2011 Illinois Open

2011 Illinois Open Round 01 Edited and Written by Ike Jose, Jeremy Eaton, Michael Hausinger, and Surya Sabhapathy

TOSSUPS

1. In one bizarre scene in this novel, a brother and sister talk about the effects of sunlight then discuss how the narrator writhes while sleeping on a hard wood floor before equating that action with the fact that he must have killed many people. The central location of this work is described a place situated so close to hell that hell’s inhabitants often come back to get a blanket. Shortly before dying, its author met with Susan Sontag in an airport to discuss its impact in America, and Sontag’s preface appears in most English editions of it. In another scene, the death of Miguel is signified by his vision of smoke and not a town when he tries to visit Media Luna on horse. Its narrator is told by his mother Dolores Preciado, who has just died at the beginning, to search out the title character, Juan Preciado’s father, in Comala, a town now inhabited by ghosts. For 10 points, identify this novel published after its author’s The Burning Plain, the masterpiece of Juan Rulfo. ANSWER: Pedro Paramo

2. In one notable speech, this politician claimed we have "developed a culture of poverty” that is "far more violent and harder to escape than it was a generation ago." That speech also notes that although people were "outraged by the verdict of the Rodney King trial," "there is simply no excuse for the mayhem that followed." That speech takes its name from an attack on a character "that supposedly epitomizes today's intelligent, highly paid, professional women" that mocks the importance of a father. That aforementioned speech attacked a character on the show (*) Murphy Brown. While on campaign, this politician was asked about experience, which culminated with his remark "That was really uncalled for, Senator." For 10 points, name this Indiana politician that was told "You're no Jack Kennedy" by Lloyd Bentsen, when running as Vice President under Bush the Elder. ANSWER: Dan Quayle

3. CLAVATA, AGAMOUS, and STM genes regulate the rate of cell division in these structures. Regions of mature tissue in plants are connected by the intercalary type. In angiosperms, they may be organized into three distinct layers: L1, L2, and L3. The form found in shoots has a structure consisting of the central mother zone, flank, and rib sections, all surrounded by the tunica layer. That form may differentiate into the (*) inflorescence type, which ultimately gives rise to flowers. Both vascular and cork cambium fall into its secondary, or lateral, type, which tends to be inhibited as tip growth occurs, and these structures are typically regulated by auxins. For 10 points, identify these regions of undifferentiated cells which undergo rapid growth and division, whose apical forms elongate roots and shoots. ANSWER: meristems

4. One character in this play says she is a “sad sport of a Bitter Fate that fed upon bitter tears by Night and Day” after noting she is an offspring of a royal race - “the Children of Earth.” In its last act, one character reveals that another character’s dying words were “The gods have robbed me of a guiltless life,” and another character in that last act reveals to her nurse her plan, after which she dies from poison given to her by Medea. The main king in this play, who was imprisoned in Hades for six months, uses a bankrolled wish from Neptune to strike down his own son before Oenone is said to have drowned herself in the ocean. It was based on a play by Euripides and in turn inspired a full length opera by Jean Philip Rameau. At its end, we learn from Theramenes that it is the wish of the gods that Aricia be cared for. For 10 points, name this French play about Theseus’s wife who loves her stepson Hippolytus, a work of Jean Racine. ANSWER: Phedre

5. An Egyptian member of this entity was crucified after he was captured by Megazybus, and Callaescharchus records that one of its founders was a “fox by name and a fox by nature.” One conflict against this group began after one side tried to use colonists to find the “nine ways.” This group appointed people called hellenotamiae in order to collect tribute and established cleruchies at former pirate bases like Scyros and Naxos. Thasos fronted an ill-fated rebellion against this group which also was responsible for the ill-fated 459 BC Egyptian Expedition. This entity’s membership grew after Athens won the Battle of Oenophyta against Corinth and Sparta. Founded after the Battle of Plataea by Cimon and Aristides, this movement was managed by Athens and was based on its namesake island until Pericles moved it. For 10 points, name this League that sought to continue to fight against Persia, named for Delos. ANSWER: Delian League [I guess you can prompt on Athens]

