<p> Name: ______Biology Chapter 3 Vocabulary </p><p>1. The type of attraction that holds two water molecules together is called a ______. A positive region of one water molecule is attracted to the negative region of another water molecule.</p><p>2. An attractive force between particles of the same kind is known as ______.</p><p>3. ______is the attractive force between unlike substances.</p><p>4. Together, adhesion and cohesion enable water molecules to move upward through narrow tubes against the force of gravity. This property of water is known as ______.</p><p>5. ______contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other carbon atoms and to other elements as well—typically hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The chemistry of carbon is the chemistry of life.</p><p>6. In most organic compounds, clusters of atoms, called ______, influence the properties of the molecules they compose. The functional group is the structural building block that determines the characteristics of the compound.</p><p>7. An ______is an organic compound with a hydroxyl group attached to one of its carbon atoms.</p><p>8. In many carbon compounds, the molecules are built up from smaller, simpler molecules known as ______.</p><p>9. – 10. A ______consists of repeated, linked units. The units may be identical or structurally related to each other. Large polymers are called ______.</p><p>11. Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction called a ______reaction.</p><p>12. The breakdown of some complex molecules, such as polymers, occurs through a process known as ______.</p><p>13. Life processes require a constant supply of energy. This energy is available to cells in the form of certain compounds that contain a large amount of energy in their overall structure. One of these compounds is ______, more commonly referred to by its abbreviation, ATP.</p><p>14. ______are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom.</p><p>15. A monomer of a carbohydrate is called a ______. A monosaccharide—or simple sugar— contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1. The general formula for a monosaccharide is written as (CH2O)n.</p><p>16. Glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same molecular formula, C6H12O6, but their differing structures determine the slightly different properties of the three compounds. Compounds like these sugars, with a single chemical formula but different forms, are called ______.</p><p>17. In living things, two monosaccharides can combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar, or ______. Sucrose, which is common table sugar, is composed of fructose and glucose. </p><p>18. A ______is a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides. 19. ______are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.</p><p>20. The 20 different ______, the monomer building blocks of proteins, share a basic structure.</p><p>21. Two amino acids bond to form a ______. </p><p>22. In a condensation reaction, two amino acids form a covalent bond, called a ______. </p><p>23. Amino acids can bond to each other one at a time, forming a very long chain called a ______.</p><p>24. ______—organic molecules that act as catalysts—are essential for the functioning of any cell. Most enzymes are proteins.</p><p>25. Enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its ______, the reactant being catalyzed.</p><p>26. ______are large, nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water.</p><p>27. ______are unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids.</p><p>28. – 29. Because of this attraction, the carboxyl end of the fatty-acid molecule is said to be ______, which means “water loving.” In contrast, the hydrocarbon end of the fatty-acid molecule is nonpolar. This end tends not to interact with water molecules and is said to be ______, or “water fearing.”</p><p>30. A ______is composed of three molecules of fatty acid joined to one molecule of the alcohol glycerol.</p><p>31. ______have two, rather than three, fatty acids joined by a molecule of glycerol.</p><p>32. A ______is a type of structural lipid. A wax molecule consists of a long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain. Waxes are highly waterproof, and in plants, wax forms a protective coating on the outer surfaces.</p><p>33. ______molecules are composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them.</p><p>34. ______are very large and complex organic molecules that store important information in the cell.</p><p>35. ______acid, or DNA, contains information that is essential for almost all cell activities, including cell division. </p><p>36. ______acid, or RNA, stores and transfers information that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins. </p><p>37. Both DNA and RNA are polymers, composed of thousands of linked monomers called ______.</p>