVES: growth

58. Do humans exhibit r-selected or K-selected species patterns? Explain your answer. ANSWER: Humans exhibit almost exclusively K-selected species patterns. We have long development, later reproduction, few young per breeding episodes, long life spans, and high parental investment. The only question is if we are approaching the carrying capacity like a K-selected species, or exceeding it like an r-selected species. DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES 44.5 Life History Patterns : LEARNING O UDOL.STES.16.44.5 - Discuss how ecologists study life history patterns of BJECTIVES: different species.

59. Is the average ecological footprint getting larger or smaller globally? ANSWER: The average ecological footprint is growing. Most of the citizens of planet Earth live in developing countries, and those citizens generally desire a lifestyle more like that of Americans. As their ecological footprint goes up (and Americans generally refuse to lower those), the strain on the Earth’s limited resources increases. DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply REFERENCES 44.8 Anticipated Growth and Consumption : LEARNING O UDOL.STES.16.44.8 - Determine the factors that will affect future changes in the