6. A function developed by this scientist takes the form of a difference of hyperbolic cotangents with arguments proportional to the ratio of a magnetic moment’s Zeeman energy to its thermal energy and is used to determine the magnetization of a paramagnet. He offered a 1951 solution to the problem of Maxwell’s demon which introduced uncertainties due to blackbody radiation and introduced a term to link thermodynamics with information, (*) ‘negentropy’. This man studied how light undergoes a frequency shift when interacting with acoustic modes, now called his namesake ‘scattering’. With Kramers and Wentzel, he developed a method to solve the Schrodinger equation by expanding the wavefunction in the semiclassical limit. For 10 points, name this 20th century French physicist who developed the concept of special unit cells in reciprocal lattice space, which are his namesake ‘zones’. ANSWER: Leon Brillouin

7. A later one of these, published in 1889 includes a proposal to use “Simplified Spelling.” They include one addressed to children about using pictures to make history dates stick, as well as one that discusses the decline of the tenth muse or the fourth grace – the art of lying. Instructions to delay the publication of one of them – “The United States of Lyncherdom” was given to Albert Bigelow Paine, and they can be found in volumes like “What is Man?” and “30,000 Dollar Bequest.” One of them grew out of the author’s visit to Heidelberg castle and includes many inflections of the phrase “Mein guter freund,” while another chastises Wilkie Collins for having not read the titular author and claims that the latter has scored a 114 out of a 115 possible points against literary art. For 10 points, identify these works which include “The Awful German Language” and “Fenimore Cooper’s Literary Offenses.” ANSWER: essays by Mark Twain [accept equivalents] [take things like Twain’s opinions, or Twain’s articles]

8. The second person to hold this post, Jose Zepeda, was killed by its 1st holder Jose Nunez. When he ascended into this post, many believed that Rene Schick foretold the coming of democracy, but he died shortly afterwards and was replaced with Orlando Madrano. One man to hold this post came to it after replacing Arguello from this post with Benjamin Lacoyo and was responsible for starting the LANICA airline in his home country. For a while this post was made moot by the presence of the Junta of National Reconstruction, but one of its members eventually regained this title and then created “El Pacto” after leaving office. Rigoberta Perez killed one holder of this post, and this post was recently held by Violeta Chamorro, who was able to defeat the FSLN. For 10 points, name this political post currently held by Daniel Ortega which in the past has been held by members of the Somoza family. ANSWER: president of Nicaragua

9. An angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor called enalapril is masked using this functional group in order to allow uptake by the body. Outside of its use in prodrugs, an enzyme which hydrolyzes this type of bond is the target of DDT and sarin; that enzyme targets a neurotransmitter important in (*) muscle contraction which binds muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. In addition to forming the central bond in acetylcholine, this functional group forms the linkages between fatty acids and glycerol in triglycerides, and the phospho- type forms the links between nucleotides in the backbone of DNA. For 10 points, name this functional group often formed by reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid. ANSWER: esters

10. Hesychius records that as an avenger, this figure was given the epithet Alastor, while Ammianus Marcellinus records that another one of his epithets, Asbamaeus refers to his association with a well in Cappdadocia. Sometimes conflated with Trophonius, a chthonian aspect of this deity delivered oracles that made people never smile again. Strabo records that his war-like qualities gave him the epithet Stratius. He was responsible for turning Lycaon into a wolf, and he hid a pair of sandals and a sword under a rock for Poseidon's son Theseus to find. Salmoneus was struck down by a weapon of this god after he tried to impersonate him, and he was tricked by Prometheus into only accepting the worst portions of flesh for sacrifice. He fathered the killer of Argo with Maia, and he and that son saved Baucus and Philemon. For 10 points, name this Greek god, the husband of Hera. ANSWER: Zeus or Jupiter

11. As a religious man he championed the namesake religion in his “On the Excellence of Christianity,” which contains his distinction between Christians and “real Christians.” James Boswell described him as the “shrimp that became a whale,” and he was convinced to begin political action through the sermons of John Newton. This man joined a society started by Thomas Buxton, and he worked with Josiah Wedgewood to create a brooch that featured the saying “Am I not a man and a brother?” He worked in a group including Thomas Clarkson, Granville Sharpe and Hannah More, the so-called Clapham Sect, which was part of a group that brought to Parliament’s attention the dangers of the “Middle Passage.” That in turn led him to campaign for the passage of a certain act in Great Britain in 1833. For 10 points, name this British politician who campaigned to abolish slavery. ANSWER: William Wilberforce

