The Emotions of a Lens: a Study on Cinematography and Case Studies on the Cinematographer's Role in the Cinematographic Discourse of a Narrative Film

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The Emotions of a Lens: a Study on Cinematography and Case Studies on the Cinematographer's Role in the Cinematographic Discourse of a Narrative Film Fall 08 The Emotions of a Lens iii The Emotions of a Lens THE EMOTIONS OF A LENS A STUDY ON CINEMATOGRAPHY AND CASE STUDIES ON THE CINEMATOGRAPHER’S ROLE IN THE CINEMATOGRAPHIC DISCOURSE OF A NARRATIVE FILM Marijke Van Kets v The Emotions of a Lens Doctoraal proefschrift tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Communicatiewetenschappen Faculteit Politieke en soCiale wetensChappen Vakgroep CommuniCatie wetensChappen Promotor: Prof. dr. Sofie Van Bauwel Co-promotor: AssoC. Prof. dr. Kenneth Feinstein vii The Emotions of a Lens ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This manuscript would not exist without the help, advice and support of a large group of talented and generous people. I will now try to thank all these participants for their input in this work. Also, I thank the institutions, organisations and networks that have made this research possible. To start, I express my gratitude to the UGent, and in particular the Communications Science department; they have given me the opportunity to conduct this work disregarding my original academic profile. I would have thrown in the towel after one year without the generous encouragement from my promotor Sofie Van Bauwel. Thanks, Sofie, and also for the huge amount of work you did for me. Ken Feinstein, my co-promotor, helped me a great deal, with reading, correcting, editing and rereading. Always welcome at our table for more great conversations, thank you. Daniel Biltereys encouraged me to put this unusual topic onto the menu and inspired me to clarify the theory. The inspiration and the drive to put cinematographers into the spotlight came from the battle IMAGO, the European Federation of Cinematographers, is undertaking to acquire authors’ right for cinematographers. IMAGO groups the national societies of cinematographers, and all these groups are being driven by passionate volunteers. Devoting their free time and energy to ix promote, share knowledge and talk about this amazing profession. Out of this large group of intelligent artists I would like to highlight Willy Stassen, the president of the Belgian Society of Cinematographers (SBC), and Tony Costa, the chair of the Education Committee of IMAGO, for their positive energy, spending their time to make numerous workshops, conferences and meetings possible. I also thank the American Society for Cinematographers (ASC), in particular for taking the initiative to organise the International Cinematography Summit Conference (ICSC 2011). These gatherings have given me the opportunity to converse with many other cinematographers, which was essential for me to keep believing in the necessity of this study during more than six years. The chair of the school of Art, Design and Media, Vibeke Sorensen, has given me the opportunity to engage the students in the filming of the experiments. We could conduct the experiments on the sound stage with the equipment and the students of the school. A great thank you, also to the ADM library and its staff, fast and friendly! Winnie Wong, thank you for your excellent advice and patience. And a great thank you to Gerlinda Heywegen who has guided my first steps into the difficult writing stage. I owe a lot of gratitude to Johanna De Vlaminck, who has helped me wholeheartedly with her writings skills and talent, thanks. Many thanks to my faraway electronic pen-pal, Don Williams and his wife Judy, who spent many hours editing this text; you were a life line. From the bottom of my heart I The Emotions of a Lens thank my parents who always gave me the opportunity to travel the roads I chose. Kathrin Albers generously made the nice pictures for this dissertation, thank you! Not to be forgotten are my numerous friends who gave me a willing ear and lots of encouraging talks. And of course, my fantastic lovely husband Lucas, who has travelled this long journey with me, filming, inspiring and all the time ready with a little joke. Without him I would never even have started this work, let alone finished it. Thank you all. xi The Emotions of a Lens NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING In dit proefschrift stellen we een theoretisch kader voor om cinematografie te onderzoeken. We bestuderen empirisch de rol van de cinematograaf in het maken van verhalende beelden voor een narratieve film. Onze focus ligt op de eigenschappen van de visuele vertelling van een fictiefilm en de perceptie ervan. Het onderzoek naar praktijkgerichte kennis over het belang van cinematografie en de invloed ervan op de participatie van de kijker zijn nieuwe aandachtspunten binnen het domein van filmonderzoek. We kunnen cinematografie omschrijven als de kunst van visuele expressie die het publiek al fascineert sinds het ontstaan van de film. De verhalende beelden van een fictiefilm zijn gecreëerd om ondubbelzinnig begrepen te worden. Ons uitgangspunt is dat de cinematografische expressie dient om visueel te vertellen en een conversatie voert met de kijker. Cinematografie werd beoefend vanaf de eerste dagen van het