The Type of Attraction That Holds Two
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Name: ______Biology Chapter 3 Vocabulary
1. The type of attraction that holds two water molecules together is called a ______. A positive region of one water molecule is attracted to the negative region of another water molecule.
2. An attractive force between particles of the same kind is known as ______.
3. ______is the attractive force between unlike substances.
4. Together, adhesion and cohesion enable water molecules to move upward through narrow tubes against the force of gravity. This property of water is known as ______.
5. ______contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other carbon atoms and to other elements as well—typically hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The chemistry of carbon is the chemistry of life.
6. In most organic compounds, clusters of atoms, called ______, influence the properties of the molecules they compose. The functional group is the structural building block that determines the characteristics of the compound.
7. An ______is an organic compound with a hydroxyl group attached to one of its carbon atoms.
8. In many carbon compounds, the molecules are built up from smaller, simpler molecules known as ______.
9. – 10. A ______consists of repeated, linked units. The units may be identical or structurally related to each other. Large polymers are called ______.
11. Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction called a ______reaction.
12. The breakdown of some complex molecules, such as polymers, occurs through a process known as ______.
13. Life processes require a constant supply of energy. This energy is available to cells in the form of certain compounds that contain a large amount of energy in their overall structure. One of these compounds is ______, more commonly referred to by its abbreviation, ATP.
14. ______are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom.
15. A monomer of a carbohydrate is called a ______. A monosaccharide—or simple sugar— contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1. The general formula for a monosaccharide is written as (CH2O)n.
16. Glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same molecular formula, C6H12O6, but their differing structures determine the slightly different properties of the three compounds. Compounds like these sugars, with a single chemical formula but different forms, are called ______.
17. In living things, two monosaccharides can combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar, or ______. Sucrose, which is common table sugar, is composed of fructose and glucose.
18. A ______is a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides. 19. ______are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
20. The 20 different ______, the monomer building blocks of proteins, share a basic structure.
21. Two amino acids bond to form a ______.
22. In a condensation reaction, two amino acids form a covalent bond, called a ______.
23. Amino acids can bond to each other one at a time, forming a very long chain called a ______.
24. ______—organic molecules that act as catalysts—are essential for the functioning of any cell. Most enzymes are proteins.
25. Enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its ______, the reactant being catalyzed.
26. ______are large, nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water.
27. ______are unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids.
28. – 29. Because of this attraction, the carboxyl end of the fatty-acid molecule is said to be ______, which means “water loving.” In contrast, the hydrocarbon end of the fatty-acid molecule is nonpolar. This end tends not to interact with water molecules and is said to be ______, or “water fearing.”
30. A ______is composed of three molecules of fatty acid joined to one molecule of the alcohol glycerol.
31. ______have two, rather than three, fatty acids joined by a molecule of glycerol.
32. A ______is a type of structural lipid. A wax molecule consists of a long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain. Waxes are highly waterproof, and in plants, wax forms a protective coating on the outer surfaces.
33. ______molecules are composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them.
34. ______are very large and complex organic molecules that store important information in the cell.
35. ______acid, or DNA, contains information that is essential for almost all cell activities, including cell division.
36. ______acid, or RNA, stores and transfers information that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins.
37. Both DNA and RNA are polymers, composed of thousands of linked monomers called ______.