12. The diffusion of water into materials made from this rock creates a narrow band with a width that grows like the square root of time and thus allows the age of such materials to be found in a namesake hydration dating. When in contact with groundwater, this rock will absorb the water which bleaches the rock white and expands it in size to create the mineral (*) perlite. Patches of crystals of cristobalite can form during cooling resulting in white blotches which give rise to the “snowflake” variety of this rock. The high silica content is derived from its formation from polymerized lava whose viscosity generally prevents any crystals from forming during cooling. Its keenness makes it ideal for the construction of medical blades. For 10 points, identify this extrusive igneous rock, a glossy black volcanic glass. ANSWER: obsidian

13. A theologian with this name wrote a scientific study of St. John of the Cross called The Science of the Cross before being killed in a gas chamber with Rosa Stein. Another person with this name feuded with Jerome Gratian and recounted founding convents in Valladolid and Salamanca in the work Book of Foundations. In addition to that first theologian who changed her name from Edith to this name, another theologian with this name advocated the “little way” to Christ and wrote about her brief life in The Story of a Soul and was from Lisieux. The Way to Perfection and The Interior Castle are two spiritual autobiographies by another thinker with this name, who recounted how she was visited by a seraphic figure with a spear tipped in fire. For 10 points, give this common name of a Spanish discalced Carmelite from Avila, as well as an Albanian Nun that moved to Calcutta and became a “Mother.” ANSWER: Teresa or Therese [accept Edith Stein before “Gratian”]

14. Heller and Eisenberg have written about anti-this, which occurs in overly protected biomedical research in an article called “Can Patents Deter Innovation?” Ian Angus argued that its formulator was too Engelian, biased against the laws of his day and that this concept is only useful as a political myth in countries like Canada. It was introduced in a paper that argued conscience was self-eliminating and that this situation leads to mutually agreed upon coercion. Its formulator was inspired by William Lloyd’s Lectures on the Checks of Population to describe a positive utility and negative utility for each animal raised by a herder to illustrate this problem. Introduced in a Garret Hardin paper, it is solved by turning the namesake good into government property, as exemplified by the Enclosure Acts. For 10 points, name this scenario akin to the free rider problem, which describes farmers overexploiting a resource for their benefit. ANSWER: Tragedy of the Commons [prompt on free rider problem]

15. This work's failure can be attributed to the fact it was revised with the premiere of Giacomo Meyerbeer's The Huguenots, or the failure of Gilbert-Louis Duprez to actually sing in his role. One aria in this two-act opera "Sur les monts les plus savages" praises country life. Its most notable trio appears in the Carnaval scene and is called "Demain soir, mardi gras." Its title character, who had spent too much money on wine in a tavern and who had stabbed (*) Pompeo, previously earns a pardon for the latter from the pope at the end of this operatic work. In its climatic scene, the title character orders all of his metal be melted in order to create an artwork that will please the aforementioned pope, much to the chagrin of Franchesco and Bernardino. For 10 points, name this opera by Hector Berlioz, titled after the creator of a salt-cellar for Francis I and a sculpture depicting Perseus with the Medusa's head. ANSWER: Benvenuto Cellini 16. One section of this work describes the birth of a dragon from a pillar of material that blazes by night and ejects dust by day before that dragon descends underground and dries up much of the world’s water. In another section, the author cites Jonathan Swift’s premature discovery of the moons of Mars as evidence of secret knowledge stemming from Homer’s conception of two “steeds of Ares.” At one point, the author claims that he is following up the work of Ignatius Donnelly, and its creation was discussed in the author’s Stargazers and Gravediggers and followed up in his Ages in Chaos. This work’s claims were rejected in Carl Sagan’s Broca’s Brain, because of the high value of the escape velocity of Jupiter. For 10 points, identify this work that claims the earth has been part of a cosmic war with other planets and comets, a pseudoscientific work of Immanuel Velikovsky. ANSWER: Worlds in Collision

17. This author created a fake author who himself created the characters of Slug Willard and Shorty Andrews, both of whom always ride off into the sunset. Another of this author’s characters is known for his “melodious lays,” which he recites even though he fell off a tree and bled “from head to toe.” In one novel by this author, the narrator acquires a black box filled with four boxes of omnium. That novel’s title character has the face of the dead Mathers, whom the narrator earlier killed. In a different work, this author intertwines the tale of the science fiction writer Trellis with that of Pooka by an unnamed student of literature. In another novel, this author wrote about an admirer of de Selby who meets Sergeant Pluck and MacCruskeen. For 10 points, name this Irish author who wrote the postmodern novels At Swim Two Birds and The Third Policemen ANSWER: Flann O’Brien or Brian O’Nolan

