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Hoshyar Zebari Thomas R. Pickering Tibor Tóth Man-Made Crater Ever Created issue 20 july 2013 20 july issue www.ctbto.org We Are Our Own Enemy, Alamogordo, 20 CTBTO New Mexico, USA,1945 by SpectruM Elin ctbto Magazine issue 20 | July 2013 O’Hara Slavick this drawing by elin o’Hara slavick takes as its reference an aerial photograph from the los alamos national laboratory archive of the crater formed by the first atomic explosion. on 16 July 1945 the trinity test took place at the alamogordo test Range in new Mexico, usa. it was the first nuclear explosion in history. the detonation is credited as the beginning of the atomic age. see page 34 in this issue for more information about the artist and her work. Saucer-shaped craters caused by subsidence following the underground nuclear tests at the Nevada Test Site. Courtesy of U.S. Department of Energy. ctbto spectrum ctbto Crater from the 1962 “Sedan” nuclear test, the largest HosHyar Zebari tHomas r. pickering tibor tótH man-made crater ever created. Courtesy of U.S. Department of Energy. iRaQ’s FoReign MinisteR FoRMeR u.s. undeR secRetaRy CTBTO eXecutiVe secRETARy oF state FoR Political aFFaiRs The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear explosions. It opened for signature on 24 September 1996 in New York. As of June 2013, 183 countries had signed the Treaty and 159 had ratified. Of the 44 nuclear capable States which must ratify the CTBT for it to enter into force, the so-called Annex 2 countries, 36 have done so to date while eight have yet to ratify: China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Pakistan and the United States. The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear- editor-in-cHief: Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) consists of the States Annika Thunborg, Signatories and the Provisional Technical Secretariat. Spokesperson and Chief of Public Information The main tasks of the CTBTO are to promote signatures and ratifications and to establish a global verification regime prepared, coordinated and edited by: capable of detecting nuclear explosions underground, Denise Brettschneider underwater and in the atmosphere. CTBTO contributors: The regime must be operational when the Treaty enters Matthias Auer, Cristina Arribas, Marina Begovic, into force. It will consist of 337 monitoring facilities Glenn Leaper, Eneko Ruiz Jimenez, Angela Leuker, supported by an International Data Centre and Katharina Wiebke Michael, Thomas Muetzelburg, on-site inspection measures. As of 3 June 2013 over Caroline Wagner, Jingchao Zhou 85 percent of the facilities of the International Monitoring System (IMS) were operational. layout and design: Krzysztof Kolasinski, Pablo Mehlhorn , Todd Vincent distribution: Pablo Mehlhorn Photographs and illustrations are at the courtesy of the authors and the Provisional Technical Secretariat. please visit www.ctbto.org your resource publisHed by: Public Information for stopping nuclear testing Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) If you wish to download the online version of tHe CTBTO spectrum Vienna International Centre please visit www.ctbto.org or download our CTBTO Spectrum App P.O. Box 1200 from Apple’s App Store. 1400 Vienna, Austria t +43 1 26030 6200 disclaimer: The views expressed in articles by external contributors do f +43 1 26030 5823 not necessarily reflect the positions and policies of the CTBTO e [email protected] Preparatory Commission. i www.ctbto.org The boundaries and presentation of material on maps do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the Provisional Technical Printed in Austria, June 2013 Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, on Munken Lynx Paper city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its © 2013 CTBTO Preparatory Commission wood and acid-free, frontiers or boundaries. CTBTO Spectrum – ISSN: 1680-533X certified by the Forest Stewardship Council Table of ConTenTs ediTorial 2 CTBTO Spokesperson Annika Thunborg TreaTy sTaTus 3 CTBT signatures and ratifications (as of 12 July 2013) VoiCes 4 The CTBT: One of the most important international instruments by Hoshyar Zebari, Iraq's Foreign Minister 7 U.S. leadership needed to prevent nuclear testing by North Korea by Thomas R. Pickering, former U.S. Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs 10 Wanted: An end to nuclear nationalism in South Asia But the public mood for peace needs international support by Zia Mian, Research Scientist, Princeton University, USA CTbT: sCienCe and TeChnology 2013 ConferenCe 14 Photo highlights inTerVieW 16 Face to Face with CTBTO Executive Secretary Tibor Tóth: Looking back, looking forward sTaTion sTaTus 21 Certified International Monitoring System facilities (as of 12 July 2013) VerifiCaTion sCienCe 22 Seismic Detective Work: CTBTO monitoring system ‘very effective’ in detecting North Korea’s third nuclear test Interview with Paul Richards, Special Research Scientist, Columbia University, USA 26 Detection of radioactive gases consistent with North Korean test underlines strength of CTBTO monitoring system 27 The noble gas releases from Fukushima: Some implications and reflections by Anders Axelsson and Anders Ringbom, Swedish Defense Research Agency 32 The Chelyabinsk meteor: Massive blast detected by 17 infrasound stations Interview with Margaret Campbell-Brown, Astronomer, University of Western Ontario, Canada arT and nuClear TesTing 34 Featuring Elin O'Hara Slavick, Art Professor, University of North Carolina, USA 1 CTBTO SPECTRUM 20 | JUly 2013 ediTorial anniKa Thunborg CTbTo sPoKesPerson nuclear testing and its effects on human Middle East. The media reports and publishes health and security, the history of arms op-eds, and experts and students visit the control efforts, the current debate on entry CTBTO where they receive in-depth briefings. into force, and daily press clippings. I expect this trend to continue. We soon discovered that video-audio, I hope you will enjoy the articles in this animations and multimedia were the ideal issue – each one of which develops a topic means to explain the complexities of the touched upon above. Iraq’s Foreign Minister verification regime. We built up video-audio Hoshyar Zebari reports on the Iraqi capabilities from scratch and produced Parliament’s steps towards ratification. broadcast quality reports from the on-site Ambassador Thomas Pickering, who helped inspection exercise in Kazakhstan, the Kennedy administration draft the Partial maintenance work at stations in Greenland, Test Ban Treaty, describes how much the Argentina and Canada, and the triple United States has to gain from ratifying the disaster in Japan in March 2011. Social CTBT. Zia Mian from Princeton University media were embraced and online campaigns focuses on the role of civil society in South When North Korea announced that it had such as the “infamous” nuclear test Asia in advocating nuclear disarmament. conducted its third nuclear test in February, anniversaries helped reach millions of new, CTBTO Member States had already been young viewers, including audiences in Columbia University’s Paul Richards informed. So had the media. Over the years, countries less accessible through the explains the seismic findings of the announced the CTBTO has become a reliable, credible and traditional media. North Korean nuclear test. We also elaborate swift source of information for any journalist on the radionuclide findings. Astronomer who follows nuclear issues - be it nuclear tests Exhibitions were set up for visitors to Margaret Campbell-Brown explains how or a nuclear accident such as Fukushima – or the UN in Vienna, New York and Geneva. CTBTO data help us understand the any other man-made or natural phenomenon CTBTO Spectrum developed into a characteristics of the meteor over the Ural that our global monitoring system picks up. professional and intellectually mountains. Anders Ringbom and Anders stimulating magazine. Axelsson of the Swedish Defense Research The unique information registered by Agency draw lessons from the detection of our infrasound sensors when a meteor These developments would not have noble gases from the Fukushima nuclear exploded over central Russia in February been possible without the support of accident. An overview of the recent Science appealed to new audiences. The video we Member States, colleagues in the technical and Technology Conference in Vienna is also produced went viral on YouTube and was divisions who have mainstreamed public presented. watched by outer space geeks and information into their activities and have entertainment buffs alike. The media and contributed through articles, blogs, The paintings by Elin o’Hara Slavick online interest was unprecedented: in interviews and visuals, my professional and show the power of the arts in communicating February alone, the number of press reports dedicated team of ten staff members and political messages. exceeded 2,500 plus broadcast coverage by consultants plus interns. The transformation CNN, BBC and other major networks. With the also had the full support of the Executive We look forward to hearing from the detection of radioactivity in April that could be Secretary Tibor Tóth and his successor, next Executive Secretary of the CTBTO, attributed to the North Korean test, interest International Data Centre Director Lassina Lassina Zerbo, who will take office on 1 surged again. Zerbo, who both understand how crucial August, in the next issue of CTBTO Spectrum, advocacy is for achieving the objectives of and wish him every success as the new head
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