maken van fictiefilms. Deze nieuwe cinematografische expressie was een taak voor een nieuw beroep: de cinematograaf. De kerntaak van een cinematograaf is het verhaal te vertellen met bewegende beelden (A.S.C ., 2013, p. 3). Tot op heden begrijpt men echter de verbeeldende kracht van cinematografie niet goed. Vittorio Storaro (1995) definieert cinematografie als schrijven met licht. Desondanks wordt cinematografie verward met filmische techniek. In dit proefschrift zullen we argumenteren dat cinematografie verhalend schrijven is door middel van bewegende beelden die het cinematografische discours met xiii Nederlandse Samenvatting de kijker mogelijk maakt. Ons denkkader situeert zich op de keten van expressie en perceptie, namelijk de cinematografische expressie resulteert in de visuele vertelling van de film en bewerkstelligt het cinematografische discours met de kijker. Dit leidt ons tot het verder onderzoeken van de visuele vertelling van een fictiefilm, hoe we een verschil dienen te maken tussen de dramatische actie van een filmscript en het visuele drama van de shots. We zullen argumenteren dat er twee betekenisvolle lagen zijn. Ten eerste zijn er de inhoud en de actie van het verhaal; de tweede laag bekomt men door het oog te leiden, dit kan mede bepalend zijn voor hoe de kijker het verhaal zal ervaren. We bewandelen twee onderzoekspaden, het eerste om een theoretisch kader te ontwikkelen waarin we de rol dat cinematografie speelt in het cinematografische discours met de kijker definiëren. Ten tweede onderzoeken we de rol van de cinematograaf tijdens een filmproductie. Heel breed geponeerd stellen we twee vragen: “Wat is cinematografie?” en “Wat is de rol van de cinematograaf?” Het theoretisch kader dat we in deze dissertatie ontwikkelen, maakt duidelijk hoe cinematografie zich uitdrukt door veranderende vorm en inhoud. De eerste drie theoretische hoofdstukken gaan na hoe we inzicht kunnen verwerven in de verhalende cinematografische elementen. We beschrijven drie theoretische modellen. In het eerste model definiëren we de term visual narrative construct. Het definieert de visuele vorm van het shot en de perceptie ervan, de intentie van de betekenis die de cinematograaf aan de beelden geeft. Een cinematograaf gebruikt materiaal om een filmische ruimte te creëren. The Emotions of a Lens Hij/zij beschikt over een ruime gereedschapskist met lichtprojectoren, lenzen, dolly’s, kranen, … De andere elementen van een filmset, zoals de opgemaakte acteurs in een aangekleed decor, worden opgesteld voor de lens. Zo creëert hij/zij de visuele compositie van een shot dat een deel van het verhaal vertelt. In deze dissertatie zullen we aangeven hoe de onzichtbare techniek van de cinematograaf de betekenis van de visuele beelden zichtbaar maakt. We zullen aantonen dat kader, aandacht en filmische ruimte de kenmerken zijn van de visueel vertellende constructie van een shot. De filmische techniek, zo zullen we zien, heeft een oorzakelijk verband met deze filmische kenmerken. Het tweede theoretische model bekijkt hoe een fictiefilm visueel vertelt. We definiëren welke rol de visuele narratieve constructie krijgt, door de montage van shots, in de vertelling. We argumenteren dat door de causaliteit van ruimte en tijd de kijker een positie en een kijkrichting heeft in de filmische ruimte. Zo creëert de cinematograaf shots met personages en gebeurtenissen die zich afspelen in een filmische ruimte waarin de kijker participeert vanuit een specifiek en veranderlijk gezichtspunt. We definiëren de veranderlijke gezichtspunten van de kijker in analogie met de literaire vertelling, namelijk eerste, tweede en derde persoon. De connectie van de visueel narratieve constructies van de shots door montage tijdens de projectie verbindt de vier categorieën van continuïteit namelijk: inhoud, positie, beweging en tijd. We zullen argumenteren dat deze sequentie van shots een verwantschap heeft met de visuele psychologie van het verhaal. Zo kunnen we de constructie van de visuele verhaallijn benoemen. xv Nederlandse Samenvatting Het derde model onderzoekt en definieert het cinematografisch discours met de kijker. Verhalende beelden hebben een verteller nodig en een luisteraar. Hoe beelden begrepen worden is belangrijk. Weeral zijn tijd en ruimte de basiselementen maar nu bekijken we hoe het begrepen wordt door de kijker. Het model geeft ons analytische terminologie om de participatie van de kijker met de film te kunnen benoemen. We baseren ons gedeeltelijk op een theorie vanuit antropologie: Proxemics, benoemd door Hall (1968), aangaande de spatiale communicatie tussen mensen. De afstand in de filmische ruimte tussen de kijker en tussen de karakters kan nu begrepen worden als de drager van dramatische connotaties met een spreidingsbreedte van intiem tot publiek. In combinatie met de betekenis van de gezichtspunten die zich situeren tussen eerste persoon en derde persoon kunnen we gedeeltelijk de perceptie en de participatie van de kijker definiëren en benoemen. Deze drie modellen tezamen bieden ons een theoretisch kader om de kracht van de visuele vertelling en de participatie van de kijker te onderzoeken en analyseren. Aan de hand van casestudies illustreren we de theorie verder in het empirische gedeelte. Zo stellen we een alternatief onderzoeksterrein voor binnen de filmstudies.
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