18. This painting’s creation is inspired by one author’s treatise, that a certain genre of “grander style … heroic painting … must be fertilized by the powers of the mind.” It was made into a steel engraving by William Forest. At the New York premiere of this painting, whose landscape was the subject of Theodore Winthrop and Louis Legrand’s treatises, its wooden frame was the subject of much criticism. The idea for it came from the author’s reading of Kosmos and its painter wrote to Bayard Taylor in an effort to show it to von (*) Humboldt, whose voyages inspired its creation. Notable objects in it include the hamlet next to the river bank in the middle background, the cross and man in red on a nature path in the left foreground, to the right of which is a waterfall. For 10 points, name this painting depicting the mountain Chimborazo, a work of Frederick Church. ANSWER: Heart of the Andes

19. Golo Mann's Memories and Thoughts acknowledge that this thinker impacted his conception of German History with his idea of "mutual civilization grafting." This man theorized that "distinctive life," consciousness and geist are three "dimensions of communication," but the only authentic dimension conveys the "boundary situation" humanity is in and cannot be expressed in an objectifying language. As a theologian, this man preferred studying "periechontology" to ontology, and he put forth the idea of philosophical faith. This author of the three-volume Philosophy discussed a phenomenon of religion characterized by earthly existence as opposed to a heavenly one that was present in Europe, China and India from 800 BC to 200 BC, which is expounded upon in his The Origin and Goal of History. For 10 points, identify this author of Reason and Existenz and The Philosophy of Being who put forth the concept of an "Axial Age." ANSWER: Karl Jaspers

20. Eliot Carter was responsible for this work’s 1945 premiere, which occurred 39 years after its creation. One section of this work has three instruments move from an animando to a con fuco tempo, while the beginning section features those instruments playing a ppp note with no change in tempo. The title motif is played with the same series of notes every time, except that the last note always switches from B to C. Its title may be taken from Emerson’s poem The Sphinx, and its themes were worked into the composer’s (*) Universe Symphony. According to this work’s composer, it is played against a “cosmic landscape” with “silent druids.” The title entity is represented by the trumpet, whose blowing is always immediately followed by woodwinds representing mankind’s search. One of its composer’s Two Contemplations, it is often paired with the more cantankerous Central Park in the Dark. For 10 points, name this Charles Ives piece about the titular query. ANSWER: The Unanswered Question BONUSES

1. Answer the following questions related to concepts in equations of state. For 10 points each: [10] Many equations of state can be written as a polynomial using the compressibility factor as a variable. The highest-order term of that polynomial for the van der Waals, Redlich-Kwong, Peng-Robinson, and others is this number, giving them their classification. ANSWER: Cubic or three [accept obvious equivalents if someone manages to come up with one; all are called cubic equations of state] [10] The generalized Peng-Robinson equation of state uses inputs of the critical temperature, critical pressure and this parameter to determine its constants. ANSWER: Acentric factor [10] Entropy and enthalpy for real fluids are often calculated with respect to the value for an ideal gas, rather than an exact value, using this type of equation. ANSWER: Departure function

2. Artifacts from this period of time include the human inscriptions found in Kastoria as well as the maritime jewelry made from shells like Spondylus. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this period of human history whose namesake revolution is the switch from the hunter gather type of society to the agricultural one. It is sometimes called the New Stone Age. ANSWER: Neolithic Era [10] In Joseph Campbell’s The Masks of God, he traces the Neolithic Era to have begun in this area, which includes the Eastern portion of the Mediterranean. It also includes chunks of Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula, all of Israel and a slither of the Fertile Crescent. ANSWER: Levant [10] This Neolithic culture has been studied at length by Ivan Ivonov and is found nearby its namesake lake. This culture’s leftovers can be found in a namesake Bulgarian necropolis, as well as nearby Durankulak. ANSWER: Varna Culture

3. One of its title characters eats a lot of beans in its poem “A Hill of Beans.” For 10 points each: [10] Identify this poetic work split into “Mandolin” and “Canary in Bloom” that begins with “The Event.” Describing the experiences of its author’s grandparents in Tennessee, it would win her a Pulitzer Prize. ANSWER: Thomas and Beulah [10] Thomas and Beulah is a seminal poetry collection by this African-American poet, who wrote some poems about Euclid in her Geometry. She also wrote the collection On the Bus with Rosa Parks. ANSWER: Rita Dove [10] This other African-American preceded Rita Dove in winning the Pulitzer Prize. She wrote such works as In the Mecca and “We Real Cool.” ANSWER: Gwendolyn Brooks

4. This event’s name is a misnomer in that there were actually multiple of them, such as the one that led an army through Tiger Leaping Gorge, but most of the people that partook in it ended up in Shaanxi. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this retreat of the forces of the Chinese Communist Party forced by the KMT. This event allowed Mao Zhedong and Zhou Enlai to retreat back to safety in 1934. ANSWER: Long March or Chángzhēng [10] The politburo of the Chinese Communist Party was restructured at this impromptu meeting during the Long March in Guizhou. Bo Gu and Mao Zhedong attended, where it was decided that Mao would be a better leader. ANSWER: Zunyi Conference [10] “Do not harass females” and “Do not destroy crops” are two of these enumerations that Chairman Mao gave soldiers during the Long March, which were introduced along with the “Three Rules of Discipline.” ANSWER: Eight Points of Attention

5. A deficiency of this substance can cause acute atalectasis. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this substance, consisting primarily of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, which is secreted by type II pneumocytes. ANSWER: surfactant [10] Surfactant is secreted onto the surface of these lung structures. These terminal sacs at the end of bronchioles maximize the surface area available for gas exchange during respiration. ANSWER: alveoli [accept alveolus] [10] This principle demonstrates that smaller alveoli experience greater surface tension, a problem which is offset by a higher concentration of surfactant on their surfaces. This equation sets pressure within a sphere equal to two times the surface tension over the radius. ANSWER: LaPlace’s law or equation [accept Young-LaPlace equation]

6. Since this is a miscellaneous academic bonus, name these miscellaneous academic things that literally have nothing to do with each other, for 10 points each. [10] A dragon being mauled by two cute doggies and a sculpture called “the Gates of Hell” can be found in this Italian garden. Noted for its grotesque depictions of the titular creatures, it inspired an Alberto Ginastera opera. ANSWER: Park of the Monsters or Gardens of Bomarzo or Parco del Mostri [10] This Russian wrote a book about the history of Judo and is part of the Hells Angels motorcycle biker group. You may know him better for being the current Prime Minister of Russia and the predecessor to Dmitri Medvedev. ANSWER: Vladimir “Vladdy” Putin [10] This scientist’s theory of panspermia suggests an extra-terrestrial origin for all of life on Earth. He published one of the first papers on the greenhouse effect in his On the Influence of Carbonic Acid which discusses an equation that relates temperature to the logarithm of carbon over carbonic acid. ANSWER: Svante Arrhenius

7. Answer the following about Finland during World War II, for 10 points each. [10] Paavo Tavela is one of only a handful of recipients of the highest Finnish military honor named after this man, a former president of Finland whose name is given to the line that delineates the Karelian isthmus from Russia. ANSWER: Carl Mannerheim [10] Finland was part of this conflict, a phase of World War II that saw Germany try to invade it as part of Operation Silver Fox and Operation Platinum Fox. This conflict gets its name because it occurred after the Interim Peace. ANSWER: Continuation War [10] The earlier Winter War saw the Finns decisively beat the Russians nearby the Gulf of Bothnia at this battle. Hjalmar Sililasvuo led Finnish forces here, defeating General Alexey Vinogradov and General Ivan Dashitsev. ANSWER: Battle of Suomussalmi

8. Parameterizing this scientist’s two namesake integrals of the sines and cosines of the quantity ‘x-squared’ gives rise to the Cornu spiral. For 10 points each: [10] First, name this French physicist whose other contributions to optics include the mathematical formalism describing near-field diffraction. ANSWER: Augustin-Jean Fresnel [10] If you’ve ever wanted to measure the thickness of your hair, you could do so by treating it as small slit for diffraction according to this statement which states that an open aperture produces the same diffraction pattern as its solid object complement. ANSWER: Babinet’s principle [10] This set of criteria for x-rays diffracting in a crystal lattice require that the scattering vector dotted with the primitive lattice vectors be equal to an integer multiple of 2 times pi. The criteria for each primitive vector together is equivalent to Bragg’s law for diffraction. ANSWER: von Laue equations or von Laue criteria

9. The right of this painting depicts a blue and white column with an elaborate goblet on it, and this painting also depicts a long haired mythological figure with a long red stick on the right. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this painting, which would probably please Jacques des Essientes, that shows the title mythological figure, with two bird wings and a lion’s tail upon the almost nude figure on the right. ANSWER: Oedipus and the Sphnix [10] Oedipus and the Sphinx is a work by this French painter who depicted a sumptuous palace in his Jupiter and Semele. All of his mythological scenes, like the one with Heracles and the Hydra and St. George and the Dragon depict excessively beautiful and gorgeous settings. ANSWER: Gustave Moreau [10] This other French artist is known for his bizarre depictions of fantastic monsters, like a man’s face virtually superimposed onto a spider, and one of a cactus man. His other works include The Cyclops. ANSWER: Odilon Redon

10. Name these peoples involved with the First Crusade, for 10 points each. [10] This pope started the worst series of militant religion in all of history by calling the Council of Clermont which saw him repeatedly claim “God wills it!” to those listening to his reason for taking the Holy Land by force. ANSWER: Pope Urban II or Odo of Lagerly [10] Raymond of Antioch wrote poems in honor of this religious figure whose preaching was essential in galvanizing the spirit of those involved with the First Crusade. He joined Godfrey of Bouillon’s army for morale until he was made leader of Jerusalem, then he retired to found a monastery at Neufmontier. ANSWER: Peter the Hermit [10] This man assisted Peter the Hermit in leading the ill-fated People’s Crusade. Legend has it he was killed by seven arrows when he fought against Kilij Arslan even though both men requested troops from Alexius Comenus. ANSWER: Walter the Penniless or Walter sans Avoir

11. Name these gurus of Sikhism, for 10 points each. [10] Said to be the founder of the city of bliss Anadpur, this guru was arrested by the emperor Aurangzebe, who forced him to either die or convert to Islam. ANSWER: Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji [take any of the names] [10] This son of Guru Tegh Ji promulgated the doctrine that members of the khalsa must follow the five K’s. He notably wrote a letter to Aurengzebe called the Zafarnamah. ANSWER: Guru Gobindh Singh [10] This guru is the eleventh and current guru of Sikhism, as he was appointed by Gobind Singh. You probably should know it’s actually the main book of Sikhism. ANSWER: Adi Granth or Guru Granth Sahib

12. After having been reworked by its composer, this piece underwent a second premiere under Napravnik. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this composition written in the style of a "fantasy overture" that ends with the tympany playing the love theme of the title characters. ANSWER: Romeo and Juliet fantasy overture [10] The Romeo and Juliet fantasy overture was composed by this Russian, who also composed the Pathetique Symphony. ANSWER: Pyotr Tchaikovsky [10] In this composition by Tchiakovsky, which makes heavy use of the Raspasha folk song in the finale, the 2nd movement about a place of mists features the odd marking Adagio Cantabile ma non tanto. ANSWER: 1st symphony or Winter Dreams symphony

13. At one point, this bizarre character with an overgrown head carries a child through some fire in order to appease its mother’s request that it doesn’t get devoured by rats. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this character with an animal like name that is left alone in a sanctuary with the Near Sighted Journalist. He walks on all four of appendages and follows Conselheiro. ANSWER: The Lion of Natuba [10] The Lion of Nutaba is a character from this novel that is set in the backlands of Brazil and depicts an internal conflict involving the Canudos, who are led by Antonio Conselheiro. ANSWER: The War of the End of the World or La Guerra del fin del mundo [10] The War at the End of the World is a novel by this Peruvian author whose other works include Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter. ANSWER: Mario Vargas Llosa

14. Occurring on February 16th 1804, this action was called by Horatio Nelson “the most bold and daring act of our age.” For 10 points each: [10] Name this military operation which saw American troops from the USS Intrepid set fire to the recently captured namesake ship during the Barbary Wars. ANSWER: the destroying of the USS Philadelphia [take any and all equivalents] [10] The destroying of the USS Philadelphia was carried out by men under this American hero of the Barbary Wars who toasted “Our country…may she always be in the right, but right or wrong, our country!” ANSWER: Stephen Decatur [10] This other battle of the Barbary Wars saw William Eaton and Oliver Hazzard Perry defeat the Ottoman Hassan Bay in the capital of Cyrenaica. In the Marine Hymn, the phrase “to the shores of Tripoli” refers to this battle. ANSWER: Battle of Derne

15. Pyrrho of Elis has equated this concept with telos or the end, and it is sometimes translated as "tranquility." For 10 points each: [10] Identify this concept from skepticism that is also central to Epicurus's philosophy. In Epicureanism, this state of being is reached only through copious amounts of pleasure. ANSWER: ataraxia [10] Ataraxia is similar to the goal of the Stoic mindset termed apatheia. This founder of Stoicism elucidated on apatheia in his works, which survives in fragments like Republic and Ethics. ANSWER: Zeno of Citium [10] This other concept from Stoicism, which is found in the writings of Epictetus is an "understanding" that gives one a strong concept of the self. It distinguishes human beings from animals by allowing one to be cognizant of existence and one to be conscious of power. ANSWER: prohairesis

16. This composer unfortunately became brain dead during the last years of his life after his cousin Echo Nepomuk perished. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this composer of Apocalipsis cum figuris and the opera Love’s Labour’s Lost who interspersed all of his compositions with a musical “H,A,E,A,E” theme to show his love for Hetaera Esmeralda. ANSWER: Adrian Leverkuhn [10] Doktor Faustus, the novel in which Adrian Leverkuhn appears, was written by this German author, who also wrote “Tonio Kroger” and a novel about Hans Castorp. ANSWER: Thomas Mann [10] In Doktor Faustus, Leverkuhn confides to his friend Serenus Zeitblom that the only reason he loved Esmeralda was to inflict this physical condition onto himself so as to increase his artistic strength. ANSWER: syphilis [prompt on disease, sickness or stuff like STDs]

17. Identify the following wacky special functions Jeremy has encountered while using Mathematica. For 10 points each: [10] Appearing as output when integrating a Gaussian exponential over finite limits, this function asymptotically approaches minus one to the left and one to the right. It is proportional to the cumulative probability distribution of a normal curve. ANSWER: error function [10] A renormalized imaginary error function, this special function is equal to e to the minus x-squared multiplied by the definite integral of e to the t-squared over finite bounds and is named for an American computational physicist. ANSWER: Dawson’s function [10] This class of functions are defined as the infinite sum over n of z to the n over n factorial multiplied by the quantity “a times b over c”, where a, b and c are Pochammer symbols. The confluent variety of these functions are proportional to the Laguerre polynomials and are known as Kummer’s functions. ANSWER: hypergeometric functions

18. Identify the following about mythological mountains, for 10 points each. [10] The roots of a mountain along with other things like the sinews of a bear, a woman’s beard, and breath of a fish are all components of this mythological object that holds down Fenrir. ANSWER: Gleipnir [10] This mythological mountain is reportedly the home of the chief of the gods Brahma in Hindu myth systems. It is sacred to Jains as well and you might wanna know Angkor Wat was designed to imitate it. ANSWER: Mount Meru [10] During the Titanomachy, Zeus et al. had to fight the titans, who were basing their siege from this mountain, located in present day Lamia. ANSWER: Mount Othrys

19. One inspiration for this work of art may be that the title figure made money by using the title instrument after leaving home from Montauban with his friend. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this photograph showing two S shaped like objects on the back of a woman, which first appeared in the Litterature magazine. ANSWER: The Violin of Ingres [10] The Violin of Ingres is a photograph by this man, whose photographs were displayed at many surrealist exhibitions. He also explored other forms like, multimedia with his The Enigma of Isidore Ducasse. ANSWER: Man Ray or Emmanuel Radnitzky [10] Man Ray had a part in this surrealist film by Rene Clair, in which he plays a game of chess with Marcel Duchamp. It doesn’t make much sense, but you might be curious to know that it depicts a camel at a funeral. ANSWER: Entr’acte or Between the Acts

20. According to Lyndall Gordon, this person is actually Emily Hale. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this figure from Eliot’s The Wasteland who is described as a person with “arms full and … hair wet.” The narrator cannot speak to this character because he “was neither living nor dead,” akin to how Dante was when he met Satan. ANSWER: the Hyacinth girl [accept equivalents] [10] The Hyacinth girl is found in the The Wasteland, whose first part is titled after this action “of the dead.” ANSWER: Burial [no other words acceptable] [10] Another figure from “The Burial of the Dead” is this Madame who shows the narrator a drowned Phoenician sailor, the man with the three staves, the lady of situations, the one-eyed merchant and Belladonna, the lady of the Rocks. ANSWER: Sosostris